Poly – Many Mono-One Hydro-Water (actually Greek)

Lipos - fat Synthesis- to make or form

Lysis-loosen; break apart

Life as we know it is carbon based.

A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

Carbon compounds in living things include: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

95% of all compounds are organic

Example: Glucose C6H12O6

The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off.

The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis

POLYMER MONOMERCarbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Protein Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy.

Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.

Plant cells store energy as starch. Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.

FUNCTION Quick and short term energy

FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn

STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have two hydrogen for every one oxygen (hydrate-like water H20)

MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

Glucose (C6H12O6)

DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane)(C12H22O11)

POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined

Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plantsGlycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animalsCellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)

Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time.

Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes.

Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

FUNCTION Long term energy storageInsulate against heat lossProtective cushion around organs

FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils

STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid tail/sDon’t dissolve in water

FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)

One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Make up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)

WAXESOnly 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc.

STEROIDS Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone

3 FATTY ACID TAILS

GL

YC

ER

OL

BA

CK

BO

NE

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids.

FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)

FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese

STUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.

BUILDING BLOCKS

Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids)

PEPTIDE BONDS

Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)

DENATURATION

When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.

DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins.

FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from)

FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA

STUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases

BUILDING BLOCKS

Nucleotides

ATP

A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP.

SHAPE

DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape

Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life.

What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

CHROMOSOME

NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group

FRONT SIDE OF TABS: Tab A Label the tab PROTEIN in RED Write the name of its monomer and draw

and color one. TAB B Label the tab CARBOHYDRATE in BLUE Write the name of its monomer and draw

and color one TAB C Label the tab LIPID in GREEN Write the name of its monomer and draw

and color one TAB D Label the tab NUCLEIC ACID – a color not

already used Write the name of its monomer and draw

and color one

BACK SIDE OF TABS: TAB A Give 4 FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS List 2 EXAMPLES OF PROTEINS TAB B Give 2 FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES List 4 EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES TAB C Give 3 FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS List 4 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS TAB D Give 2 FUNCTIONS FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS List 2 EXAMPLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ON THE INSIDE CENTER SECTION,

center and write the word MACROMOLECULE

  ON THE BACK OF THE FOLDABLE,

write your NAME and PERIOD. Make a pocket for this to slide into

in your notebook using paper.

MACROMOLECULE FOLDABLEFold and cut a piece of paper as shown below to make 4 tabs.