Soviet communism – state controls all property and economic activity -> Communist Party is the only political party

Vs. Capitalist America- private citizens control

most economic activity -> people elect a pres. and Congress from various political parties

Stalin had been an ally of Hitler U.S. kept atomic bomb secret

Representatives from 50 nations meet in San Francisco to create world peace organization -> United Nations (UN) is created on June 26, 1945

Final wartime conference July 1945

Stalin agrees to allow free elections in E. Europe – vote by secret ballot in multi-party system -> but then breaks his promise

Truman wants to spread democracy

Truman does not want Russia to take war reparations from Germany

U.S. wants to rebuild Eastern Europe in order to help the American economy

Stalin is worried about future invasions from the west -> communist governments are installed in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (satellite countries)

Stalin says war is inevitable

U.S. view Soviets as a real threat

George K. Kennan, American diplomat in Moscow, issues a policy of containment -> prevent the extension of communist rule to other countries

Europe becomes divided into political regions -> democratic Western Europe vs. communist Eastern Europe -> “Iron Curtain”

A conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union -> no direct fights on the battlefield

1945-1991

Financial support is given to countries to prevent the spread of communism

$400 million is given to Turkey and Greece

Western Europe had been destroyed

Millions were in refugee camps

Severe winter 1946-1947

U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall, proposes giving aid

16 countries receive $13 billion from 1947-1952 and their economies recover

Germany had been divided into four zones (U.S., G. Britain, France, Soviet Union)

Berlin (East Germany) is divided into two parts (West + East)

Stalin decides to take all of Berlin and closes all roads into Western Berlin

2.1 million people only had enough food for 5 weeks

U.S. and G. Britain fly food and supplies into West Berlin

Planes landed for 327 days

Prestige of the U.S. grow

Soviet Union ends the blockade

West Germany and East Germany are created

Berlin is controlled by West and East

Defensive military alliance is created after the Berlin blockade

Belgium, Denmark, France, G. Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, Norway, Portugal, U.S., Canada

500,000 troops provide the military support for the alliance

Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek -> corrupt

Communists led by Mao Zedong helped the peasants -> gain control in the north

Which leader is supported by the U.S.?

Nationalists vs. Communists

U.S. sends $2 billion worth of military equipment

Nationalists lose -> flee to Taiwan

Communists take over China

Republicans and Democrats criticized Pres. Truman for not doing enough

WWII ends -> Japanese surrender to Soviets in the north and to Americans in the South

1948 - Republic of Korea (South) vs. Communist led Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North)

June 1950 United Nations votes to send troops

to help South Korea520,000 troops are sent (90%

American)

MacArthur leads UN army in many successful battles against the North Koreans

Communist China sends 300,000 troops to help North Korea

Chinese outnumber UN forces 10 to 1

Stalemate for two years

Truman rejects MacArthur’s request to use nuclear weapons on China and fires him shortly after

July 1953 the war ends

Korea remains divided

54,000 Americans die

$67 billion Fear of

communism increases in America

Have you ever been put in a situation in which your guilt, rather than your innocence, is presumed and you have to try to prove you are innocent? Is it difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been told?

Communist Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe

Communists take over China100,000 Americans in the

Communist Party

Truman is pressured to set up the Loyalty Review Board

To investigate govt. employees and fire the disloyal ones

212 of 3.2 million investigated were fired

They were not allowed to see evidence

Investigates communist influence in the movie industry

Hollywood Ten – ten witness from the movie industry went to jail after refusing to testify

Hollywood executives created a blacklist – 500 actors with a communist background lost their jobs

1950 – Congress passes the McCarran Internal Security Act -> any action that could lead to a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S. was illegal

Alger Hiss – State Department (foreign policy) official

1949 - Soviets explode atomic bomb 3-5 years ahead of schedule

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – Jewish and members of Communist Party – were found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

1. What organization does the car represent?

2. What does the cartoon imply about the methods of this organization?

Joseph McCarthy – ineffective senator from Wisconsin who says Communists are taking over the U.S. govt.

Tells Senate he knows of thousands of Communists in the State Dept.

McCarthyism – accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

Not reelected after he makes false accusations against the Army

States make it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the govt.

Many professions required loyalty oaths

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_DaMKUP3Og

7;37

1. How did the Loyalty Review Board pose a threat to civil liberties?

2. Why was Hollywood a target for anti-Communist investigations by Congress?

3. Why did the cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs increase the anti-communist mood of Americans?

4. After watching the cartoon, how would you compare capitalism to communism?

Soviets develop atomic bomb 1949 Pres. Truman authorizes development of

hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) U.S. has H-bomb in 1952 and Soviets

follow less than a year later Pres. Eisenhower is influenced by Sec. of

State John Foster Dulles (anti-communist) U.S. should go to the edge of an all out

war -> contain the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force

Decrease size of army and navy and expand air force

Produce more nuclear bombs

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – 1947

Uses spies to gather information about other countries

Conducts covert operations to overthrow governments “unfriendly to the U.S.”

1953 – CIA overthrows Iranian government after fearing that the Iranians would ally themselves with the Soviets

1954 – CIA helps train an army to overthrown the Pres. of Guatemala for being a Communist sympathizer

Soviet Union fears W. Germany after joining NATO and rearming

Eisenhower’s “open skies” proposal is rejected by the Soviet Union

U.S. agrees to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile but withdraws their loan after learning the Soviets also have a deal

Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal

G. Britain, France, Israel send troops

Soviet Union supports Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957

– U.S. would defend the M. East against an attack by any communist country

Hungarians revolt and demand a democratic government

S. Union crushes itU.S. does not follow the Truman

Doctrine in the satellites of the Soviet Union

Nikita Khrushchev leads Soviet Union when Stalin dies in 1953

Believes communism will take over the world but peacefully

Soviets launch Sputnik (1957) – the world’s first artificial satellite

Americans launch its first satellite in 1958

CIA makes secret high-altitude flights over Soviet Union to take photos of missile sites

Francis Gary Powers, U-2, pilot is brought down by a Soviet plane

Eisenhower stops secret flights but no apology

Khrushchev calls off meeting with Eisenhower