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South Africa: History Policies, People, and Places
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A country blessed in natural resources and in beauty
World leader in production of diamonds and gold
Mild climate that resembles San Francisco Bay area
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8538DdiKr8
Early South Africa
4+Apartheid & the Nationalist Party
Nationalists won election in 1948
Immediately began enforcing existing policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation that it called apartheid
Under apartheid, nonwhite South Africans would be forced to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups would be limited.
Cry, the Beloved Country was written in 1946 and published in 1948. Think about this in terms of Paton’s view of
South Africa in the novel…
5+Apartheid Apartheid was used to cement control over
economic and social systems.
Quickly became a way of extreme racial separation
6+Institutionalized racial discrimination = Apartheid
Under this system, 13 percent of the population controlled the rest.
Rested on 3 basic principles:
1) There were 4 official racial groups: White, African, Coloured, and Indian
2) Whites were the only “civilized” race, and therefore should exercise complete control over the others.
3) White interests always come before black
7+Just some of the apartheid legislation: 1949: Prohibition of Mixed
Marriages Act required all individuals living in South
Africa to register as a member of one of four officially defined racial groups and prohibited extramarital sexual relationships between people of different races
1950: Population Registration Act provided framework for classifying every person by race in all of South Africa
1959: Immorality Act prohibited whites from marrying or having sexual relations with anyone of another racial group
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Passbooks required for Native Africans
Land Acts controlled all African movement in all urban areas and resulted in the need for Passbooks.
Local officials could remove “idle or undesirable natives” who were found in urban areas longer than 72 hours.
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Passbooks• If an African Native stood outside his front door without his
pass, police could haul him off to jail without notifying anyone.• Murders went unsolved while the courts were jammed with
Pass Law offenders.
10+Sharpeville Massacre For years Africans endured the passbook system.
Pan-African Congress urged Native Africans to protest by showing up at local police stations, without passbooks, and demand to be arrested.
Throughout the country, Africans responded.
20,000 showed up at the Sharpeville prison near Johannesburg.
Things got ugly; police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people.
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Sharpeville: The beginning of the end…
“My car was struck by a stone. If they do these things, they must learn their lesson” Hundreds dead--many shot in the back
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Anti-Apartheid Leaders
13+Nelson Mandela President of the ANC (African National Congress) in 1951
Between 1951-1960, he began to realize that nonviolence was not going to be effective.
In 1962, he was arrested for leaving South Africa illegally and sentenced to 5 years in jail.
Tried a year later for treason and given life sentence on Robben Island
In this maximum security prison for 27 years
Public discussion of him was illegal
Freed on February 11, 1990
In 1994 in the first free election, he was elected president.
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Nelson Mandela http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCZKZILvE70
Mandela in prison His famous number
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Steve Biko “Black is beautiful.”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNmAcgdO2Ck
Founder of the Black Consciousness movement
Was “banned” in 1973
On September 7, 1977, he was arrested and sustained a head injury during “interrogation.”
Doctors examined him while he was naked, lying on a mat, manacled to metal grille
By September 11,, he had slipped into a coma and was transported to a hospital 12 hours away.
Made the journey lying naked in the back of a Land Rover
Died from brain damage on September 12 — lying on the floor of a cell in Pretoria Prison
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Chris Hani http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0IGS2ZD_5A
Charismatic leader of South African Communist Party
Shot 4 times on April 10, 1993, in his own driveway A turning point – would the nation erupt
in violence? Mandela was elected just over a year
after Hani’s death 4 days later, Dave Matthews Band began
playing a song, #36, to honor Hani Starts with “Honey, Honey, come and
dance with me,” which was originally written as, “Hani, Hani, come and dance with me.” On a related noted, Dave Matthews
Band is Mr. Bruno’s favorite band. They are cool.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il5uQm_1vUE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXe8PFKsOIc
People who killed him are still in prison