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Europe Faces Revolution Nationalism Challenges Conservative
Power
Greece
Greeks- 1st to win self-rule• Former part of Ottoman Empire (which was
crumbling at this time, but not fully until 1918)
Cause of Greek independence was popular throughout Europe
Major powers such as Britain/Russia/France recognize an independent Greece in 1830.
1848 Revolutions There were ethnic uprisings in:
• France• Prussia (Germany, Austria)• Italy• Greece• Poland• Hungary
But revolutionaries failed to unite the nations, so they actually took a step backwards.
Russia 1800’s still under feudalism- no
industrialization Due to old ways, Russia was falling
behind other European countries Alexander II- freed serfs, 1861 Nationalism encouraged industrialism, and also ethic groups wanting their own nations.
Old Empires Fall Austria- lost the Austro-Prussian war
in 1866; split Austria and Hungary into independent states= Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russia- Russification- forced culture on all ethic groups
Ottoman- Turks felt superior to other ethnic groups; genocide against Armenians 1894-1896; 1915
France 1830- King wants absolute power Revolt of people Liberal King replaces old one A Paris mob overthrows gov’t replaces it with a representative
government- it falls apart Call for a president Louis-Napoleon III elected president- Nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte. • Four years later- becomes emperor• Good leader
Italy Camillo Cavour – Prime minister of
Sardinia• Allied with Napoleon III, brought revolution
and unity in N. Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi – unified S. Italy Cavour invaded Papal states, so S.
voted to unite w/Cavour and N. Italy National unification of Italy, but still culturally, economically divided Capital = Rome
Germany German Confederation – loose union
of German states; Prussia – largest; Austria – head of confederation
Otto von Bismarck- Prussia’s Prime Minister
• Realpolitik – seek advantage for nation-state by any means, including war and breaking treaties• Wanted to go to war to unify• Germany under Prussian rule
Wars of Unification• 7 Weeks War – Bismarck & Prussia against Austria. Treaty ending the war set up a united Germany under Prussian control
Wars of Unification (cont.)• Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III
declared war on Prussia. • Southern German states (not yet united
w/the rest of Germany) sided w/Prussia because disliked France. Defeated France and all German states now unified
• Following Franco-Prussian War all German States unified.
• Germany now an Empire w/Kaiser William I emperor
Bismarck Made laws against Catholics, only
served to strengthen Catholic influence in Germany
Strengthened Industry Tried to crush opposition parties Bismarck’s policies left Germany
strong, but w/o parliamentary democracy. When William I died, his son succeeded him (William II) and dismissed Bismarck (1890)
Results Balance of Power- Undone
• Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia no longer equal
• Britain and Prussia = strongest• France = middle• Austria and Russia = weak