Year-End Web Folio

By Frank Vazquez

Table of Contents Scientific Method Ions Velocity/Acceleration/Force Heat Transfer Atoms Covalent Bonds Momentum/Work Pitch Energy Sound Color Power Electricity Work Infrasound /Ultrasound Simple Machines Periodic Table IV, DV, CV Newton's 3 Laws

Scientific Method Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results

All of these steps make up the scientific method. These are what help you when you are experimenting.

Ions A simple understanding of positive and negative ions will help you to

predict the chemical formulae of most acids, bases and salts. Some atoms e.g. Sodium atoms, Potassium atoms, Fluorine atoms can easily turn into ions by losing or gaining electrons. The most reactive elements do this very readily. Elements like Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon are very unreative: it is virtually impossible for their atoms to lose or gain electrons. This means that it is not possible to find Neon ions or Argon ions etc.

Velocity/Acceleration/Force Velocity is the measurement of the rate and direction

of change in position of an object. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. Force is any influence that causes a free body to undergo a change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in shape.

Heat Transfer Heat transfer, also known as heat flow, heat

exchange, or simply heat, is the transfer of thermal energy from one region of matter or a physical system to another.

Ex: A red-hot iron rod, transferring heat to the surrounding environment primarily through radiation.

Atoms

The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Ex: Earth

Covalent Bonds Covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that

is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds.

Ex: Hydrogen Carbonide

Momentum/Work Momentum is something that describes velocity. Formula for momentum is P=M*V P = Momentum M = Mass V = VelocityEx: A car hitting a semi, or A child hitting an adult.Both of these describe velocity due to the mass of both. When a car

hits a semi the semi has more momentum and will push the car in the direction it is going.

Work happens when you use a force to make something move. Formula for work is W=F*D W = Work F = Force D = DistanceEx: Football cause you are pushing or moving the ball.

Pitch

Pitch is a resin, a viscous substance produced by plants or formed from petroleum.

Ex: High Pitch, Low Pitch

Energy

A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs; "energy can take a wide variety of forms.

Ex: Electricity

Sound

Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations.

Color

Color is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light energy versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors.

Power

Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is converted.

Power is used all the time. Its used by just carrying a piece of paper.

Ex: Moving a box.

Work Work is the amount of

energy transferred by a force to move an object. When you move anything you are considered to doing work.

Work doesn’t require much force depending on the mass of the object.

Ex: Pushing paper, Carrying a book

Electricity

Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.

We use electricity all the time for our needs. Even if its just to turn on a light electricity is what powers that light to turn on.

Ex: Lights, TV, Oven, Microwave

Infrasound & Ultrasound Infrasound is sound that is lower in frequency than

20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing.

Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater then the upper limit of human hearing. It is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz). Some animals use ultrasounds for everyday lives.

Lightning

Lightning is formed in 3 steps. The build up of the charge The separation of the charge The release of the charge In these three steps lightning is

able to release the charge straight into the grounding. The grounding is a material that allows electricity to enter into the earth. When lightning strikes earth it hits some resistance, like conductors or insulators.

Simple Machines Lever is a rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the

mechanical force that can be applied to another object. Wheel and Axle is a modified lever of the first class that rotates in a circle around a center point or

fulcrum. Pulley a mechanism composed of a wheel on an axle or shaft that may have a groove between two

flanges around its circumference. Incline plane is one of the original six simple machines; as the name suggests, it is a flat surface

whose endpoints are at different heights. Wedge shaped tool, a compound and portable incline plane, and one of the six classical simple

machines. Screw is one of the six classical simple machines, essentially an inclined plane wrapped helically

around an axis for a number of turns

Matter Matter is a general term for the substance of which all

physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles which have mass.

In matter there are three states of matter. Solid where the particles are tightly packed.

Liquid where the particles are loosely packed. Gas where the particles are spread out and don’t touch.

Periodic Table Periodic Table is a

tabular display of the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements.

IV, DV, CV

IV is what the experimenter changes in an experiment.

DV is the result what the experimenter changed. CV is what stays the same in an experiment.

Newton's 3 Laws First law: Every body remains in a

state of rest or uniform motion (constant velocity) unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

Second law: A body of mass subject to a force undergoes an acceleration that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass.

Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear.

What I Think To me I thought the scientific method was alright because I had trouble with it throughout the year. Ions to me were easy cause I took plenty of notes and I understood it very well. Velocity/Acceleration/Force was easy for me because we got to do plenty of labs and helped me learn

about it. Heat Transfer was easy cause heat is easy to learn about. Atoms was pretty easy after awhile but to be honest at first I didn’t understand it. Covalent Bonds was probly one of the hardest for me because I never got to write a lot of notes. Momentum/Work was really easy to because I didn’t need no help and I had learned about at my old

school. Pitch was probly the easy ones because I never needed help with it. Energy was one of the hardest due to me not being at school when we started doing it. Sound was hard because I never understood the different waves of it. Color was easy because we got to do a diagram on the eye and how we see color. Power was easy cause I got to write all the notes and I got to see how it works. I Think work was easy cause I got to do labs and its only one thing. Electricity was pretty easy cause its basically like power. Infrasound and ultrasound was easy because all it is was either low pitch or high pitch sounds. Lightning was easy for me straight and simple. Simple Machines was probly the easiest assignment I have had. Matter was really easy for me and I understood it very good. The Periodic Table was the hardest assignment for me because I'm not good with knowing all the

elements. IV, DV, CV were really easy for me to understand.

Year End Web-Folio

The Year End Web-Folio was a lot of work to do for me but I think I did pretty good. I think I put a lot of work into this assignment and I really enjoyed it because I got to review all the work I did all year.