Rebuilding of Declining Empires (“Post-Classical”)

Rise & Spread of Islam

“Centralized” VS. “Decentralized” Empires

“Golden Age” of Nomads

Increased Global Trade

Unit II: 600-1450 C.E.

Big Picture Themes:

Long-distance trade: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean maritime system, Trans-Saharan trade, Mediterranean Sea

“Pax Mongolia”: during Mongol Empire trade flourished

1. Trade Patterns:

3. Continuities:

- Religions spread- Trade routes grow

- Patriarchal gender roles

2. Changes:

- Feudalism

- Religious empires

- Decentralized states

- Nomadic migrations (Turks, Vikings & Mongols)

Inventions: compass, improved ships, GUNPOWDER Migrations: Bantus, Turks, Mongols, Vikings Diseases: Plague spreads…missionaries, nomads, traders

4. Tech. & Migrations

1. Patriarchal systems

2. Universal religions: Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread

5. Social systems & religion

1. Centralized empires: Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang & Song

2. Decentralized states: W. Europe & Japan (feudalism)

3. The Mongols

Dar-al Islam

Feudal Europe

Tang and Song China

Mongols

6. New Empires

China: Tang & Song DynastiesChina: Tang & Song Dynasties

Political Features:

• centralized rule

• Confucian bureaucracy (civil service exams)

•defeated by Mongols

Empress Wu: 1st female Empress

The Tang at its peak, c.750

Economic:

•Grand Canal: rice

•Urbanization

Cultural Features:

•Tang: anti-Buddhist backlash

Inventions: GUNPOWDER COMPASS

“JUNK” SHIP MOVEABLE TYPE

Song “Golden Age”:

The Song “Golden Age”INVENTIONS:

Gunpowder & Rockets

Moveable TypeChinese junks

Porcelain - Chinaware

Landscape art

Compass

Beginnings:

• 610 C.E.: Prophet Muhammad in Mecca

Beliefs:

• Holy book – _____________

• “Five Pillars”:

1. ____________________________________2. ________________________________________3. ________________________________________4. ________________________________________5. ________________________________________

Qur’an

one god (Allah)Prayer (5x a day facing Mecca)Fasting (Ramadan)Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)Charity

Rise & Spread of Islam: 600-1450

Islam spread to __________________

__________________

__________________

the Middle East,

N. Africa,

S. Asia

Split:

• Sunni: largest branch

• Shia: mostly Iran

Umayyad Caliphate

•convert or pay tax

• highly centralized (Damascus)

•Arabs dominated

• spread Arabic

•led by Caliphs

1st ISLAMIC EMPIRE

• Women gained some rights…but confined to “harem”

Golden Age of Islam

•Abbasid Caliphate: sciences, medicine, math, astronomy, chemistry, literature

Which of the following is a major difference between the classical periods in Rome and the Islamic civilizations?

(A) While the Roman Empire fell as a result of internal warfare, Islamic dynasties faced few internal divisions.

(B) While Roman society had strict social classes, Islam was more egalitarian with fewer barriers to social mobility.

(C) Islamic civilizations were more dependent on agriculture.

(D) While Roman emperors were considered both secular and religious leaders, the caliphs were secular rulers only.

- “Eastern Roman Empire”

- Centralized

- Greek language

- E. Orthodox Christianity

- Capital: Constantinople

Empire divided in “themes”:

1. Local military leaders

2. Land for military service

3. HUGE bureaucracy

Military

Civil Bureaucrats

Clergy

Byzantium during Justinian’s reign.

Byzantine Empire (400’s-1453)

Emperor Justinian:

• Autocratic Rule

•Wife: Theodora

•United Empire – Justinian’s Code

Hagia Sophia, roads, public baths, mosaics

1. Western Europe

Decentralized States

2. Japan

WESTERN EUROPE

Political:

- Feudalism

- Lords ruled locally

- Catholic Church

Economic:

- Serfdom- Manoralism (farming)

Decentralized States

WESTERN EUROPE

Social:

- Nobility

-knight’s code (chivalry )

-Catholic Church

Decentralized States

Political:

-bureaucracy: Confucian-like

The Rise of Feudalism:

-Shogun supreme...

- loyalties of local samurais

Japan

Cultural:

-traditional religion: Shinto

- rise of Zen Buddhism

- anti-Chinese during Heian Period

Japan

BIG THREE:

The VikingsThe Turks

The Mongols

Nomadic Empires

• Ransacked Europe• adopted Christianity

Vikings (c. 800-1100)

Nomadic Empires: The Vikings (c. 800-1100)

• Mercenaries• Converted to Islam

• “Mamluk” slaves conquered Abbasid Caliphate

The Turks:

• in India began Muslim Delhi Sultanate

The Mongols:

• Genghis Khan unites• horsemanship, archery, & terror• LARGEST LAND EMPIRE EVER

Resist and die. Submit

and live…pay tribute

Empire divided into Khanates

Ilkhan Khanate

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Great Khanate

Chagatai Khanate

China: Yuan Dynasty

- Kublai Khan

-centralized rule

- Confucianism outlawed

- Chinese: lowest class

Middle East: Il-khante

- used local bureaucrats

- TAX “FARMING”

Russia: Golden Horde

- local Princes in power

(at Novgorod)

-TRIBUTARY TAX COLLECTION

increase in trade & cultural interaction

Pax Mongolia: The Mongol Peace

Mongol Decline

1. Poor administrators

2.Overexpansion (Japanese failure)

3.Internal Rivalry

Ghana:

– Trans-Saharan trade!– gold & salt– Conversion to Islam!

Mali:

– Gold & salt– Islamic– King Mansa MusaKing Mansa Musa (hajj)– Ibn BattutaIbn Battuta: the traveler

Mosque @ TimbuktuMusa’s Hajj

Africa

Ibn Battuta

- 75,000 miles…across Muslim world

-book: Travels of Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo

-traveled on Silk Roads

-lived w/ Yuan Dynasty

-brought paper money, gunpowder to Europe

1. Which of the following is an example of an event or situation between 600 and 1450 C.E. that helps to distinguish it as a new period in world history?

a) The invasions of the Huns disrupted the former Roman Empire as they attacked from the northeast.

b) Christianity was spread around the eastern Mediterranean by Paul of Tarsus.

c) The Mongols invaded many areas of Eurasia and formed the largest empire in world history.

d) Buddhism entered China for the first time and for a time supplanted Confucianism.

Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta

2. In the 9th century the Tang Dynasty was weakened by considerable conflict between

a) Buddhism and Shintoism

b) Shintoism and Hinduism

c) Confucianism and Hinduism

d) Buddhism and Confucianism

3. In the period between 500 and 1000 C.E., all of the following statements accurately compare the eastern and western parts of the former Roman Empire EXCEPT:

a) Christians in both areas were largely under the control of the Pope.

b) In general the civilizations of the east were more advanced economically and culturally than the west.

c) The east kept more aspects of the old Roman civilization intact than did the west.

d) Both civilizations completely collapsed.

Church of St. George, Ethiopia

Christianity in Africa:

1. Egypt: Coptic Christians

2. Ethiopia

““Swahili Coast”Swahili Coast”: :

-Indian Ocean maritime trade w/ Arabs

-“Swahili” trade language

-gold, slaves, ivory

East Africa:

Crusades:

• wars for “Holy Land”

• Christians & Muslims

• Turks win Jerusalem

Fight for the Holy Land…

European Results:

• new goods & ideas

• increased trade (Hanseatic League)

• DECLINE OF FEUDALISM

• Florence: new banking center

Portuguese “Spice” TradePortuguese “Spice” Trade

- Ottoman Turks: blocked European traders…

- Europeans: sea routes to the Indies

- 1400’s: Portugal explores Africa

-port entrepôts in Africa, India, China

Portuguese trade in China

Portuguese Spice TradePortuguese Spice Trade

The map above shows the voyages of Vasco Da Gama, who was able to reach India by sea and gain access to the Spice Islands.

Spread of Disease:

Black Death:Black Death:

- along Silk Roads

- entered Europe 1340’s

Buddhism Spread:

2. Theravada Buddhism:

- to S.E. Asia

3. Japan: Zen Buddhism

1. Mahayana Buddhism:2. to C. & E. Asia

-Bodhisattva worship