تهيه كننده: علي برادران هاشمي

Operating systemsand

system softwaresگارگاه کامپیوتر

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Manage the computer’s resources CPU Memory Disk drives Printers

Establish a user interfaceuser interface

ExecuteExecute and provide services for applications software

Carries out all input and outputinput and output operation

Functions of OS

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Facilitates communication between the user and the operating system

Two forms Command line

Text-based Key commands Examples: MS-DOS, Unix

Graphical user interface (GUI) Visual images Menus Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux

User Interface

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The Components of System Software

Operating system - the principal component of system software

Device drivers - help the computer control peripheral devices

Utility programs - support, enhance, or expand existing programs

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Booting - the process of loading an operating system into a computer’s main memory

The Operating System: booting

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User interface - user-controllable display screen that allows you to communicate, or interact, with your computer

User Interface

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Supervisor (kernel) - program which remains in main memory while the computer is running, and directs other “nonresident” programs to perform tasks that support application programs

The OS also manages memory via: Partitioning - division of memory into separate areas

called partitions, each of which can hold a program or data.

Foreground/background - division of memory into higher priority (foreground) and lower priority (background) areas.

Queues - temporary line-ups for programs waiting to be executed.

CPU Management

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Move

Rename

Delete

Copy

Back up

File Management

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Task Management

Number of Users

Number of Processors

Order of Processing

Multi-tasking One One Concurrently

Time sharing Multiple One Round robin

Multi-processing One or more Two or more Simultaneously

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Time-slicingTime-slicing : the apportionment of tiny slices of time (fractions

of a second) to various tasks, which allows time sharing to take place.

Two possible approaches to multiprocessing: CoprocessingCoprocessing - the controlling CPU works

together with specialized microprocessors called coprocessors, each of which handles a particular task.

Parallel processingParallel processing - several full-fledged processors work together on the same tasks, sharing memory.

Working in parallel

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Security

Formatting (initializing) a disk - the process of preparing that disk so that it can store data or programs

Security management

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Device drivers specialized software

programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system

Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs

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Backup utilityBackup utility program which makes a duplicate copy of

the information on your hard disk Backup NOW! by NTI is one such utility.

Data-recovery utilityData-recovery utility Program which restores data that has

been physically damaged or corrupted

Utilities: Service Programs

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Antivirus softwareAntivirus software program that scans hard disks, floppy

disks, and memory to detect viruses

Data compression utilityData compression utility program which removes redundant

elements, gaps, and unnecessary data from a computer’s storage space so that less space (fewer bits) is required to store or transmit data

Utilities: Service Programs

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FragmentationFragmentation - the scattering of portions of files about the disk in nonadjacent areas, thus greatly slowing access to the files

Defragmenter utilityDefragmenter utility - program that finds all the scattered files on your hard disk and reorganizes them as contiguous files

Utilities: Service Programs

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Disk scanner and disk cleanup utilities: Detect & remove

unnecessary files Detect & correct

disk problems

Utilities: Service Programs

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Platform the particular processor model and

operating system on which a computer system is based

Disk Operating System (DOS) the original operating system

produced by Microsoft, which had a hard-to-use command-driven user interface

Common Operating SystemsDesktop & Laptop Operating Systems

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Mac OS operating system

which runs only on Apple Macintosh computers

first launched in 1984, and inspired rival Microsoft to upgrade DOS to the more user-friendly Windows operating systems.

It set the standard for icon-oriented, easy-to-use graphical user interfaces.

Mac OS

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Microsoft Windows 3.X - released in 1992; simply a layer over DOS

Microsoft Windows 95/98 - successors to 3.X

Plug and Play - the ability of a computer to automatically configure a new hardware component that is added to it.

MS-Windows ME MS-Windows 2000 MS-Windows XP

Desktop & Laptop Operating Systems

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Novell’s Netware A long popular network operating system

for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs) throughout a company or campus

Netware was introduced by Novell in 1983. It was the first LAN software based on file-server technology.

Network Operating Systems

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Controls and coordinates linked computers Network Server

Coordinates communication with other computers

The operating system is located on the network server’s hard disk.

Windows NT NT stands for “New Technology.” Microsoft’s multitasking OS designed to run on network

servers. it allows multiple users to share resources such as data

and programs. Windows 2000 - successor to Windows NT

Network Operating Systems

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Windows XP Microsoft’s

newest OS, which combines elements of Windows 2000 and Windows Me

Network Operating Systems

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UNIXUNIX A multitasking operating system for

multiple users with built-in networking capability and versions that can run on all kinds of computers

Sun Microsystems’ Solaris super-reliable version of Unix that seems

to be most popular for handling large e-commerce servers and large websites.

Network Operating Systems

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Free BSDFree BSD Free software which began in the 1970s in

the the computer science department of the University of California at Berkeley. There are now three variations:

The Free BSDFree BSD Project, focused on standard PCs;

NetBSDNetBSD - focused on a wide range of platforms;

OpenBSDOpenBSD - focused on security;

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

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Linux A free version of

UNIX, with continual improvements resulting from the efforts of tens of thousands of volunteer programmers

Linux

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Open-source software software which any

programmer can download from the Internet for free and modify with suggested improvements

The Open Source Initiative is a non-profit corporation “dedicated to managing and promoting the Open Source Definition for the good of the community.”

Linux

Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux

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Operating Systems for Handhelds

Embedded Operating SystemEmbedded Operating System

Palm OSPalm OS the dominant OS for

handhelds, which runs the Palm and Handspring Visor, and is licensed to other companies

Windows CEWindows CE now Pocket PC slimmed-down version of

Windows for handhelds

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.Net .Net Microsoft’s platform for an OS for the entire

Internet, designed to link unrelated websites so that people can organize all info in their lives using PCs and smaller devices

E-speakE-speak HP’s version of an Internet OS, or “universal

language,” that allows different websites to communicate with one another

JiniJini Sun Microsystems’ software designed to let all

types of electronic gadgets on a wired or wireless network communicate with one another

The OS of the Future: “The Network is the Computer”

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Distributed system a non-centralized network consisting

of several computers and other devices that can communicate with one another

The Opposite Possibility: No One Company Dominates

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Online Software & Application Software Providers

ASP (Application Service Provider) - a firm that leases software over the Internet to customers

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DOS Windows For Workgroups (3.1) Windows 95, 98, ME NT 3.X, 4.X Windows 2000 Windows XP

Microsoft OS Release History

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Windows 95/98/ME

Built on an “open” memory model. Designed for wide application support. Targeted for the “home” consumer. Unstable but supports most hardware and

software. Inefficient use of resources.

Windows 9X

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Windows NT 3.51/4.0 & Windows 2000 Code base built on a User/Executive mode

model. Provides “protected” process/memory space. True multi-tasking/multithreaded. Improved stability, performance and security. Hardware and software must be compatible -

Limited vendor support.

Windows NT/2000

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Windows 2000 Simplified Architecture

Executive

DeviceDrivers

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

Kernel

User

Kernel

Win32User Apps

Subsystem DLL

System & ServiceProcesses

POSIXOS/2

Win32User/GDI

Environment Subsystems

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Engineered for stability Strong security Versions

NT Workstation NT Server

Drawbacks Lacks support for older Windows and MS-DOS

software and hardware Complex to learn and use Requires more memory and processing power

Windows NT New Technology

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Stability features Security features Uses simple approach to hardware setup

from Windows 98 Versions

Windows 2000 Professional for individual users Windows 2000 for network servers

Was intended for both the corporate and home use, replacing Win NT and Win 98

Windows 2000

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Complex

Heavy demand for computer resources

Improvements over windows NT Maintains user preferences Self-healing applications software Supports Windows 98 file structure Uses plug and play Provides improved support for laptops

Windows 2000

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Microsoft Windows XP

Merges the compatibility features of Windows 9.X with the stability, performance and security of Windows NT/2000.

Includes a wide range of “usability” enhancements.

XP

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Windows XP has been released in 3 different editions:

Windows XP Home Edition Windows XP Professional Edition Windows XP 64-Bit Edition

XP Desktop OS – 3 Flavors

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Windows XP Home Edition is the least expensive version of the operating system and contains the fewest features

XP Home Edition is a “consumer” based operating system and is intended to upgrade or replace Windows 95,98 and ME installations

Windows XP Home Edition

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XP Professional is the best choice for “power” users and business desktops

More expensive than Home Edition (Amazon.com list = $299/$199)

Comparison website: http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/

home/howtobuy/choosing2.asp

Windows XP Professional

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Microsoft’s first 64-bit Operating System for the Intel ItaniumIntel Itanium processor

Designed for scientific and very high end users requiring 64-bit computing.

Supports up to 16 gigabytes of RAM and up to 8 Terabytes of virtual memory

Additional memory support will be added as hardware capabilities expand

Windows XP 64-Bit

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Brand new look and feel!

Redesigned Start Menu Taskbar groupings New file and folder navigation pane that

displays tasks and details Many more “wizards” and customizable

views making complex tasks easier for the novice

Microsoft ClearType®

Windows XP Features

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Impressive reliability and superb performance! Startup is on average 34% faster than

Windows 2000 and 27% faster than 98 Average application launch equal to

Windows 2000 and 25% faster than in Windows 98

Windows XP Features

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Performance Comparison

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Improved manageability

Remote Desktop/Remote Assistants Device Driver Rollback Tool File and Settings Transfer New System Restore Wizard User State Migration Tool Upgrade Uninstall to previous version Fast User Switching

Windows XP Features

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Improved Security

Windows Update helps to deploy the latest security patches

New Credential Manager – secure store for password and account information

Windows File Protection Internet Connection Firewall Built in IPSec and Kerberos support

Windows XP Features

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Software Upgrades and Enhancements

Internet Explorer 6.0 Windows Media Player for XP DirectX 8.1 Native CD-R and CD-RW support built into

Windows Explorer

Windows XP Features

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Mobile/Laptop user features and support

Multiple monitor support Enhanced battery life (Lid Power and LCD

Dimming controls) Encrypted File System with multi-user

support Rich support for Wireless Networking

Windows XP Features

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Microsoft “Whistler” in final beta stages.

More .Net enhancements

“Topaz” in spring of 2002

What’s Next?

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Where used Embedded systems

Industrial controllers Robots Office equipment Cameras Telephones Home entertainment devices Automobile navigation systems

Pocket PC Internet appliance market

Less memory

Smaller screens

Little or no file storage

Provides Internet connectivity

Windows CE Consumer Electronics

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Advantages over Windows Extremely stable Internet support Reinstallation is simpler

Disadvantage Scarcity of applications

Linux vs Windows

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Any Question?Any Question?