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UNITEDSTATESPATENTOFFICE

NIKOLATESLA,OFNEWYORKN.Y.

METHODOFANDAPPARATUSFORELECTRICALCONVERSIONANDDISTRIBUTION

SPECIFICATIONformingpartofLettersPatentNo.462,418datedNovember3,1891.ApplicationfiledFebruary4,1891.SerialNo.380,182.

(Nomodel)Toallwhomitmayconcern:BeitknownthatI,NIKOLATESLAasubjectoftheEmperorofAustria,fromSmiljan,Lika,

bordercountryofAustriaHungary,residingatNewYork,inthecountryandStateofNewYork,haveinventedcertainnewandusefulImprovementsinMethodsofandApparatusforElectricalConversionandDietribntion,ofwhich thefollowing isaspecification, referencebeinghad tothedrawingsaccompanyingandformingapartofthesame.

This invention is an improvementin methods of and apparatus for electrical conversion,designedforthebetterandmoreeconomicaldistributionandapplicationofelectricalenergyforgeneralusefulpurposes.

Myinventionisbasedoncertainelectricalphenomenawhichhavebeenobservedbyeminentscientistsandrecognizedasduetolawswhichhavebeeninameasuredemonstrated,butwhich,so far as I am aware, have not hitherto been utilized or applied with any practically usefulresults.

StatedbrieflythesephonomenaareasfollownsFirst,ifacondenserorconductorpossessingcapacitybecharged

from a suitable generator and discharged through a circuit, the discharge under certainconditionswillbeofanintermittentoroscillatorycharacter;second,iftwopointsinanelectriccircuit through which a current rapidly rising and falling in strength is made to flow beconnectedwiththeplatesorarmaturesofacondenser,avariationinthecurrentsstrengthinthe

entirecircuitorinaportionofthesameonlymaybeproduced;third;theamountorcharacterofsuch variation in the currents strength is dependent upon the condenser capacity, theselfmductionandresistanceofthecircuitoritssections,andtheperiodortimerateofchangeofthe current. It may be observed, however, that these seveml factors the capacity, theselfinduction,resistance,andperiodareallrelatedinamannerwellunderstoodbyelectricians;buttorendersuchconversionasmaybeeffectedbycondenserspracticallyavailableandusefulitisdesirable,chieflyonaccountoftheincreasedontputandefficiencyandreducedcostoftheapparatus,toproduceeurrentimpulsescucceedingeachotherwithverygreatrapidity,orinotherwords,torenderthedurationofeachimpulse,alternation,oroscillationofthecurrentextremelysmall.Tothemanydiflicultiesinthewayofeffectingthismechanically,asbymeansofrotatingswitchesorinterrupters,isperhapsduethefailuretorealizepractically,atleasttoanymarkeddegree,theadvantagesofwhichsuchasystemiscapable.Toobviatethesedifficulties,Ihaveinmy present invention taken advantage of the fact above referred to, andwhich has been longrecognized, that ifacondenseroraconductorpossessingcapacitybechargedfromasuitablesourceandbedischargedthroughacircuitthedischargeundercertainconditions,dependentonthecapacityof thecondenserorconductor, theselfmductionandresistanceof thedischargingcircuit,andtherateofsupplyanddecayoftheelectricalenergy,maybeeffectedintermittentlyorintheformofoscillationsofextremelysmallperiod.Briefly stated in general terms, the planwhich I pursue in carrying outmy invention is as

follows:

Iemployagenerator,preferably,ofveryhightensionandcapableofyieldingeitherdirectoralternatingcurrents.ThisgeneratorIconnectupwithacondenserorconductorofsomecapacityanddischarge theaccumulatedelectricalenergydisruptively throughanairspaceorotherwiseinto a working circuit containing translating devices and, when required, condensers. Thesedischargesmaybeof thesamedirectionoralternatingand intermittent,succeedingeachothermoreor lessrapidlyoroscillatingtoandfrowithextremerapidity. In theworkingcircuit,byreason of the condenser action, the current impulses or discharges of high tension and smallvolume are converted into currents of lower tension andgreater volume.Theproduction andapplication of a current of such rapid oscillations or alternations (the number may be manymillions per second) secures, among others, the following exceptional advantages: First, thecapacityofthecondensersforagivenoutputismuchdiminished;second,theefficiency,ofthecondensers is in creased and the tendency to become heated reduced, and, third, the range ofconversionisenlarged.;Ihavethussuccdededinproduciugasystemormethodofonradicallydifferentfromwhathasbeendoneheretoforefirstwithrespecttothenumberofimpulsesalternationsoroscillationsofcurent per unit of time, and, second, with respect to the manner in which the impulses areobtained. To express this result, I define the working current as one of an excessively imallperiodorofanexcessivelylargenumberofinpulsesoralternationsoroscillationsperunitoftime, by which I mean not , thousand or even twenty or thirty thousand per second,buttimesthatnumbers,andonewhichismadeintermittent,alternating,oroscillatingofitsellwithouttheemploymenthrBiehanicaldevices.I now proceed to an explanation somewhat more in detail of the nature, of my invention,

referringtotheaccompanyingdrawings.

Thetwofiguresarediagrams,eachrepresentingageneratingcircuit,aworkingcircuit,meansforproducinganintermittentoroscillatingdischarge,andcondensersarrangedorcombinedas

contemplatedbymyinvention.

InFigure1,Arepresentsageneratorofhightension;B,theconductorswhichleadoutfromthesame.TotheseconductorsareconnectedtheConductorsCofaworkingcircuitcontainingtranslatingdevices,suchas incandescent lampsormotorsG.InoneorbothconductorsBisabreakD, the twoendsbeingseparatedbyanairspaceora filmof insulation, throughwhichadisruptive discharge takes place. F is a condenser, the plates of which are connected to thegeneratingcircuit. If this circuit possess itself sufficient capacity, the condenser F may bedispensedwith.InFig.2thegeneratingcircuitBcontainsacondenserFanddischargesthroughtheairgaps

D into the working circuit G, to any two points of which is connected a condenser E. ThecondenserEisusedtomodifythecurrentinanypartoftheworkingcircuit,suchasL.It may conduce to a better understanding of the invention to consider more in detail the

conditionsexistinginsuchasystemasisillustratedinFig.1.Letitheassumed,therefore,thatinthesystemthereshowntherateofsupplyoftheelectricalenergy,thecapacity,selfmduction,andtheresistanceofthecircuitsaresorelatedthatadisruptive,intermittent,oroscillatingdischargeoccursatD.Assumethat thefirstnamedtakesplace.Thiswillevidentlyoccurwhentherateofsupplyfromthegeneratorisnotadequatetothecapacityofthegenerator,conductorsBandcondenser F. Each time the condenser F is charged to such an extent, that the potential oraccumulatedchargeovercomesthedielectricstrengthoftheinsulatingspaceatDthecondenserisdischarged.ItisthenrechargedfromthegeneratorA,andthisprocessisrepeatedinmoreorlessrapidsuccession.Thedischargeswill followeachother themorerapidly themorenearlytherateofsupplyfromthegeneratorequalstherateatwhichthecircuitincludingthegenertoriscapableoftakingupandgettingridoftheenergy.SincetheresistanceandselfinductionoftheworkingcircuitCandtherapidityofthesuccessivedischargesmaybevariedatwill,thecurrentstrengthintheworkingandgeneratingcircuitmaybeartooneanotheranydesiredrelation.To understand the action of the local condenser E in Fig.2, let a single discharge be first

considered.Thisdischargehastwopathsoffered-onetothecondenserE,theotherthroughthepart L of theworking circuit C. The part. L, however, by virtue of its selfinduction, ofiers astrongoppositiontosucha.suddendischarge,whilethecondenser,ontheotherhand,ofiersnosuchopposition.TheresultisthatpracticallynocurrentpassesatfirstthroughthebranchL,butpresumably opposite electricities rush to the condensercoatings, this storing for the momentelectrical energy in the condenser. Time is gained by this means, and the condenser thendischargesthroughthebranchL,thisprocessbeingrepeatedforeachdischargeoccurringatD.Theamountof electrical energy stored in thecondenserat eachcharge isdependentupon thecapacityofthecondenserandthepotentialofthisplates.Itisevident,therefore,thatthequickerthe discharges succeed each other the smaller for a given output need be the capacity of thecondenserandthegreaterisalsotheefficiencyofthecondenser.Thisisconfirmedbypracticalresults.ThedischargesoccurringatD,asstated,maybeofthesamedirectionormaybealternating,

andintheformercasethedevicescontainedintheworkingcircuitmaybetraversedbycurrentsofthesameoraltematelyoppositedirection.Itmaybeobserved,howeverthateachintermittentdischarge occurring at Dmay consist of a number of oscillations in theWorking circuit orbranchL.Aperiodicallyoscillatingdischargewill occur atD inFig. 1When thequantities concerned

bearacertainrelationexpressedinwellknownformulaeandascertainedbysimpleexperiment.Inthiscaseitisdemonstratedintheoryandpracticethattheratioofthestrengthofthecurrentin

theworking to that the generating circuits is the greater the greater the selfmduction, and thesmallertheresistanceoftheworkingcircuitthesmallertheperiodofoscillation.Idonotlimitmyselftotheuseofanyspecificformsoftheapparatusdescribedinconnection

withthisinventionnortotheprecisearrangementofthesystemwithrespecttoitsdetailshereinshown.Inthedrawingsretumwiresareshowninthecircuitbutitwillbeunderstoodthatinanycasethegroundmaybeconvenientlyusedinlieuoftheretum-wire.What1claimis

1. The method of electrical conversion herein described, which consists in charging acondenserorconductorpossessingcapacityandmaintainingasuccessionofintermittentoroscillating disruptive discharges of said conductor into a working circuit containingtranslatingdevices.

2. In a system of electrical conversion, the combination of a generator or source ofelectricityandalineofgeneratingcircuitcontainingcondenserorpossessingcapacity,anda working circuit operatively connected with the generatingcircuit through one ormoreairgapsorbreaksintheconductingmedium,theelectricalconditionsbeingsoadjustedthatan intermittent or oscillating disruptive discharge from the generating into the workingcircuitwillbemaintained,assetforth.

NIKOLATESLA.Witnesses:

ROBT.F.GAYLORD,PARKERW.PAGE.

(NoModdel.)N.TESLA.

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No.462,418PatententedNov.3,1891.

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TableofContents9I-1171?88909495III--101-125127134?1361491501671751989.178182208210!218V-232236237238249262265268VII-272273276276283VIII-289291292IX-296297299XI-310320320

11

9 I - 11 71 ? 88 90 94 95 III - - 101 - 125 127 134 ? 136 149 150 167 175 1989 . 178 182 208 210 ! 218 V - 232 236 237 238 249 262 265 268 VII - 272 273 276 276 283 VIII - 289 291 292 IX - 296 297 299 XI - 310 320 32011