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Chapter9Foundationsof Individual Behavior

Learning Outcomes

• Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

• Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

• Describe different personality theories.

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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

• Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

• Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

• Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

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9.1Identify the focus and goals of organizational behavior (OB).

Organizational Behavior

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Goals of Organizational Behavior

1. Employee productivity2. Absenteeism3. Turnover4. Organizational citizenship behavior5. Job satisfaction6. Workplace misbehavior

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9.2Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.

Attitudes and Job Performance

• Job satisfaction• Job involvement• Organizational commitment• Employee engagement

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Attitudes and Consistency

Cognitive dissonance:Any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.

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Understanding Attitudes

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9.3Describe different personality theories.

Personality Theories

Personality:A unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others.

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Big Five Model of Personality

The Big Five factors are:1. Extraversion2. Agreeableness3. Conscientious4. Emotional stability5. Openness to experience

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Emotional Intelligence

Five dimensions:• Self-awareness• Self-management• Self-motivation• Empathy• Social skills

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Personality Traits

Can personality traits predict practical work-related behaviors?

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Matching Personalities and Jobs

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Personality Traits Across Cultures

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National cultures differ in terms of the degree to which people believe they control their environment.

Understanding Personality

1. Job-person compatibility2. Understanding different approaches to

work3. Being a better manager

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9.4Describe perception and the factors that influence it.

Perception

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Judging Employees

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Distorted AttributionsFundamental attribution error:The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.

Self-serving bias:The tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

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Perceptual Shortcuts

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Understanding Perception

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1. Employees react to perception, not reality.

2. The potential for perceptual distortion exists.

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9.5Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior.

Operant Conditioning

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Social Learning Theory

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Learning both through observation and direct experience

Shaping Behavior

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1. Positive reinforcement2. Negative reinforcement3. Punishment4. Extinction

Managing Employees’ Learning

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1. Watch what you reward.2. Watch what you do.

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9.6Discuss contemporary issues in OB.

Contemporary Issues

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Managerial Challenges

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Negative Behavior in the Workplace

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Survey of U.S. Employees:10% witnessed rudeness daily20% were targets of incivility at least once/week

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