UNIV'ERSITY

OF CIOLORADO

AT DIENVER

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GbJIEXTlLE-REIKPORCED EARrB WJu.LS

PARAMETRIC STUOY ..., PRELIXDfARY DESIGN IlETHOD

Jonathan T.B. VU and J. C. Un

Prepared under contract with the Colorado De~rtaent o f Transportati on in cooperat ion with the U. S. DepartJnent of Transportation, federal Highway Administration

COLl.EGE OF ENGINEERING

AND APPLIED SCIENCE

0010 ... 40 ~nt of Tranlportatlol\ 4201 ••• " ~k.n... Ayan". Den_r, CO 80222

, .

•

'nparW in cooJ*ntiOtl witll thl u.s. De~t of Tr .... p"rtat:.ion. r~u.l High ... y 1oCIIIIilIhtrltLoft

.. • pU"&lHtrlc atwy ...... _naken «I ~t.19at. the atf.c:tl of .. t_Lal propert.!" • .,.olynthet1c "onfl9\lCltLonl, ".ldldyUloJ fOW>dati.ofta. aM taciDgI _ tIM perf __ of p .. lynthatJ.c ... 1IItOl"C'-.li retainlDQ _11.. TM pa<:_ui" ""-lMIy _. CDaodIOCt..d by .. 11nt • fillit. 11_1: prov .... SKUG'. The progr_ bad boN ..... Ud.t..! tl\zovgl1'l co.~l.ao. with f1.14 .... " .. _1: of .any dl!fareat earth .~uz... ~ affeotl of t.M roll_1R111 pu-_a,,1 _ U .. perfo~ of ~Mtlc-... .inforced ,,1t.aJ..alnq -.lh wera 1n .. lt191t.ad. t_ bM:kfill .U.ff"" .. and nrenqth, the weo1yntl\etic nLtfne ... the IPM'1)'1lUoft1.c l.rl9t)II · tot .. geotIl'Dtbetic la,.o .. lpaci"91 the tou",ution niHM .. and nnngthl eM fouadl.tl_ ~I tbol ....,.c~ pr."UI, &lid thl '_c:11\9 d4i<Uty.

III .. 1 .. of tlMo ...-p1 ... it:r of ttl. ,.rfo~ of tbe _HI .. att.ct.ed by trw f~_. ia ... U.,lted, and 1Dt:" .. aui..Dq .... Ua.biHty o f <>CaIpIt .... to 11 .. 19" Ingu...rI , • co.p;Itl .. - Q-..I .. alp pcoc4dllrl 11 pn!pOled. Trw d •• ivn _thod 1D'II'ob ... UKUt u,n at t.o cc-plt.W pn)g ...... op""" -.nd laalKI' . 'fM prog ..... UWALL h uHd to obt:a.i1t. • Ulal .... lAp>. The pl"09"_ S5alMP. Yh1.c:h i. ".~hl o f &<>C".",..,.,.tinq .. 11 at tM abo.. .t.1onM1 factOnt. 1." .. ...t ~Mq\I.ntly to c: .. lc:ul .. t. tM doet..a.il.d. nt.po~ of tbe' .. &11. i..Dch .. l!l>9 .. all _. ne. and t ..... il. t o rca, in"C:R 1.Ir. the qeoaynt Nt1e . -no. trul d, .. iOjpl Ihoutd b&o .... I1U_ ... ,int the UndiDQ' at t.u par-U1c atudy .... 9"16&. W1til a'" a.ccept.&bl. d.dgn i. _ .... _ .

Par_tic:. o-YfItbeU.c: confi9 .... etJ.on •• ~ .. ~1.Dg ... 11., b&c:kf111 .t1ff".. ••• ~t.&t: pr1)9r-.. GSIlAU. .tId IScctIP

,_OCT

10 nt.tr1c:t1"", •• Tnt. noport L ..... 11abl. to the public tllrOU9n tlw •• t1onal Info~tLon ~ic:. 1pr1nofi.ld. YirVini.. 2~1'1

COII'fENts

Cbaptar 1 DfTROOUCTION.. • • • • •• ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • •• • • • • • • • • • 1

Chapter 2 TH! ANALrTICAL KOD~·SSCOKP ••••••••••• • • • •• •• • • . • 6

2 .1 De.cription of SSOOKP ProgT ... .. .. .. . . ... . .. .

2.2 Cba.ract.ri.tic. of the rinit. E1...nt Analysis Proce4~ • •••• ••• •• • ••• • •• •• 10

2.3 Moclified Hype.rbolic Duncan Soil Mod.1 .... .. ........... ..... . .. . . .. ... .. .. ... 11

Chapter 3 P~C S'roDy . . ........................ .. . . .... 111

3 . 1 r!nit.. El..-nt. Diacretizat.ion ...•..•..•..... 20

3 . 2 Geosynthati c Wall. Conatructed over a Rigid roun4ation • • •••••••••••••••••• • • • ••• 23

3.2 .1

3 . 2.2

3 . 2.3

l .2 . •

3.2 • .5

Btf.ct of BIocltfill Stiffana •• 1 Strenqt.h •••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• • • • 24

Effect of ~o.ynth.tic Sti ftn ••• • . • . ••• 251

Eff.ct of Gao.yntbatlc Length •• ••••••• • 33

Eff.ct of o.oayntbatlc t.yer Sp.eeill9 .... .. . .. .. ....... . ........ . ..... JJ

Eff.c t ot Surchart;jl • • • • • •• • ••••• .. ...• ~ . 40

3.3 Geoaynthatlc "a11. COMtructed over Fl._ilIle Poundationa • .• • •......... ..••••• • • • 44

3 . 3 . 1

3 .3 .2

3 . 3 . 3

Eftect of Gao.ynth.tlc Stltfn ••• •• •.• • • 4.5

Effect of G.osyntb.tic Lanqtb • • •• •••. •• 4g

Effact of roundation Depth • •• • • .••••••• 451

3.4 Coapariaon of COeoaynthetic Walla c onstructed over a Rigid Foundation ana over a Plexibla Founda tion ••••••• • • • • . .••••. 53

3 . 4 . 1

3.4.2

Effect of Geoaynthetic Stiffnes •. .... .. 57

Ef fect of Geoaynthatic t..nqth .. ..•.•••. 6 3

3 .5 COmparison of Wall Per fo1'1l4nce Due to Different foundationa . .... .. .•. . . .• .•• .•••• . 70

3.6 Effect ot Facing R.igicUty . ... .. . .. .. . ...... . 79

Chapter 4 PRELIKINARY DESIGN PROCEOORE • ••••••• • • •••••••••••• 87

4 . 1 Prelilainary Design Procedure .. .. ..... .. . .. .. ..

4.1.1

4. 1 .2

4.1. ]

Step l--obtain a ~ial Desiqn by EKacuting the Proqram GSWALL •• ••• •••••• 88

Step 2--Checlt Wall Performance by Executing the ProqraJI SSCOMP .•. • •• • • ..• 90

Sta;p 3-tlocI.ity the Tria} Deaiqn to Obtain an Acceptable Design •..... • . . . . . 91

4 . 2 Input.nd OUtput tor the ProqT_ GSWALL ...•••••••••..••.•••••••• •• • •. 91

4 . ] I 'nput a nd OUtput for the Progra. SSCOMP • • • • •••• • •• •• •.•• •• ••.•••••••• 92

Chapter 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLOSIONS . ........ ... . •• • •• .... • . • •. 94

BIBLIOGRAPHY •• ••• • • • •• • ••••• • • • • •••• •••••••••• •••• •••• • •••••• 99

APPEND£)( A S~mple Example tor the Program GS~ . .. .. . . ... . 10)

APPENDEX B Sample Exampl e for the PrOlJrUl SSCOKP •••••••••• • 10)5

Chll,ptar 1

Ul1'kOOOC'l'X0lt

1

:In actual construction, qaoaynthatle-reintoreed reta1nl"9

~.ll. have rep •• tedly d •• onatratad .~c.llent par!oraanca

charll.ctarietie.. '!'hay have .xbibited _ny distinct II.dvarlug' ••

ovar convantional rataininq valla (and, to • I ... ex flXtent, ovar

other IUiE walla). Aaong the advantaq_ ar.:

1) G4i1o.yntbatlc volil. ar. inhu-antl.y tlll.l[illla; thareton.

ar. cap.bl. ot vltbatendlnq larqa foundation

•• ttl ... nt . In the Clenwood Canyon qeotabric test

VII,U, rOT eJtPIP1a , little .n.tra.. e&n b40 d.etected

.1 though up to l tt of _ttl ... ht, priaarlly occurs in

ita tounc1ation

t •• tur. .ak ••

.oU, baa

g.otnrie

oc~' '!'hi.

wall. auitabla

superio:­

tor any

foundation .alb incilldino; aoft clay founa.tiona .

2) It properly con.tructed, qaoaynthatic valla ar.

r..aa.rQbly atabl. . In .pit. of _ny att .. pta by

practicing engin.ar. and r •••• rch.r. to load

geoayntbetie valla to tall\lre (in order to axe.ine

th.ir ulti_ta 1.o.d carryinq c:apacitia. and .ataty

-.arq1ns) , no ona b.a. .ucc.aec1ec1 in brinqinq about a

-aajor- faUura ot any qaoaynthatic vall., evan tor

, thoa. desiqned ~lth ••• tety tactor less than one .

J) GeOSfllthetic walls, •• peeially qeofabrie walls, are low

in total CO$t. Typically tha total cost of I)eot.tlrle

walls, vben qranular aoUa are readily avalle.bla , is

batween 1/ 2 to l / l of that ot cQIIlparable conventional

retalninq walla.

4 ) construction of qaosynthatic walla i . rapid and

requires .iniaua •• cavation and no h.avy equipMent.

5) Geotoabric Io'alla have no drains,,_ prObl_a. In fact,

the qeofabric sh •• ts can tacilitate drainage and

accelarate soil consolidation ",hen backfills of lo~

pGnaubilities are uaedo.

6) Geosynthatic reinforcements have strong resiatance tc

cOEToslon and bacterial action. compared with •• ullie

reintorceaenta .

The basic design critaria tor qllosyntnetic-reinforced

r e tain i ng walls involve sat.isfying

internal st.abilit.y. The external

external stability and

stability ls generally

evaluated by considering the reinforCed soil ~ss as a semi-rigid

qrsvity retaining wall with active prllssure actinq ~ind the

wall. Tbe wall ia then chllcked, uainq .. thod. similar to those

for conventional stability analysis or earth retaining

structures , f o r the IItability critaria of (1) overtUrning' , (2)

slidinq, {l) foundation bearing capacity, and (4) overall alope

fai l ure.

,

The internal a ubUlty critarla for qaoayntbatlc-ra!n!orc ect

rataining valla r~lr. an evaluation of .d.qu.~. at&bility

.~.ln.t (1 ) tanail. ruptur. f.l1u~. (~I pullout 'ailura, and (3)

lonq-t ar:. Cr Up 'al1ur. . V&rloua _thode have tM.an propoaed tor

d •• iqn i nq 9l1Claynthetic: walh agalnet i nternal failure . A

compariaon of the exl_ting 1'1 •• 19'1 .-thoo.. pr ••• nt'" in Voluae I

of thl. report h •• r aveal.s that. whil. there a re alqnlUcant

dltteren c •• in the d •• 1qn concept of the _thocs.., the tp"eatellt

,1i.cr ap_ney .. ong ttl. varlO\lll d •• 1qn _thode .t_ troll t.h •

•• taty 'actor. • •• i!pled: in .ach _tboc1. ~n. typical vall

exallined in that .rudy. the coabu'" teeter of •• tety (in te:rm.

of the quantity of 9~.yntb.Uc needed ) ranged frena 1 to 23

depend.l nq on the _t.h0c3 used. Apparent ly the •• taty tactor. used

in the exiating d •• lqn •• thod. ara aoaewh4t arbitrarily ••• 19ne4

and; not basllC1 on experiances l.a&rnild tro-. y_rs of actual

cons truction.

Tbe principal investigator is convincsd that a rational

da.ilJn _tiled tor gaoayntilatic+rainforcad rataining wal l •• hould

b. baseCS on dsformation crit.ria for int.rnal .tability

ev.lu.tion . i . • .• ba.ed on apecified CSefonution li.ita. Thi s

i. nec •••• ry bec.us. the defol'1llation (atrain) a •• oci.ted v i tb

tensil. rupture and creep failure of geo.ynth.tics is often

gr.atar than 100' .nd because geosYl1theti cs of sbailer ruptt.re

strength ... y beya very diffarant tensila stiffna •• e •.

•

Moreover , nona at th_ exiatinc;1 de5iqn method. addre •• the

et'tect at the foundation eettlellent. They aillply as-SUllie that the

walla are to b. con.tructed over II r19'1d foundation. HOIIever,

qlloeynthetie vall a ar. at t~.. eonatrueted over II lIott

foundation and the effect of the foundation baa been knovn to be

illlportant. In tact, one of the .Olilt :I..portent advantag •• or

glloaynthatic walla i. that they are capable of withstanding large

detor.atjon (redistributing the r.aulting litre •••• ) dUll to

foundation •• ttle-ant .

In this repon, the result or .. parametriC lIt;udy it

pre.ented. The paraaetric study vaa conducted by ulling II finite

_l_ent prograa SSCOKP. The pr09J:" had been validated through

c01llparlaona with field lI~.ur-ant of aa.ny earth structure.. The

prograa is capable of accoaaodating varloull vall/ foundation

geometries (including sott foundation. ot ditferent depth8l, soil

end geosynthetic prop~rties,

external loading conditiona.

con.truction operations,

Osing ths prograa SSCOXP,

.nO

<be

ettects ot the tollowing paremeters on the pertor.ance ot

geosynthetic-r.1ntorced retaining walla were investigated: the

backfill .tiftne.. and .trength , the q.o8ynthetic stitfness, the

geosynthetic l enqth, the geosynthetic layer spacing. the

toundation stittne.. and .trength, the toundation depth, the

.agnitude ot surcharqa, and the rigidity of tacing.

• In addition, a prelilllinuy deal;n _thod for geoaynthat1.e-

raintorcad retaininq vill1a 1. also pH.antad. 'nI.. d. •• tcpl _tllod.

involve. _.cution ot two computer proqr_a; GSWALIr and: SSCO!'lP.

Th. progr-UI GSWALL i. baaed on the Geo •• rvlee d •• 1gn _thocl .a.n4

i. u •• d to obtain II -trial d •• ign.· '1'h. proqr_ SSCOMP

",alevI.ta. the .tr...... atTll.ina and. diapl.ae_nu or t.h_

backfill _1\4 the touncSation, -.nd. the internal tore_ and

displaceaenta in the vaosynthatlc llyars. The trial desi gn

should be modi f i ed. \Ultll ••• tJ.atactory 4eaiqn, Verified by the

re.ult ot the progr •• SSCOKP, 1. obtained.

,

Chapter 2

'l'BE AlfALYTlCAL IlODEL-SSc::otlP

The design approach ot qeosynthetic-reintorced retaining

walls that bas been used for actual construction uses a simple

lilllitinq equilibriua type of IInalysis (see Volume 1 ot this.

aeport) . In this approach, the classical earth pr_sure theory

is assumed to be applicable and the pr •• ence of the qeosynthetio

reinfl:lrce_nt protruding beyond an IISBUllled follilure plane 11

sbply considered. to provide additiond horitontal lore •• that

increase the stability of the earth .ass.

A nwube.r of theoretical difficulties exist with analyzing

geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls using such a limiting

equilibrium method. For one thing', the .etbed "SBUJDeS riqid-

plastic stress-strain behavior for the Boil Ilnd ignores thE

changes in g80synthetlc extensitlility (and strenqth) reeulting

frOM lOoil-geoeynthetic interaction. Another difficulty is that

the Uletbod. does not consider any redistribution of stresses in

tbe earth lIIilSS due to the presence ot the geosynthetic

reinforce.e.nt, altbougb it bas b • • n well recognized that the

stress d.istribUtion in the backf"ill and the failure surface may

be very ditferent trOll! thoee derivetJ trOll! the classical earth

7

pr ••• ure theory.

In addition. field construction ot gaoayntbetlc-reinforced

retaining wal l. baa clearly shown tbat construction sequence

affecta the ~rronaanc. of the v.ll. .19111Uc.nt~y. The

corliitruction .equance .ttect, bCN'evar. cannot .,. properl)'

accounted t o r in limiting ~llib:dlm _tIIod • •

It i. t o be !'KIted that the ul tu...te .tate or gaoaynthatic­

reinforced retaining vall 1. typically associated with very large

d •• iqn , raeuJra at .ar-ety era eaJI1oya4 to liait the daro",""tion

to an acceptable aaount. However, unlike conv-.ntional ••. rth

structure , there i. not adequate p~.ctic.l .~ri~ vith

9aoeynthatlc "alIa: con.equently, the ractor. of .afety ar.

eOll_what arbitrary. 1'b.ie ia evidenced. by the vida disparity b

the factor. of •• fety aU9'g •• ted. by varioue 4 •• 19" .. ethods rael!

Vol . 1 ot thia Report).

AlIIOnq various analytical _tho4a, tha tinita ala •• nt _tbod

is be5t suited tor ane1yai. of tba ~rfo"",nce of geosynthetic

walls. Thia 15 ~u .. (11 it ia capable of auulating non­

linear, stress-dapendant behavior ot the backfill and tha

foundation 80il, {21 it can aeco..odate the atresa-atrain­

atrenqtb properties of gaoaynthatica and the interactive behavior

bet"aan the 9110aynthlltic and tha cont1ning soU, PI it pen-i tl

, ~ •• c rlpt i on of practically any geoaetric configuration of

geoeynthetic ..,.Ua, aruS (4) i t i . ... 11 sui tad tor 5t.ulaUng

lnor_ental conatruction proeelilU'e .

a.1 o.aedptlon ot SSCCIIP PJ:OVt_

The fin i te el ... nt analy ••• perfonM4 in this study .... er.

conducted by the coaputer pro;:r- SSCOKP .

ganaral, plana attain eoi l-structure ProgT •• for static an.lyai.

of .uth atruc tu.re. includinq the c:onaideratlon ot ~ction

i nducad .tr..... and detol'1loltion. . It calculate. .tr ......

attain.. and diaplac ... nu in aoil ale:aenU and internal fo rc ••

a nd di.plec_anta in structural ai_ante. The original proqr ...

containing only 8011 analyaia va. coded by Ozava in 1'7) and v ••

n_ed I S BILl). Dicken addtld atl'llcturu al ••• nt. in the proqrall to

allow for inclusion ot etructur .. in the analyei. and c hanged the

nail. to SSTI:P. In 1980, Wong- i.pl...nted i nterrace al_ante anc!

• nev .oil lIOcl.el ( the .odHied Duncan aodd--uainq bulJt lIIoclulu.

fODulation) and r-naJled. it SSTtPM. The proqr_ SSCOMP 1.provec3

on SSTtPH by 1.neorporat1rog a bil1n_r 1II0<1al for analyling

co-paction induced .tressu. 'I':tle finite el_ant pr09ra_ SSCOKP

and i t.a predece •• ors have been succe •• fully appli.CS to •• v.ral

.oil engineering probl ... ineludinq calculation of .t.r. ••••• nd

wova •• nt. in -.banblent. and .lopea, buried cuI v.rt. , various

.arth r.taininq structur.s, anc! _chUlically atablli&ed _rtll

.tructure • .

• Detail 4e.eriptiona of SSCOMP proqraa ara qivan by S •• d and

Duncan (1984). "briar almlUry of ita _In t •• ture. 1. pr. •• nted

hartlin.

ElUAnt TYpes.

tollOYs :

ta, Soil Zleaenta - 5011 al...nta are tour no4a, tva­

di •• nalonal, taopara-atric al ... nt. with co.petlkla

aod •• of displacement.

(bi Bat ZI""'''a - Bar ai_nu ara two noeS. al...nU viti!

&Xisl at.ith ... only (i.... can only :reabt .xial

tore •• ).

eel aaa.-CO)llm) U...nta - Straight ~colu.n al ... nt.

are two nod. al ... nt. with axial, ahear an4 tt.nc1in9

.tittn •••.

Id) Modal. lJ.nb - Ttle noa.l link is .. 4a up ot tllO linau

ala.tic springe (a nor.al aM • aba.r aprlnq) that

control the r~.tiv. 4iaplac ... nta betwean two nod •• •

Ca) Interface E1 ... n". - The intarface ala_nt 1& uda uF

of tva nodal links. It 1. used to _odal soil-structure

intertace aov ... nt or aha.r plana within a aoil .....

Soil Modal. SSCOKP proqr .... ploy. two eo11 behavior ~.l • •

Tbe firat eoil .odel i. 11 lIonl1n .. r (hyperboUc) str ••• -stnin

and bulk IlOdt1li .. odd, Which b u •• d. to calculat. soU .l-...ent

aat.rial properties d.uring any .ohltlon Incr.aent. 'ftI. ..cond.

10

soil behavior .04_1 1s a hystaratie loading-unloadint;! .odel for

.tre •••• tesultinq trOll 8011 coa~ction.

Structural MDd,I, Th. atre8a-atra.!n ralationahlp of bar and.

Honline,,-: solution Technigyc. SSCOKP proqraa adopts a -two-

iteration" solution procedure tor .ach ioer ••• nt of Inalyai. ,

which IIIl.y be pl,,-c_ant of • soU l.yex , compaction of • soil

layar, place,.ent of • structure, or application ot an .xtamel

load . Each iocrement 1. analyzed twice I the first tilM udnq

soll .061.111 valu •• basad on tile str ••• ea betora the increment,

and the second ti.. U5inq soil aodul! valu.. baa.d on the avarag_

atr ••• ea during the incr_e.nt.

2.2 ~eter1&tiC5 of the Finite Bl_ot AnILlyah PJ:ooe4Qn1

The principal ctiaractaristica ot ~. finite ~ ... nt analy.18

of the pertoraane. of qao_yothetic wall. ar.:

(1) Both the soil etl.eldill, l'etained soil. and toundat.ion)

and the qeosynthetie are 4ivi4ed into e nuaber ot tvo-

41.e.nsional .l.-nu .tor purpose5 ot .nalysi.. Any

configuration ot q.oaynthet.ie arranq_nt and any

beckfill eond.ition .. y be represented .

(ii!) 'l'ba andy.eli aA con4~ed .t.p-by-.tep. ncb a:.ep

Apreaenting .. construction 11ft (plac.-nt ot till _net

COJIpactJon) or epplicat.ion at a live loa4 .

U

and displae_enta 1n the Boil (backfill and. foundatlon)

anc1 torces and di.pl.~t. Illonq ths qBoaynthetic

layan a:-a deterained. .t. .ach stap of the &naIf.h,

tbl,l8 prov idin; II co.ph". picture ot the wall

pertoraanca during con..trueticm aM unciar operativa

conc1i tion .

(l ) The "onlin-a:r atn •• -dapendant. aU ••• - strain ~.vior

of the soil u • .bNhte4 1n th. 8n81y __ • u81nq the

lIIOat. widely ua..:!! .odified Dunean hyperbolic .od.I

(Duncan, at al., l!ilIO ). The Ln-tantanaoua value o!

Young'. modulus and the •• e&nt valUe of bulk aodulua

ara ralattld to the .tr ••••• in ... c.b al_.nt. by _.na ot

_pirie.l par ••• ter., ¥bleb _7 ~ det.rained tro& the

results of laboratory triaxial t •• ta.

f 4) The datonutioM of the 9Bo.ynthatic: and tha 11011 ar.

calculated in an lntaqratacl _nner by incorporating the

combined stiffn... at both th_ 9Bo.ynthat!c and the

contacting &011. TbaNfora, tha aoll-g.oaynthet!c:

interaotion .tract 1. fully accounted for in tha

analy.i •.

2.3 Modif'i.d Hyperbolic Duncan SoU Modd

Tha nonlin.ar, .tr ••• ·d.pand.nt .oil behavior ~od.l amploy.d

in the proqr .. SSCOMP i. the IIOdHied byperbolic DUncan .04al .

the aodel a.aUII_ that the .tree.-etrain cu.rv.. for .oila can be

approJCi.ated ae b~rboh •• hown in rigu.r. 2.1. Th.

"

HI;h "3 -b'" • b--

• Interm.dict, • u < • -• ---c • • • Low CT3 --'"

A l io I Stroin I Eo

1'i9U'. 2.1

u

instantaneoua 5iope of the byperbolic .tres.-strain curve 1. the

Young ' . modul u8, Et . which 1* • luncti on ot conrininq .tres. and

shear etre •• l.v.l, and can be aXpr-•• e4 aa:

, . ,

i n which the friction ancJle typically d.cr...... in proportion

wi th the 10ljlarlttal Of the continir\9 atr_. in the for- of

Thi. Young'. lIOdulua ia ueed in soil al_ante subject to

primary loading, whtlra prillary loading b 4et!n.d .a all 101141n9

occUTring at a ab •• r atr... l~.l aqual to or higher t.h.n aU

•• swnes the soil to be in all unloading:-raloacUnq a t ate. Ttl.

unloading-r eloading i •• ad.lied aa linaar an4 al •• tic a. sbown in

Piqura a . 2 . TIle unloadinq-raloa4inq lIC!dulua i •• funct ion only

of confining str ••• aa:

• Eur - I:ur p. (~)

E", • K", Po ( ~ ) • -

,. rigura 2.2

15

The laOdel also assWlles that. th. bulk lIIoc1ulus ot soU is

dependant. on the confining stre.s .a:

There are nin. .aterial parameters involved in the modified

hyperbolic Dlmcan model. Tabl_ 2.1 .UIIIlIIari~.s tha role of .ael!

of thase paramatera . Detail descriptions of the lIIode} and the

procedure for determining the material par_atera are giVe" by

Duncan, at al . (19BO).

It ahola}d be noted that ouru::.n. at. al. (1980 ) has cOIIIpUed

tn_ values of the lIIaterial para_ten tor .ore than one hundrao

aitter-nt. eol1. tast.ed under dJ;"a.i.ned and unclr. ! ned condit.ion ...

This wide data base can be U8~ to .ati.-t. re.sonable value. of

the p~ter. 1n cas •• whare the availela intor.a.tion on the

aol1 1s restricted to d •• criptive cl ••• i~ication. Tha data base

is a1ao usaful tor ...... ing whather parameter values derived

from laboratory t.est re.ults with past experi.nee.

Representative pa:n ... tel' value. tal' soils tested under drai ned

conditions are p~ •• nted in Table 2.2 .

,.ra.tar

<. <.,

• ,

; ... 'f

X,

•

8· .... l']' of the lIo4ltted ayperbou'o tl\uICUI Hod.1 8011 Pa:r __ ter.

<- I'tm c: t.1 on

.... "'~ tlUllibar

"lau 11 IIDd E to 0'3 H.",,~

., ~01IlIDt

~1Gn iAtarc.pt

rr1~1C11\ &:091. ;&!'lSeurl b.l.lta (o(..(Il)f to O'J

Fullln ratio blat .. (O'l-OJ)ul t to (Of'<l3)t

V&lua ot II' •• ~ 0) • '. .

:l1IJ.l< a:odu,lWl fI~r

cw.;. l.JI sf? .. ! cr un-!old Slll.\t aotu!\IJI ~n.llt

1zu::r1tUt 1:1 0)

16

j

11 ~ ~

~

i l! ~ • • • ,

:i • .~ Ii :~ !i • •• . ~ .~ a •• • • :~ ••

•

•

• •

• • <

•

• -• • , •

• i • ~

.o~

• -•• -:;;

· 0

~-~!~ _s --~~ • ii~ --•• -. ,§~

v

NNNN · . . . ODOO

~:C~5: --............. · . . . CODO

..... c:iooci

§~~~

0000

171 .... .,. ...

~~tIt~

~:r;~:£1 - ---· . . . 0000

88~i: --

~~ • •

~ili •

DOge> ............. oocio · - . . gO DO

~;il~~ 88~~ N _

............... .... .......... c:iciC:c · . . .

OgOO

.......... '" NNN N <.:100 ... -0 . . . . · . . . 0000 OOClCl

!Hl~~ §~~§

"' ....... OCIOCO coo':>

0),.. ..... 0000

~~~~ 1"' .......... ...... .., ...

"'Jjl"'O ~ NN ~~){l2 ... .... -- ----. . . . · . . . 0000 OOOCI

8:t;: g:a 8~:;::g -

v iii ~ ,

iii

... N ...... · . . . 0000

~ei~ --..." ........ · . . . 0000

............. ••• • · . . . <:1000

~2i~ --. ...... -· . . . QOClO

OOCIO

o o o:;t ~~~

"'~ ... o ~ NN - ---· . . . 0 000

8~8:1G

~ v

• < • i -

•

-• -t • ~ •

17

..

Chapter l

PARAJIZ'l'RIC sruar

1:n this chapter, II para:.etric atudy of the perfor.anc8 of

gaosyntlletic walls is pr •• -.nted.. 'X'be parametric IItu!!y waa

conducted by using the finite ",1.Dent proqram SSCOMP to

investigate the effects of IIIl1terial prapertiea , reinto~8Dant

configuration , surcharge 10llding. foundation lIoil, and facing

rigidity on the _11 p8rtonuncv. For the purposes or

cOlllparison, two "control walla" wera selected tor the .n.ly •••.

The first control wall, referred to as Control Wall A, waa tor II

wa l l constructed over II riqid foundation. Th. ..cone! ",all ,

referred to as Control Wall B, was tor II wall con.truct~ over II

flexible foundation . The conditions of the two control "al l_

(A) Control Wan A:

Gepmetrv:

Materials:

wall beight H • l~ It reinforcemant spaoinq 5 - 1 tt reinforcement length (Unitor.) L ~ 9 tt rigid foundation horizontal erest vertieal faeing

backfill : a uniform, =ediu.~-d.n.. GP soil co.pacted to 95' standard Proctor . with the modified hyperbolie Duncan Model parameters ahown in Table 3 . 1 .

" " 0 0 • 0 " • •

" , " • • · · 0 0

• • • ~ " 0

• • • • 0

" "

-~ 0 u. 0 0 ~ " -

" " • · · 0 0

.r • 0

" • • •

" " .- • · 0 0

• • • C · • 0 0

0 0 • 0 " • •

-~ • 0 ~o " " ~ • • -

• -" • ~. , -. • • CO ,.

• • " ." • · , ~ ~" ~ C. 0 " ~ " .u

LoaCing :

(B) cont rol. 'Wall B:

qeoaynthatic: linllar IIl •• tie , E - l.~ x 106 pst/ tt A _ 0.Ol~5 tt2/ft

nc IIlippage at thll s oil-qeosynthetic ~tedaca

unitor:m sureharqll q g _ D . ~ x (solI unlt wlllqht) x H

The sOlIIa as tlllI control Wall A. IlXcept

Foundation : a soft clay wi th ita parometers for the modi tied hyperbolic Duncan solI Godel shown in ~abl. 3 .1. foundation dllpth 0 - 14 it

Figura 3 . 1 shows the confiquration of th. COntrol Mall 8.

Th. saDe configuration applies to thll Contro~ .all A except that

the foundatlon is riqie! . In the parametric study, two e&taqori ••

at analys.1I var. partoraad: on. on a r lqid toundation ,associated

vith the Control Wall A). tha other on a 110ft foundation

(associated vith th. control Wall B) .

(e.q .• the aff.ct of qeoaynthetic stiffness) is bein9 aX.1ll1nad,

all the eonditiona ware kept tha s ... as the respectivII control

wall except for tha particular factor under inve.tiqation.

3.1 :finite El_nt Diacreti.a:ation

Th. basic finite element .ash used 1n th1s par ... tric study

i.a: shown in l'iqurll 3.2. For the analys.s aaaociated with tile

control Wall A, th. backfill va. aiaulated by 144 aoil .l •• enta,

the qeoaynthatie layers by 72 bar eleaenta, and the taeing by 12

bar eleDenta . For the analya.a a.soeiataa with the control Wall

Z1

" ~ " I ~

~

-I N -T " ~ •

• " 7 • " e " 8 u " -• • • " • • 1 • " • ~

" ~ • • • a " • • 8 • • • : ~ " •

'------,~

"

/'"

./"

/'"

./

/'

/'"

• , •

"

" B. the fgund.ation va • .oo-.11a<1 by an additional 56 soil aI.lIIents .

When the geolletry vas varied 1n the para_tric study, the .lelllent

nuabara vare ~.pt the •••• a. tha.a of the contral valla and the

lIIaterial pro~rti.. Wara ac1juated to yiaJ.d an equiValent.

analysls.

equlLla 6 ft , the youn9'. 1ICdulua of the qaoaynthatic bar el_enta

beyond. 6 tt l .n~h v.. reduc:ad to !larai c:on •• quently, th_

analyeis could l::Ie aflectlvely reqardecl aa tor geoaynthetic layera

of 6 ft in lanqth.

The erection of the vll11. " .. saul«ted in 13 construction

11t1:.8 of soU pllle_ent, each or 1 tt thick, and. 12 c~ctlon

inc:r_enta. Each construction lift waa f'ollowed by • co.paetlon

!ncr_ent.

1.2 GeosyntJ)atic Vall. constructed over II Rigid Pound.atian

For valla constructed over. rigid foundation , " ... ly, tho ••

••• ociatad with the Control wall A, the eftecta of rive factors

on the VBll pertoraance vere inve.tigated, including :

(a) the effect of bac,ktill atittnen/strength,

(b) the aftect of q.aayntbetic stittn ••• ,

(c) tha artaet of gaoaynthatic langth,

Cd) the ett-ct ot g&osynthetlc byer epacinq, and

Ce) the effact ot aurcharqa.

'!'h. folllWinq •• ctione pre.ent the results or the anal yael

an~ di.cusaiona ot the results.

3.2.1 ztt~ of Backtil1 Stitfn ... /Btranqtb

The aftact of using toackfille at c:litferent atr.aa-atrain­

strength bahavior were ell:aained. '%'be .odal par .. etara of three

different beckfill&, deeignated a. S.clttl11. A, B, and Care

listed in Table 3 .3 . It i. to be noted that Backtill. A, B, and

c were selected to repreaent granular ~ckfilla of .e~:UWII,

seaiWll-aenae, and dense denaitiea, respectively.

Fiquras J.J, J.4, and J.5 depict the hori!ontal wa11

displacesent&, the tan.ila force cU.trlbution in tha geoaynthetic

layers at depths of 2 ft, 6 ft, and 10 ft, and the l ateral aarth

pre.aura. on the facing for the tbr .. backtill ••

the ~cltt1.11 atra&s-atra1.n- atrenqth behavior

effect. on the wall IIOVe.el1t and the foree.

It i. seel1 that

ha. significant

induced in tn ..

qeosynthatie reinforea_nt. Ttle .tiffar the backfill 'liva r is ..

to amaller wall .ov_al1t and 'leo.ynthetie forea •• The "'XiDWI

lateral IIIOVa!llent ot the wall occur. approxiJllataly at tha :.id­

height of tha wall for all three backfills.

The tensile force. in the qeosynthetic reinfore_ant are

very cUfferent, both in tenaa of tha Jla'lnitude and the &napa of

distribution, at different depth. Nea:r tha top surface, the

forea. are fairly uniform and ara relatlvaly ~ll. At tna .id­

hei'lht, the torces aaBUllla a diatribution ra.ambl •• what ia

" • • • , • 0 • • • • •

- • " ~ • " " • · • • •

~ • • • • • •

• • • • • N • " " •

-~ " ~

0 0 • -N N N • · • · 0 • •

.r • • • • • • - - -• • •

" • • •

0 0 •

• • • , · • · 0 0 • " • " 0 0 • • 0 0 • • • •

-~ • • • ~& N N N - - --

• • " - - -- - -~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • " " " • ~ ~ •

l"ig1Zn 2.2

"

'" 00' '" . '" . '" . , /\

\

• •

• -~.- ..

• •

•

/~V' , //'

,~ .

.,

. ,

ztt_ot ot kckt.ill .t.ittD .. a/atcr~t)I. 011 aOriSoDt.-..1 W-..11 DiItp1aO._Dt--aiv!4 J'D\la4.tiDIi

"

'"

H • • ... ..

.. ,~

• •

•

t--. , h.

•

I •

•

'" ~ t--..

•

""'"' '" • :-• • • "-

• • •

""'"' ."

~ I I .t

• • •

: ,,,,'

"-"r--.. • .~

• ffeet o'f •• ckf'lll aUfr. __ ,at.nlllllt:b oa G.o~tJMtio .. .-11. ~ro_ai9i4 hw4atioll

"

[T.t , ,

• Ht • " • "

M ~

~ -" ~ ~!<:: r- ~

Effect of •• oktill .tiffD ••• /8traoqtb OD Lateral a.rtb Pr ••• ur_·Uq14 J'oUDth.tioa

"

" •• sumed in the Geoaervice 0 •• 19" . _thad, i . •.•• triangular

dis tribution, ",ith the l argest fore •• QCcurrinq about 2 ft behind

the t.cin g. Neilr the base at the ... al1, the lIIaxillnu!>. forces occu r at

the faeing and decreu. rapidly to slIlAll 1IIaqni tude about S ft

behln~ the facing .

The l ateral . arth pressure ia not s ignificant ly afrected by

the b4cktil~ atiffne a', except near the wall bas. , whe re tbe ~otter

aoil yielda • larger earth pressure .

3 . 2.2 Ettect ot OeoafAthetic atitt", •••

The 8xl.1 ati ffnes s of the geosynthetie 1n the Control Wall A

was varied a. O.S EA, EA, 2 EA, 5 EA and 10 EA. The hori~ont.l

cUaplacQlIIents , the tensile f oree I:Ustr lbution in the qeo6ynthetie

layers at 2 ft , , tt , and 10 ft d.ep, and the lateral ••. rth

pr ••• urea on the tacing- for the five dittarant geosynthetic

stitt •••••• are shown in Flqures 3 . 6, 3. 7, and 3.8, respectively.

It iii •• en tbllt , similar to the eftect. of the backfill stltfnea.,

the g8o.ynthetic s tiffness h •• pronounced atfects on the "'Ill

movem.nt and tensi le torce. in the g.osynthet!c reinforcement. A

larger vall .ov .. ent and smalle r ten.lle forcas ar. a ssociated vith

a .IIIII.Uar geosynthetic .tiffn ••• .

The eff.ct of geosynthetic stitfne •• on the lateral 8art.h

pressure is lIOdest. The larger the g.osynthetlc sti tfnes. , ~~.

'~ \ 1\ \\

/ • / /

/I

8ffeot of o.oaTDthatl0 8titta... O~ Bort.oatal Wall Dlaplaa ... at··Z1q14 rounCatioD

30

• 1EAb

•

,

• HIEAb

I

I I I

I

I i I

•

PJ. ...... ~ . .,

~

.., ,., .. ,

~

.., .. • ,

'"

i=!:

• • • • •

oJrn , In

=I; , ;;t;o

• • • •

, •

.I!:r.ct. or o.a_::natllet;10 8t.U:tll ••• OD G.o.".Uetlc ~.a.il. roroe--~9iG PoUDOatloa

J1

""" .... "" "'" H'"

"

• \1\

~.- .... • •

•

•

'" ." i

.ffeet of a.olyatb.t1Q .tiff •••• oa Lataral aartb Pr_IU' ... -aiVi4 h_ut!oa

.....

3.2.3 Effect of Geosyntbetic Lenqth

The geosynthetic length in the Control Wall A was varied

fr~ 9 ft to 3 ft, 4.5 tt, 6 ft, 12 tt and 18 ft. Tbe change in

the horizontal wall displacements, the tensile force distribution

in the geosynthetic layers at depths ot 2 ft, 6 ft, and 10 ft,

and the lateral earth pressures on the facing are illustrated in

Figures J.9, J.IO, and J.ll, respectively. Except for J tt long

geosynthetic reinforcement (which gives unstable output for wall

~ov~nt and lateral earth pressure, indicating the reintorcement

lenqth ia Mtoo ahort- ), the ettect of geoeynthetic length on the

we.ll displace.aent is aeen to be IIlinor. As the qeoayntbetic

length increases beyond 9 ft, the effect on the wall JIIOVamant

becomes very small.

The effects on geosynthetic length on the tensile forcea in

the geoaynthatic layars and on the lateral earth pressure, other

than tor 3 ft long geosynthetic, is negligible

3.2.4 Effect of Geosynthatic Layer Spacing

The Spacing of geoeynthetic relnforce~ent layers in tha

Control Hall A waa chanqad fra. 1 ft to 2 ft. The resulting wall

displlcements, the tensile force distribution in the geoaynthetic

at different depths, and. the lataral aarth pressure on the facinq

ara shown in Figures 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14, respectively. The.

output of wall ~ovellIant for 2-ft spacinq suffers froll) nu.erical

ihstability in the hott~ half of the vall, indicatinq that 2-ft

J'iqur. S.'

•

•

•

•

I; f ~ •

• ff.ot of a.osJDtb.tic Laavtb OD BoriaoDtal Wall Di.plao"'Dt--a19i4 Foua4atioD

JS

" U .•

"

'" " .

pilJ'U'. S • .10

Fig : F·2

'"

'" l.£ , ,

'" .. r,

'" , ,

'" .. ,~

, ,

""" '"

I I I , • • " "

cknJ .ri

ft r , • • " ..

DEJrnJ 10FT

! • t 12 , S

DllrTAHCE f'qQN FN:lE OF WALL IFTl

"

"

"

· " · ~ · .. · .. .. L12

+ Ll'

att.ct ot a.o.,-,atb.Uc LeSIgtlI; 011 o.oaJlltll..Uc ~ ... 11. Porce--aivid POua4atioD

"

..

'" ". ... ... ~ " • ..

f-4f-

Wi •

• LA" •

-t\ •

•

~r

arhot of CI_.,..UeUc LeB9tJI. QII. Later-.l J:utll .r ••• ure--a1g14 POUD4atioa

ri{l"U'e S.U

"

" . " . .. . •

1\ \

• • 1-1'

• .....

! ............... •

. / ,

2/Y •

,/

.,

.,

_tt.ct ct oeo.,.~tl0 La,.r ~cl.V ca .o~l.D.tal •• 11 Dl.pl.o .... t--aiV14 WOQB4a~c.

piqure " . n

"" , DE'"" '" I • '"'

I • 5-1' -

f:': ,

'. , • • •

D~ ,In

-.., "-

• t--.. fL-

• , • • • ..

DEPTH Ian

'" _. • ~

• Pf- I" • , • • •

.ft.et ot eao.pt.betio La7u' lpaciAq OD Oeo_JDtbet!o T ••• fle poroe--aiqi4 Pou.datiOD

38

Fi'lU.n 1.U

\ r

_ff_t. of aeoe)_UeUo l.aier ap.aaUv o. Late.ral _art. ~r •• av.r_Up4 FO'IUMb,U_

"

"

'!'he tensile torc •• in the qeoaynthetic are lll.%"qer tor 2·ft

.~cing than for I-tt spacing. The ettact on the tensile f orce.

i. mo~. alqnificlI.nt at smaller depth.. ~.lI.r the top surface, the

maxillUII tensile forca occurs at about tha mid-length tor 2-tt

spacing. 11.111 compared to II. 1II0re or 1.88 unltora .:Uatribution for

I-t~ s pac !ng . At the Ilid-dapth of the vall , the maximum tensile

torce tor 2-tt spacing ill develo~ at • location about 2 ft

behi nd that tor I-tt spacing of the ralntoTClIII!Illl\t.

Although the larger reinforcement. spacing re.ul ts

smaller lateral .arth pre.aura, tha ditfe.renca ia sull. " . W,,,'

cOIllpa.red with the Rankine active pre.sura and the lataral earth

pre.aura at-rest, a. shown in Flqure 3.14, the _rth pre •• ur ••

are slightly s.aller than the Rankine active pre.aura up to about

8 tt troll the top surtace . At larger dapths , the aarth pre •• ure.

are larqer than the active pra.a~a. Maar tha basa ot tha wall,

tha a lrth presl;lura 1a even largar thin tha at-rast pra •• ura,

which La mostly dua to the tact that the baM of the wall ia

.a.~.d not to slip against the riqid foundation.

3 . 2.5 Effact at S~.rge

liguras 3 . 1S, 3 . 16, and 3 . 17 ehow, reapectively, the

horizental "all dl.placements, tha tensila f orce distribution In

the geosynthetic layera at 2 ft, 6 tt, and 10 !t deep, and the

,.,

•

."

, ..

..., ft-

.

.ftaa" of 'lU'cbUV. OD .ort_catal .all Dl.plac...at-- a1;14 rouDdatioD

"

. '" • 01

. '" ,

•

rique 3. U

.. , '" , ..

· " r · ... · .. , --iFF

· ~ · .. , • • •

..

..

,

'~ f---1-~

Effect of Il1rcllaI'ge OD lleoaJDtllatic 'I'~i1e roroa­-aiV1G r~GatioD

"

PJ.V'U. :1.1'

.,

" ." . " ... H

~ . '"

'" • . '"

:l)o • • ..

. '" •

~~ flo- ~

M ~~ ~ '1'

attect ot ~1l1U9. OD Lataral aertll. ~r ••• ur.­&1914 P~4atiOD

.. lateral earth pre.su!:'11 distribution on the ",.11, u th. unite""

lI~barq. pressura on the ",all surtace var i es fro. 0 t o 0.1 rH, 0. 2

rH, 0.3 rHo 0.4 rHo and 0.5 rH, where r 1. the unit Weight of the

baekfill ( r .. lUi pct) lind. H_ h the wall height (H ... 12 ftl. As

lilly be e )CJIectad, the wall Dove .ent , the t ansile lor ces 1", the

geo synthetic reintoreelllllnt, and the l ateral earth pre5&Ure increase

with i ncreasing surcharge pressure.

The wall ItOYeJHInt i ncreases nearly proportional wi th the

incr •••• ot .urcha~ • •

maxaua vall 1IIOVlllllllnt

Aa the surcharge inCreall ll& , the point of

IJr1II.dual ly ahiftad upward. For zero

s urcharge, tha IIIi!ox illwa wall lIovemant OCC\U"S at II litU. belov tne

.id-heiqht. For aurchllrq. pres.ure o r 0. 5 rH, the aaxuw:I WillI

movemant move up to about 2 t o 1 it from the top lIurfacII .

Th. etfect ot lIurcharqe on thil tansUa forc •• , <I.E; .xpected, is

a ore pronounced at s_ller dep~ . The output f or the l ateral

ea rth pressure . uffers froa numerical ins tability for 0.4 rH and

0.5 rH surch.rge presElure. in the top balf of the w.ll . In:.ha

bott on half. bOlo/avar, tha eaJ;th pre •• ur . incre.... sOllle .... M't

proportionally with the increa.e i n the surch.rqe presaure .

'.1 aaosyutb.tic Walll eoaltructe4 o.er ~l.aibla Foun4atioaa

For ""alIa constructe4 over a flexible founeSaticn, nailloly,

those associateeS with the Control Wall B. the wall perfor.ance as

attec t eeS by the following threa factors ware investi gated :

(a , the attaet ot 980.ynthetio .tittneas.

(bl the attact ot geO.ynthetie length, and

(e) the ettect ot foundation depth .

The re!lult.l of the analyae. ancl tUeeu •• ion ot the :A.ulte

ere pra.antad in the tollowing •• ction..

] . ] . 1 'Ettect ot c.osyntbetic SUffne ••

The axial .tittne.. (£A) ot tha geo.ynthetie In the Control

Wall B va. varied to 0.5U., 2EA, 5EA. and IOtA. The ra.l.I.ltin9

horizontal vall diaplaeelienU, the tanaile torc.. _10119 the

geol:ynUletle layere at dapth. ot 2 tt, 6 ft, and. 10 tt, and. tba

lataral earth pre.au:A on the taeinv are shown in Piqure. 3.18,

3 .19, and 3.20, respecti vely. The etteet ot 9aoaynthe~ic

atittne •• on the _11 mov_ant 1 •• aan to be .i.ilar to that

obtainlitd for a ri9id toundation (Section 3.l.21, axca:pt that the

ba.e ot' tha vall tor tha Control Wall 8 detono with the

underl ying toundatlon and reeult. in .igniticant lataral Dovamant

at the ba_.

11'18 atrect ot g.o.ynthatic stittna •• on the tan.na tore ••

in the reintore_ent b also .isilar to that for a rigId

foundation, excapt that the torCti. In tha qeo.ynthetic near tha

ba.a 40 not reduce to a •• mall .a9n1tude. •• thoae tor th_ rigid

tounohtlon.

••• •

•

•

."

J'1~. ,.u

.. , u

'\ \ \ \ • - •

" •

•

J

aueat of oeoayatllatla .tiff_ •• 011 BerisOlltal •• 11 Di.pl.G".Dt--Pl~l. J'oUAdatioD

..

...

.....

..... , .....

riqure 3.19

'" -= ,~

,

= ,~

• •

, ,

~

,

~

" ~ ::;

4' ~ • • •

Bffeet of aeo.yztbetic 8titf~"8 OD Ge08yntbetie ~en.ile Pore __ -'l~ble Pound.tica

Piqur. '.20

..

• , .. ... •

• . ...

.\ •

• • ~ • , ....

~\ 1\ " • :-... 1\\ "'S

~

affect of GeOayDtb.tio .tiff •••• o. Lat.ral aartb Pnoe.vr_Plez.i.bl. :ro_clatioD.

.. 1'htl effect ot g8osynthatlc:: .tittnellilB on the lateral earth

preSlNre is aiqniricant.

larger lateral earth pre •• ure.

".:3.2 Ett.et of a.oaptll.tiC! Lllllqtll.

The hori;ontlll "all dillilplace.ent, the t en.U. force

distribution along the qaoeynthetlc layers, and the l.teral earth

pr.saure distribution on the tacin; tor varying the qeoaynthetic

length in the Control Wall B fro. 9 It to l ft , 4.5 ft, 6 ft, 12

ft , end 111 ft are prelllllnted in Flg1.lr •• J.21, J . 2<1, and J.2l,

r eepeotlvaly.

With II g80synthetic length of J tt, the wall di.plilcellllnt \0 ••

significantly I_rqer than the other length_ and the output tor the

lateral earth pr •• aure auttars troll numerical stability probl •• ,

incUcatinq that it probably 1. tDQ .bart for reintorceaent pUqlO •••

Otherwise, the 9aoaynthlltic length bas littla effect on the let.rlll

earth pressure al14 the t.n.il. toree. in tha geo.ynthetlc, although

a slightly larger wal.l dlsplacament is aean to be ••• oci.ted with

The wall lIovement i8 51 ightl Y

largar than that aBsociatad with a rigid foundation (Figure 3 . S) .

].l.] ctteot ot pouadatioD Deptb

The depth of the foundation in the Control Wall B wa.

••• i:: • •

f0. "- • \\ \

• 1\ •

•

•

•

• rr.ct of g.o_ratb.t!c Laagtb oa .oriaoatal Wall Di.pl.c .... t--rl~l. PoQAOatioD

50

'"

'"~

en

m

~

'"

'" f-/'" ~ , ,

'" ,~

, •

::!:

• ~ • ~. • LI

• LI

• U, + U.

Je,,.l • ri

i-;;.: f:!: IIIIII • " " ..

~'",\

I I I ,

.tteat of QeoeJll.tb.tlc LeIIqtll OD aeo.-yJatbetia reD_!l_ Porce--71exibl_ ro~4atioD

51

Piqur. '.U

"

. " ." ." ... • \

\ •

• u.s

" \ • • '. \ •

. i\ • • \

.

\. •

. .

. "

Itfeat of Geo.yathetia Le~;th on Lat.ral 'arth 're •• ure--'laxibl. 'o~4atioD

". " .

" chanqed [r01ll 14 ft to 6 tt and. the results are ahown in Figures

3 . 24 , 3.25, and 3.26. For comparison purposes, tll. results of

!.he Control Wall A, a wall constructed over a rigid foundation,

is also plotted in the figures .

It is seen tbat the wall lIiIove.=ent did not differ

significantly by chanqinq the foundation depth from 14 tt (about

1.15 x .... all height) to 6 ft (O.S x wall height). The movelJlent.

however , was larger than the Control Wall A, especially near the

.... 11 ~ .. e. Thi. ill in part becau .. & the wall 1><>8. in the Control

Wall A was assumed not to slip against the foundation. In a more

realistic condition , the base of the wall probably wIll move a

tew i nches and the difference with a flexible foundation will be

slightly smaller. The differance In the lateral earth pressure

and the qeosynthetic tensile torce due. to the ditter.nt

toundation condition was very s~all. except near the base of the

walls.

3 .4 C01IIparison of Perfoneanoe for Wall. COnstructed. over a Rigid Foundation and & Plexible Poundation

This section presents comparisons ot wall perfor.ance tor

the COntrol Wall A (constructed over a rigid foundation) and the

Control Wall B (constructed over a flexible foundation) resulting

trom differences in (ll the 'leoBynthetic stiffness: and (2) the

geosynthetic length.

I'iqun ,.U

0.' " '& \~

rt • o

\~ •

/ -H-/

r-j/ v v

.rtect. ot 1'0UJUlaUOil Deptll 011 .oriaolltal wall D1.plao...at--I'lezlbl. 1'0004atloD

..

,,"

Piqure 3.2'

~PTH 21 FT

, .. , , , • •

, .. 1--+-1--+-1--+

.. , ..

-

, •

0:

,

•

DIJ'TH '0 "

~

• •

• ""0 • ." • " FT -

~

•

•

atteot of Poaa4atioa Depth oa o.o~tb.tio ~ ... 11. Pozae I'lezillle POUII.4atioa'

"

•

•

•

."

"

w.t. f- \\ -~.- ...

.

I. hj-,

:" . -".~ "" .

\ , .. _ ..

\ ,

\. ,

, ,

, ~

.tleot or ~oaa4atio. o.pta oa Lateral zart. Pr ••• ure--Flaz!bl. roua4atloa

3.4.1 Etfect. of ~thatic stlttne..

'1'I:Ia axi.l atittne.1i at the qeoaynthetic in tha Control .11.11.

A and B wa. varied tra. o . ~ EA to 10 EA, whare £A • 1.fi07 • ~04

Itl/ tt . Th •• tt.cta on th. tollowing quantiti •• tor the two

control ..,alla are plotted:

(aj the horizontal .,all 41apiaceaa.nt , .a. pigur. '.27,

Cb) the t.n.H. toree 4iatribution in the g.oaynth.t1c

layare at the daptha at 2 ft, fi tt, and 10 tt, •••

PiflU%"a l. 2',

Cel the lat.ral earth pre •• ur. 4iatritlution, •••

Pi9\1%'e l . 2'.

(4) the aaxl.ua borizontal wall 4i_pl.camant, lee

rigur. l.JO.

C.) the Mlluua tanaHe torca in the qaote.rtile, see

riqure l . ll •

.... ••• n in Fii\lr. l.27, th. COntrol W.ll B induce02 Ia:.;er

v&Ii aov.-nt. than the COntrol Wall A tor aU tba q.o.ynth.t.1c

.xi.l .tittn..... inv •• tiqated . Both .,.11. abov an increa •• at

"all .ov ••• nt witb d.cr.a.inq axial .tittn... of tbe

geoayntbatic. '!'b. incr ..... in the borllonul vall aov_.nt tor

the two control vall_ •• ahewn in Figure 3 .27 v.r •• i.ilar. The

incr ..... at the !xi.l .tittne •• tr_ 0.5 EA to £A, howev.r , vas

aora ·a.ttactiv.,· coapare02 to the incr •••• frOli tA to 10 EA .

Pli\1r. 3.2' indicate. tnat the tanaila tore •• 4.v.lopad 1n

,

oo~ IV ~4\ •

'-~ •

III •

t •

•

'-

• / I

1# zrreot of oeo.,.tbetl0 .tiff •••• OD .orl.oatal Wall 01.plaaaa •• t

"

F .... e.SE,l,

" " F .... 'aEA

......... , .... .. , ....

.. 0 .. • " I

tT~ • " • .. • " , ~

*fl ~ I

• .. • " • "

.ftat:lt: of' _aJllt-b.eU" atitt •••• 0110 O.".f!lt. ... tic Tall_lie PONe

" oW ~ .... " " '" .... , .... ''''

"

....: .. .. ... ... 1000 '" , ,

r '1-

• , ....... 0 "'1'-'

• FA.laEA

t- • ........ •

• ..,,..

•

" "~

" rf$:

Cft_t of e-eJIIUeUcr atitf •••• 0. Lateral. )tart'" .. r. •• v.r.

• . , • ., , ., •

...

... •

\

,

I • ,, -• ..

• • • " "

.EE.o~ or o.o_yaLb.tio .tirED... OD .~ Bortao_tal Wall D1.pl.c .... t

'I

.. -

It .. . " • PO

.

-4 , ..

• • • I • "

.. • ffeat of GeoafDtbetio .titt •••• OD Maz1aua ore •• U •• orc. iD ttl. GeoaJ1ltb.U.c

"

" the t~o controL walls are not art.cted by the foundation except

when the axial atiftnus ia larqeE (5J!A and. IOEA). wharein the

atfaet v •• aore pronoune~ at qr •• tar 4.p~ •.

~h. lataral .arth pr •• aura on the tacing w.. almost

independent at the found.ation, a. _an in ,ilJ\lra 3.;l9. In both

control walla , the laUral _rth pr •• .ura tended to inCrtl •••

ao •• what proportionally vith the axial atittn... of the

gaoaynthatle.

The •• X.illum horbantal vaU cUaplac.aanta for the control

wall 8 vere .,;Jeh higher than tho_ for the Control WaU A, ••

depicted in Piqurs 3.30 . '!'he d.irt.nne. in the _xiawa vall

cSt_placelllenta incr •••• d with the axlal atlUne.. of the

qeoaynthatic. ~h. rata of Lncr.a •• w •• aueh hlqhar in the rang.

o! O.5£A to 2EA, and dec re.aed with larqar axial .titfn •••.

Fiqura 3.:11 51:\0\018 that the _xiwua tansion in the

gaoaynthatJc 101 •• not atract.c1 by the toundation. .... the axial

atittness ot the qaoayntbetie ineraa.ed, tha aaxillua tension tor

both control valls increased in a nonlln .. r aanner that re.amblaa

a hyperbolic tunetion .

:J . 4.2 Zffect. o! ~th.t1c Length

'%'ha lat\9t:.h ot the 9110synthatic rainforc...nt in Cont:-ol

Wall. A and 8 was varied froll , ft to ltJ tt.. '!'ha attects on tha

•• following quanti tie. tor the t~o control valle were plotted:

fa ) tha hori~ont.l vall dlaplacamant, 5e8 Fiqure 3 . 32 ,

(b) tha tensil. tOTOC distribution in the geosynthe:ic

layer. at the depths of 2 ft , , ft , and 10 tt , aae

Fiqure loll ,

Ie) the lateral .arth pr •• .ure dJatribut!cm. • ••

Figure 3.34,

(d ) t he aaxiauD horizontal wall displacement, •••

f'iqure 3 . 35,

(e ) the ... 1mm ten.Ua toree In the qaot.rt!i., n. Fiqun l . lli.

riqura 3 . 32 shova that the vaU -.va_nt v •• ei911itleantly

.ffected. by the foundation for aU the 9aoaynthetic length •.

~nt;I.r qaoaynthatlc: re.ultecs 1n __ Uer vall lIove.ent . ':'h.

lIanner by yhlc:h the vall IIOYlillent wa. affected by the

geoayntbetic length tor tbe two control walle w •• ' i llilar .

I t i •••• n troll ,19ur8 3. 33 that the etfect of toun4at ion on

the tan, i l e force in the geoaynthatic v •• lIora apparent at l.~ar

depth. . The attact ot qaoaynthaUc hnqth wa. very s;aa.ll .

Tha lataral aarth pra •• ura. plotted in Pi qura 3 . 3. ara .a.n

to be . o.-what independant ot tha foundat i on and tba qaosyntnat1c

I al1qtl'l , axeapt near tha ba.. of tha valla whara lonqar

qeoayntheeic re.ulted in a.atlar aarth pr •• aur • .

Ii: ~

u.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Zfreat of GeoaTDtbatl0 LeDqtb OD .oriso.tal •• 11 Dl.plao_a.t

"

......

...u

.......

.'" ,,_w

.'" fA.L.l1

, tVn.2FT

". 0

• ,., • <$;

"= " • • •

• • , • • " " "

Ert_t: of O_lfDthetio lAa~h 00 o.olJ1ltbet.ic Tudl. :roroe

"

fA.D2-lA.I FLoa.u.J ..... " ...,,, FA,C:Z"'l'

"""" ..

•

. .

•

" J'iqun :I.U

'" ". ... ... 1000 " . • I-

I ~

.

I • I'

.ff.c~ of GeO'fDtb.tic Lenqtb OD L&~,r.l Bartb Pr •• ,qre

"

, • " ., •

., •

.u

,

~ fA-... -

"'-

~ , • • " " "

Effect of oeoarztbetic Lab~ 00 •• a{au.

aori.oatal Wall oi_plao...at

..

Figure S.SI

'"

'"

'"

'" , ,

~

r--

•

: ,; -...

• " " "

att.ot ot eeo.yath.tic Leagt. Ob M8pt.ua ~A.il. J"orae ib tlI.. aeo.,..theti.

"

,. Fi9llre J.J"!I indicate. that the aI.i.lUI w.ll displacements

were higher in the Control Wall B than i~ the Control Wall A for

constant tor all the geosynthatic lengths except to.!; the 3 tt

10n9 relnforca=ant., which a. mentioned .arliar, would lIoat likely

be i n a unstable condition.

The atfeet of qao.ynthetic length on the aa. i lllWil tenaU.

force 1n the qaoaynthatic, a. illustrated ill tlqura 3.36, v ••

•• all tor both control ",alIa , agaln, except whan J tt 10n9

q80aynthetie w •• u •• d. The cUtter-nee due to the foundat.!!:!n "' ••

aleo ... 11.

:3.5 co.pariaon of waU Prartoraance Due. to Different Pounclationa

I.n this •• ction. the ~for.ancaa of gaoaynthetic w&Us due

to di fterant. foundation. ara compar.d. A clayey foundat ion

.atarial aottar than that of the Control Wall B tounct&tion II • •

1I'Ielude4 in the co.pariaona, and i. ",Carrlad to a. Foundation D.

'IIhere.a the foundation for the Control Wall 8 is referred to .s

Yound.tion 8. Alao included in the comparison 'lias the 'IIalls on a

r 19id foundation, a. in the Control Wall A. The lIodified

hyperbolic Duncan .odal para_tar. for P'oundation 0 are listed in

Table 3 . 3.

':l1e eOlQpa~i.on. include the e r tec:tll Of tn. found.atiolUl on

tile t'oUD'lllng:

• • •

" il

~

• •

~

--u~ -•

or

-• ,

•

--~& -

0 • • " -• • · 0 •

• • • •

" • • • •

• • " • ~ •

" " • • • •

• • • -~ • • • 0 • • • • • • • 0 • 0 • • " -• • " " - -Q • • , -0 • - .-• ~-• 0_ 0 u_ ,

.~ ~ ~:

72

la l The horizontal wall dlaplaeeaenta under difterent

s urcharge pr ... ur •• , ••• Figura 3.37 (a' and (b).

(b ) Tha tens i le toree distribution in tha gaosynthatic

layers at dlff~.nt depths, ••• Figura l.38.

(cl the lateral .arth pr ••• ura on the tacing . se&

rlqure 3.]',

Cd) the au:imm hteral datl.etlen of the vall undar

41fferant ~. pr ••• uras •••• Ylqura 3.40.

{a ' the _xillltlll tensU. force in the qaoaynthatJ,c ••

the wall is .ubj.ct~ to 4ithrant surcharge

pressura., ... rigura 3 . 41.

Figura 3.37 (a) indicat •• that the aofur foundation

(Foundation D) r-aulta4 in larger vall .ov .. anta, .. pecially n.ar

the ba •• of the .... U. and. the .tf~ va. sligbtly _ora pronounced

a. the surcharge pr ••• ure bee ... higher. It i. to b. noted that

the location at vtr.leh the a&lI:1aua _._nt occurred v .... lao

• .tf.ct~ by the folm4atlon _tar1.I. Thi. 1. &lao true vhan

cOJlP&rll'19 the vaU 1IOV..ant8 vith tho.. of rigid foundation

(Figure 3.l7 (b)).

I'he tensU. toree cUnrlbution .hewn in ,iqure l.l8 was

hardly arfeet.d by tba toundation .aterial .. cept near the baa.

where the teneile foree. vere hlqher for .ofter foundation

Klaterials .

.,

rill'l.lre S.3' Ca)

0.0 ,. , <., 0.' 0 ,

~ \\

l\I:~ •

,

H

t I

ltt.et or FOUDd.tioD oa .oriloDtal Wall Dl.placeaaDt UDder Dittar~t '~charq. Pr ••• vr •• --FoundatioDa • aDd D

"

• .. '" • FI,q2

.... • ..... • F D,q2

• F D,II"

••• " • • ~\ I \

!

•

_tleet of' Po_hUoa 011 IIori.ontal Wdl Di.pl.o .. ~t _dar DittaraJl,t auzcharva .r ••• ur •• --FoUAdatiolia • and •

"

• ''''' ,..,

• , '" • ,. .. • ,." • ' ...

:riqure 1."

• •

''" • •

-;j;o

I

I

,

,

, , OEPTH 2 FT

• •

~"FT

•

• " • ,.-• "'-

~

• "

• " • ,.-• "-

~ • •

.. ~~~~ · " · ,. ,---j'--I-+-+-t-.' '"

• • • • OISTANCE FROIo! fACE OI'WAU. (FT)

75

"

• '" • " . " ... 1000

• r-

• I-

• .. . '"

• \ ., • ~

f' ~ ·1 I r---, ~

."

rlqure .3 .39

"

• • I I I

I '-;

.tV I'-· " · " '/ · "

I I

I I • ,,,CI.A'I' •• ,

.. •••

! I

, .. , , .. , ..

Eff.~t of Pound.tioD OD xaziaum Bort.oDt_l •• 11 Diaplac ... nt under Differant 8urobarv& Pr ••• ur ••

I I 1 i • i

~

- v ."

~ · " ..-:f- · "

~ ..-..

~ · ,-

,~.;- , •• • •• ••

. "" Iffect of rOUDdatioD OD ••• t_Ya TID.ill Forc. in tbe Geo.~tb.tlc .a4er Dltflr .. t .urob~. Pr ••• u ••

"

" It i •••• n froa Flvur- 3.39 tnat the lataral .arth pressure

"a. not .ffected by the roundation •• tarial aKcapt naar the vall

The aott-.r

The _d.llWl lateral danection of the villI shown in riqure

:1.4.0 v •• aignitie&ntly .ffacted by the tewd.ticn _Udal. At low

aurcM.rv. pra •• ur •• , tha aaxuUII v.ll danaetien for p'oundation D

v •• ~t twice •• l.~ ••• tor ri9id foundation. Alao shown 1n

Plqura 3.'0 1. the resUlt of uainq II cOh •• iva backfill , with ita

.od1t1.:1 hyperbolic: Duncan aDd.l para •• tara abown in Tabla J.J, j n

an otharwis. Idantical condition •• the Control Wall B. It 1. seen

that the cob •• ! ... a eoU re.ult.cl In the lar9a.t malC!aWII "all

4athctlona. Fiqur •• 3 . 42 .n4 3.43 ahow • coaparhon of vall

aov ... nta tor the control Walla A and a Vhan the coh •• iva backfill

v •• used. frOIl the r •• ul.ta one can .~C\ll.t. that the _tracta of

backfill and foundation •• tarial on the vall deflection are

cgJlparable .

fbe ... iJlum ten.ile terce. in the qeoaynthetic (riqure 3.41)

are hardly attacted by the tound.tion matarial. Howaver, vhen the

coh •• ive backfill va. u.ed, the tensile torce i.ncr •••• d very

ailplHicantly .

3.6 arreot of racia; 'ki;idity

To eXllllin. the effect ot taein; riqi<lity on the vall

(

80

: o. , 0' ..,

l' N \ • ''''' , ,...,

'--• • ' ....

• FA..cu.Y4J

fA.a.AY~

• F A,CAY""

r/I / (/1. '/

Wall __ .... ~ of u... COlitrol wall A, with 9r&Dular &11.4 COb •• t •• backfillll, .. 4.r Dltt.r&Dt .~b~. Pr ••• ar ••

81

••• " ••• .. . •

• .... :y ....

• ' ... •

-H- • FI,CL,\VACI

• FI.CLA'I'AI

• r .. cu't' ...

•

.,

I It

• ~:/

Wall __ ..... t of tlI. COlltrol .aU a, wit.1I IjJr_lllar _4 0011 •• 1 •• ~cktill •• " •• 1' Ditter.llt .urob~. 1'~ •• 1lr ••

" performance, (I geosynthetic wall 81allar to the Control wall A

we. &n.ly~ed . 'l'ba vall wile • •• u.ed to be constructed ove.r (I

rigid foundation. The concH tiona ditrar troll tho.. at the

Control W.~ A ar.:

Geosynthat!c layer apacing - 2 ft Concrete facing prope~ie.:

E _ 4 . 4 x 108 pat I • 0.018 r;4/ft A - 0.6 ft 1ft

'!'hre. vall fa c ings vera exaained: (1) qeosynthetic wrap

around :80::1119. (2) continuous conc:r:ete panel, 1lIIc1 (3) articuletad

l'iqura 3 ...... above tha thr •• types: of facing •.

1 t i. to be noted that the analyaia for the artlcu.l.ated taeing

va. p.rfo~.d by ••• uminq th. panel. are 2 ft high each and the

connection. of the panala ~nnot withstand any bending ao=ent • .

~l'iJUr.s 3 . 45, 3.46, and 3.47 show the hori~ont:.l wall

displac"llIIts. the teneile forc •• induced in the qaoaynthatlc at

dlrterent depth., and the lat.ral urt.h pre551U"e distribution.

for the cUtt.rent facinga. "It i. sssn that the tllcing rigidity

(i. •.• the caPllbllity of the "global- bend.inq resistance) has a

very siqniticant erract on the wall displacQlIIent and. the

g.o.~thetic torces. The vall with the continuous concrete

tac ing experiences Much &maIler wall lIIcve_nt and qeo.ynthetic

torce. than the other tvo being types . Tbis tinding agr.tllI with

the Universit y ot Tokyo (Tatsuoka , et al., 1987).

,.)

(b)

'<l

riqur:-a 3. U .

~, t ,_. ------,-, ~ .... _-;:.-:;".-...,-----t '"--.. ~-------~,

I --)..-,-------I ... __

'h""'<~"$"',"''''''''''''''''z1\"m\.~,c..\

---

,

fl-- ---

Tr;'. or Wall raclDq" I.) •• o~t •• tic Wrap aroua4 racl091 Ib) Contlouou. COncrata PaD_la , (e) articulated CaBaret. ~aDal.

83

" HORIZONTAL DlSPl.ACE!.£NT 11"TJ

C . O~ 0. ' 0 0. 15 0. 20 , \

,

" I f"..

1\ 1 1\ c Wr~Doed

, • Continuous

, '-.. a Articulated ,

,

/ ;#1 ,~

'A'

'" "" '" ''''

" ,

""

'''' '''' " , ,

"" "'" "" ''''

'" , ,

J'iqure 3.016

,

85

DEPTH 1 FT °CofltlllU oArticul

• •

OE~ 5 FT

T L

, , ,

DEPTH " FT

2

, , , DISTANCE FROM FAce OF WAll (Fl)

" 1-kJfl1ZONT"'- STRESS (PSF)

, '" . ~, ." '" ","

~ I , I 1_ , o-p'1 I

bt \ ~

....

~~ ,

• ,

\, r>-

1"'-1 I

"

Cbaptar 4

'l'ba result of tb. study presanted in Chapter ] haa cl •• rly

dellloJllltrata c1 that the pertOI1llance or qeoayntbetic-rainforced

rataining wall. 1. erfected aignlrlcantly by tne vall/foundation

vaolllatry ,

properti_ ,

th. reinforce •• nt contlguration. tbe •• terial

and the loading- conditions. In partiCl.llar, the

det'oraaUon of geoayntbetic reinforced rataln!.ng walla has been

_hawn to be dependant on (1) the backfill atittn_a/at.ref\C]th. (2)

the reintorc_nt .tUtne.... PI the "into~nt langt.b, ( 4)

the relntoree.ent spacing, (5) the au.rch&rqa, f6J tba tound.atJon

material , (1) tb. foundation depth, and (I) the racing rigidity.

fro.. 1'1.14 construction experienc_, it i. l.arnt that the

conetruction •• QUane. and. the coapaetion ~r.tion _lao hive

.tron~ influence on tba wall pertor.&nce.

In view of the

co:apluity of the pertora&J'lce of the wall • •• art.et.d by th.

aboYe~ •• ntlon.d factors, and lncr.a.inq availability ot co.putar.

to da.ign anqlnaar., the prallm1n.~ da.lqn procedure 1. co.putar

b •• ad .

.. • • 1 Pra.U .. 1nary Design PLocedlUW

'!'he pralia1nary cJ •• lqn proeld.u.re lnvQlva5" execution or two

computer proqralllS. The 1'irst proqr .. , GSWALL, is u •• d to obtain

a trill ~.~iqn for .. 9ao.ynthetie-raln!orced retaining ".11, and

should ~ executed flr.t (Step 1). The second progr .. , SSCOJn>.

which 1. the sa •• eomputer proqralD. _ployed 1n the paraliletric

study , is used to check the w.ll partoraance for the trial 4 •• 19"

{step 21. If the wall pe.rfonlenee ia lII.tiaraetory. the trial

deB19n can be accepted. . Should tha wall pertoraanc:e be

unacceptable, the trial deaign should be modified, and additional

analyu& ahould be pertoJ'1lled until a 11 •• 1g" lII'ith •• tistactory

performance 1_ obtainad (step l ) .

The program GSWALL i. baaad on the 4 .. 1gn ~thcd proposed by

the Geoaerviol! Inc. (generally referred to as the Geos.~ic •

• ethod).

tl.xi!llIIple a.re presenteeS in an FHWA rwport (FHWA-H:I-89-002j . A

brier sumaary of the c.oaervice .Ithod 111 given berain .

d_icpl .. thod tor qeosynthetic-rlinforeed retaining walla thllt

considers both arternal stability (sliding; , overturning. be&ri nq

capacity) and i nternal atatdlity (pullout and rupture) of the

walla . In addition, the da.ign _thl:'d has tvo unique features:

" ( ~ ) it accounts tor the limit strain of the qeosynthetie

reinforc •• ant In the d •• 1gn, and (2) it calculates th • .axill:WII

d i5flleceBent of the wall. Although the wall displac:_ant aM the

_xilllWII qeoaynthetic force calCUlated by tha method ara typically

much larger tban tha actual valu .. , it_ 1. considered a good

"first trial" .. thad.

trial and error procee • . The U •• of the desiqn •• thod can be

culllberaome .na error-pron • .

GSWALL. w.. daveloped. 'lbe proqraa i. "1:1 ttan U81ng the J.,ctua

apr ... " sb •• t. Th .. u •• of this proqr .. requ1.r •• funda_T\t.l

knowladge ot' the Lotua apr.ad ab •• t, othatvi •• the proqr_ i.

very ·user friendly."

It is to be noted that the .etl:lod is li.1tad: to the

following conditions:

(ll The backfill 1. coh •• tonlas_.

(2 ) Soil pro~rtielll are unito", throughout the r einforced

zone .

(3) The vall face is vertical.

<<!oj The crest ot the wall .is beri1:ont.I.

(5) Tbe vall ia constructed over a very rlqid foundation.

althouqb the b.llrinq capacity of the foundation 1.

evaluate4.

(6) Tbe aurcharqa load on tl'I. top surtace is un1tonly

" diau:ihutact.

(7 ) The surcharge load i. 1 ••• than 20' ot the total weight

of the eol1 till.

(8) All qlloaynthatic layan have the .... langth.

When fi.ld conditione deviate fro. th ••• l~it.tlon.. it i.

augge.tad that tbb aetbod be u •• eI by at..plltyiJ\9 the field

condition to contOnD to the Ii.itationa 1n order to obtain •

-trial" desIgn. For eXample, the foundation ahould be treatad . a

v.~ ri9id in using the ptoqr .. GSWALL avan it the roundation i.

cet't .

.. • 1. . 3. Step 2-cbec:k .all Perto~ by Bxec:uting ~ PLoqr_ SSOOKP

Upon obtaining the trial design frO!ll CSWALL proqr_. it 1..

111UI..lYlb Wlinq the pr09r_ SSCOKP. The procJr .. SSCOMP •• ploy.

tha Unite eluant •• thad . A ct •• cription ot the proqru 1_ given

In Chapter 2.

knowledg_ of ~ppllcatlon of the finite eluant .. thod in

geotechnical angin •• ring.

'lh. analyeia viII prov ide ".taUed raapoRlla of the

gaoaynthatic-ralnforced retainingo vall vith any prascribed

con.truction .aquenc:es (including cOllP8ction operation) undu any

loadinq condition.. If the analy.ia in4icata. thu. U)..e vall will

91

pertor. satisfactorily, a/\ adaquate d .. lqn i ll obtained . It

othervi •• , the d •• iqner will naiad to proe •• d with the !!Itap l

enalyais •

.. • 1.3 Step :) "y'S ty the '!"rial.. Duign to Obtain an A.CCeptable Deaicpl

If the ",.ult ot the Step :2 analyeh indicat •• that the

desiqn i. not occe.pt.able, either too corwuvative or <lou not

have adequate safety aarqln ( tor exaaples, the wall displacement

i. excessive or the lerc.. in the q.oeynthatlc: ~ too larqa).

th. dasiqn ahollld be modified.. The tinlSings of the para»etrie

study presented In ChAptal: 2 aay be uead .a ." quide to _odify the

d.sign. The moditied desiqn ahould be chacked aq&1n, ua1n9 the

SSCOMP program, until an acceptable d •• 19" 1. obtained.

".2 l.Jlput and OUtput of the Progl:_ CSlIALL

The intonation required tor ex.cuting the ProgT •• C:;SWkLL

include the followIng:

(AI Geometry: the .... .11 helqht. the qeoaynthetic reinrorcement spacing.

(8) Loading: the unifora aurcharg. pr.a&ure.

Ie) Mat.rial Propeniea: the unit ",.ight of the Boll . the angle of i nternal f r iction (at peak ot stress­strain curve) of the Boil and the corr •• ponding atrain . the coefficieJlt of triction at Boll-c;leOByntbet1c interrace. the anCjh of internal friction (illlt re8ic1ual streBs) ot the aoil and the ooh •• ion at the

., residual .tr ••• . the baarinq capacity coefficient. the foundation aol1 pro~rtl •• (unit valqbt j angla of internal friction , and cob •• ion) .

[OJ Desi9ll Liaits : the d.slgn lia1t atrain . the factor ot •• faty aqainat alldinq . the tactor ot •• faty against overturninq. the factor or •• faty against ~rinq e.pacity failura. tha ractor of sa.taty aqainat rupture (aneS creep) of U,a IJeoaynt.betic.

Upon ax. outing the proqr .. GSWALL. the followinq I n torwation

will be abu,1ned:

tor .ach layar.

the ._xiaUII bQz!:l:ontal vall dlaplac ... nt and the

au:1a1Ul _llowabl_ .aU 41aplac_ent according to

the prescribed 4esiqn It.lt atrain .

the raqu1re4 geoayntbetlc tension.

A ._lIPl. n.apla tor u.inq the Pr<MJt"- GSWALL ia qlven in

Appendix A..

4 . 3 Xnput and output of the Plogr_ SSCXMP

'lb.. intonation reqUired to u.ecut. the proqru. SSCOMP

i ncludaa the following :

f A) rinita El_ant Ha.h tha nodal numbtlr .nd nodal coorcUnata. tor .ach -.. the el .... nt n~r and elelMnt .equenee tor .. d1 a l •• ant end ita .. teri el numb.r.

.J

• tba bOWMtary eon4itiQ~ .

(B' CClf1atnJ,ction Sequence, ca.pae:tion ~r.t:ion. and. Extamal Load.

(e,

(0'

- tn ••• quartet! of wall conatruction (1", ••• sequence of place.ent tor eoil l.ye~. ~C'tion of aol1 leye:n. and plac...nt of ge.oeynthatlc h.yere)_

- the load. applied to a partially constructed w.l~ or a coapl.ted vall . the peak compaction p~ •• ~~ protile.

Kat.rial Properti •• _ the prope.rti •• of tha qeoeynthetic. n ... ly, its

'/CMmq'. -.odulu., croae ~ion.al eraa, aM -.cment of inertia (it non-tero). the properties of tha facing.

- tl'Ie eoU -c;eoaynthatlc intertac. propertl_ .• the sol1 parUMltan tor Uta .oditi*, Duncan hyperbolic ..sal Ce_ Chaptu 2).

Pre.xi.ting Quantiti •• the p~ •• xi.tln9 .tr ••••• , .traina, and 4iaplac...nta in the eol1 .....

- 'tlIe preaxlatinq foro.e (and _ant.. it non-tero) in the veoeynthetie layer..

Ttl_ output of ttl_ pr09'r" SSCOKP include the folloving

- the foree. 'and. .oIIanta, it non-taro) of .ach bar

at_ant Igeoeyntt\eticl and be .. ele.ent (tacing) .

the diaplae:_anta at eacb nod .. l point (ot tbe ao1.1

ele.ente, qeosyntbetlc el •• ents, end rec 1nq

A eample example tor 111~tr.tinq the UAe of tbe progr ..

SSCOMP 1. given In Appendix B.

ChapUr 5

SOHHARY Am COIJCUJSIOHS

..

A coaparison of tbe aKiatlng d •• iqn •• thode tor

qaosynthaeic-ra!nforc:ad ratainiJlq walla preaanted in Volu_ I at

this report ha. cl •• r ly rev •• led tn-t, "'hila there are

siqnificant differen<;:es in the da11i9T' concept of the lIIethod., th_

great.at discrepancy among the variOla d_iqn •• thode ste_ tro.

the intemal stability safety tactors adopted in the _thods . 1.n

II typical vall evaluated in that study, the co.tlina4 a.hty

ractor. (in terall of the quantity of qaollvnthetic n •• ded) egainat

int-rnlll aUbility nnqad fro. 3 t o 23 d.~lIcHn9 on the •• thod

~ .... 'l'ha widely varied. •• fety facton adopted in the.e 4 .. 19"

lIIat.hoda indicate that the •• tety tactor_ are IIO __ M.t arbitrary.

This is in part due to the tact that the conatruction of

qaosynthetlc·relnforce4 retaining wall. hll. only 9111nad

popularity in recent year.r as a r •• ult , the knowledge concerning

the satety _rqin a •• ociatad with ~e d •• i o;n ... thoda i. not

tounded on reliable .. piriei ....

" deaoDllitrated that the aoat c~only Uled cS •• iqn •• tbod, Ula

Forest Service. _thod. 1. overly oon-arvativa. Ttl. t_t vall v ••

loaded at • surcharge 10.<1 aor. than thr •• tt-. the taUu.n load

predieted by the Por .. t sarvic. aethodl bgwavar. tailure did. not

The principal inve.tigator 1. convinced that a rational

d •• l~n _thcXI tor intarn.l stabIlity Itenail. rupture ranUN-,

pullout tailura, and lonq-ter. creep tailure) of gaoaynthaUc­

celnforcad retaIning vall. sboUld be d@foraation-critarl. basad,

La., be," on specified c1aforution U.-ita .

bac&u .. :

{l ) Thara ha. not b •• n adaq\Ulta ca.. bietori ••

cloc::u..nting Mon:-tenl and long-ten! b~.vlor of

qao.ynth.tic "alIa, con •• quently thara is not

ad'quat. _plr1.c1aa baled on which proper llnd

r.lJabla •• tety factor. 'gainet internal failure of

re.1ntorcad lIOil _ •• can b ••• talllished.

(2) The dato1'1ll&tion (atrain) .'.ociatad with tUlSila

rupture an4 craep fanura of gaoaynth.tia ia of';en

qraat.r than 10o, and 9.oaynthatlc. of .LaUar

ruptura atranqtM aay bav. vary ditrarent tan.! la

.tiftn •••••.

(l) Katbo<t. ba.ad on .ataty tactor. cannot addr... tha

arfect of tha foundation •• ttleaent anc1 tacinq

rigidity in a rational bhhar. Howaver, both h.:tor.

., have been Itnawn to have iaportant influence on the

per!oraanc8 of qeoeynthetlc-reinforced retaining

walla.

In thi. report, the result. of a paraaetric study are

pre •• nted. Tn. par_etrie study w •• conducted by uainq a finite

alelDent proqr_ SSCOKP. 'ftr.. Pl"oqra. hAs been v.Uelated through

comparisons with fbld 1Ieaeuruent of many ditterent .. rth

structures. The proqra. i. capable of ec:c01UlOdatinq v •. rioue

wall/roundation geometrie. (including aoft foundationa of

ditterent depths). soil and qeoaynthetic propertlee, construction

o~ratlon.. facing rigidity. and externAl loading conditione.

Osing the proqr .. SSCOHP. the .ftect. of tn. following par_etere

on tb. performance of geoeynthetlc:-reint:oree(l retaining wal ls

were Inv •• tlqat~:

- the backfill stiffne.a and strength

the qeoeynthetic .tiltn.55

the geosynthetic lenqt.b

the qeosyntnetic lay.r spacing

the foundation .tilfnes. ana strenqth

the f'oundation depth

the surcharge pressure

- the tacinq rigidity

~e para.etric etudy indicated that:

(1) Eacb ot the tactora lnv •• tlgatll4 showed IIlgnitican't

" e f t.eta on the partor-anee of qaoayntbet ic -

reinforced retaining .... alla.

(3) The geoayntbat it: _11 ~rforlllD.nce (includinq the

horizontal yall di.plac~Ill1t:., the l Onlea induced. in

the geosynthetic ~.yers. and the Jatara) ea:tb

pre.eure) illS affected by each tactor aboved •

definite .. trend.." Thi. trend, together with the

degree to .... hich each factor art.eta the wdl

performance •• rev.aled in this par ... tric etudy. ~

aerve .e II very u •• tul quId.. tor retining trial

d •• i gns to obtaIn an acceptable d •• ign .

(J ) The effects of aUltiple

difterent qeoaynthetic

depth) on qeoaynthetic

faetors /e . g ., due to

stiftn... and fOUndation

.... all performance are

coeplicated and the coabinatione are too ~any that it

would be vary cUftlcult to a chieve an -.xhaueUve

rational d •• iqn .. thad thet requires only hand

computations .

In view at the cOlIIplexi ty of the perforaance of the vall •••

affected by the factore investi9.t~ in the paraaetric study, and

l ncr&uing availability of cmaputara to dea.ign engineers, a

cOlllputer-basaiS c!e5iqn procedure i. proposed. The design lIIet".od

involves exacuti.on of two cospute.r provr... . GSWALL and. SSCOMP,

and includ •• th. folJovinq thra. staps :

step 1: Ex.cute the PI09ru GSWALL, which i~ based on t he

Step 2;

step 3;

.. Geo$ervice de.ign method, to obtain a "tri al

design.-

~rform a tinite el_ent analysis of the ttl al

desi'l" uaing the proqrUi 3SCOKP. If the raaulta

of ths finite el_.nt analysi. are satisfactory

(i.II • • the ",all diaplac_a.nt Is .ace.ptabl. and the

IRaxlmua tore. in the 'l.oaynthatic lay.r. 1.

SJDilller t.lan th. d •• iqn lililt) , an adequate desi'ln

1. obtained .

It the 4 •• ign i. found too cons.rvativa,

aoetification. aay be _de before acceptinq the

d.siqn. on the other hand , if the trial design ill

found. unsafe (e.q., the 1IIaXUau. vall diaplacelIIatlt

ia axceasiv. or th. fore •• in th. q.oaynthetic are

too large). moditications lJ\lst be mad.. In either

c •••• the resul ts of the param.tric stUdy can be

usad as • CJUi~ to obtain the modified tr i .l

design. AAaly ••• uainq the proqr_ SSCOKP .hould

be conducted until an aooeptable design la

secured.

puncan. J. x ., Byrne, P 4 , Won'll". Ji. 8., arMS Mabry. P . , .St.rengtb , Stre •• -strain and Bulk Modulus Paraaeters tor Finite Zl •• ent Analy.e. of Str ••••• and Kov..-ntll in so11 Ha ••••• • Report No •• tlCB/ COT/BO-Ol , Dl:parbent of CLvU Engoine.ring, university of c.~itorni •• Barkaley. Au;u.t 19,0 , 77 pp.

S •• d, R. B. and DunCan • .1. 1'1., ·SSCOIU'; " Finite El-.nt Analyeis Proqr_ tor EValuation of soil-stnlctu.re Interaction and Ca.pact!on tffect.,- Report No. UC8!GT/1 4-D2:. o.pa~t of Civil Enqi.neerinq, lJ'niver.!ty of California, Barkaley. February, 1984, 127 pp .

Tat..u,o);a, '0, !tau-ura, It., Ivas.ak.i, 1: •• and YllAIluchi . H., -a.havior of steep clay ~t.8 Reinforce<! with • Nonwovan aeotaxtil. Having" v-.riou. 'ace Strucrt:uree , · Proceedin9_ of Poet Vi~ eonterwnce on Geotaxtll ••• Si nqapora, October 19.7, p.387-40l.

"

100

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