ZOOLOGY

Marine phytoplankton mainly consists of diatoms, single-celled algae

Phytoplankton generate organic carbon through photosynthetic reactions.

Phytoplankton are eaten by the zooplankton, who are in turn eaten by fish, on up to large marine mammals.

Organic carbon that settles to the sea floor is usually consumed by marine organisms there.

MARINE FOOD CHAIN

Phytoplankton form the basis of life in the ocean.

They use photosynthesis to convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy (food).

Some of this food passes directly along the food chain when zooplankton eat the phytoplankton and in turn are consumed by larger animals such as fish, whales, squid, shellfish and birds.

Food produced by phytoplankton can also enter another pathway dominated by bacteria (and possibly viruses).

This is the microbial loop, so named because the organisms are microscopic – about 100 times smaller than phytoplankton.

These bacteria absorb chemicals released by decomposing phytoplankton, and enter the main food chain when they are eaten by zooplankton.

تفاوت موجودات زنده و غیر زنده

شکل و اندازهحساسیتتغذیهترکیب شیمیاییتشکیالت ساختمانیمبدا ساختمانی :نشو و نماontogenetic evolutionماده سازی و تبادل انرژی با محیط خارجتولید مثل و وراثت پذیری

جانوران و گیاهان تفاوتPROTISTES

Protists such as paramecium engulf solid food (such as yeast cells), forming food vacuoles, within which the food is digested.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Plants have a tough, cellulose wall and animals don’t.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Plants have chloroplasts that photosynthesize matter from carbon

dioxide and sun.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Also, plants take in carbon dioxide to help create plant material and give off oxygen as

a byproduct, whereas animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide as a

byproduct.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Plants use the energy from the sun to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into

simple sugar to build its body.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Lastly, most plant cells and some animal cells have a vacuole; an organelle

responsible for removing and storing waste, keeping the cell from collapsing in upon

itself, and maintaining pH; acid/base balance.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL? Animals are able to move, while plants

remain stationary.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL?

Animals also have a complex nervous system that can perform many tasks, while

plants lack a brain

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL? Animals have a fixed growth, whereas most

plants can grow indefinitely, branching out in many directions.

A VARIETY OF LIFE FORMS EXISTS IN THE BIOSPHERE

Plants Animals Microorganisms

Cells were discovered in 1665 by British scientist Robert Hooke

CENTRIOLES

Found only in animal cells, these paired organelles are typically located together near the nucleus in the centrosome

Centrioles play a notable role in cell division.

During interphase of an animal cell, the centrioles and other components of the centrosome are duplicated, though scientists are not yet sure how this duplication takes place.

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

Cilia and flagella are motile cellular appendages found in most microorganisms and animals, but not in higher plants.

In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move a cell or group of cells or to help transport fluid or materials past them

The respiratory tract in humans is lined with cilia that keep inhaled dust, smog, and potentially harmful microorganisms from entering the lungs

For single-celled eukaryotes, cilia and flagella are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms.

Protozoans belonging to the phylum Ciliophora are covered with cilia, while

flagella are a characteristic of the protozoan group Mastigophora.

THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs and branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells.

ENDOSOMES AND ENDOCYTOSIS

Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell.

THE GOLGI APPARATUS

The Golgi apparatus (GA), also called Golgi body or Golgi complex and found universally in both plant and animal cells,

typically comprised of a series of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered sacs called cisternae

LYSOSOMES

serve as digestion compartments for cellular materials

the lysosomes recycle the cell's organic material in a process known as

autophagy.

Lysosomes break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred

back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.

MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.

THE CELL NUCLEUS

The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and

administrative center of the cell.

This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's

activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell

division).

PLASMA MEMBRANE

All living cells have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents.

In prokaryotes, the membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall.

Eukaryotic animal cells have only the membrane to contain and protect their contents.

These membranes also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells.

RIBOSOMES

All living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent

RNA and 40 percent protein. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of four strands of RNA. In prokaryotes, they consist of three strands of RNA.

PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

PLANT CELL WALL

Like their prokaryotic ancestors, plant cells have a rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane.

It is a far more complex structure, however, and serves a variety of functions, from protecting the cell to regulating the life cycle of the plant organism.

CHLOROPLASTS

The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy.

This process is carried out in specialized organelles called chloroplasts.

PLASMODESMATA

Plasmodesmata are small tubes that connect plant cells to each other,

providing living bridges between cells.

PLANT CELL VACUOLES

Each plant cell has a large, single vacuole that stores compounds, helps in plant growth, and plays an important structural role for the plant.

جانورشناسیZOOLOGY

Zoon :جانورLogous :گو و گفت

برخی از شاخه های دانش جانورشناسی

Histologyبررسی ساختمان میکروسکوپی موجودات :Physiologyبررسی پدیده های حیاتی و طرز اعمال بدن :

- General P بررسی پدیده های حیاتی مشترک مانند تغذیه و :.نشو و نما - Special P بررسی شیوه کار هر یک از بافت ها و دستگاه های

بدن- Cellular Pبررسی تمام پدیده های سلول :.- Pathological P طرز کار اعضا در زمان بیماری :.

Nutritionبررسی شیوه کسب انرژی و غذا :Embryology بررسی نمو و تکامل در داخل :

تخمGeneral E بررسی مراحل مشترک نشو و نما :.

در موجوداتDescriptive Eبررسی شباهت ها و تفاوت ها :.GeneticsEcologyZoogeography

برخی از شاخه های دانش جانورشناسی

PaleontologyEvolutionTaxonomy & SystematicsMorphologyAnatomy * Descriptive A. *Topographic A. *Pathologic A. *Comparative A.

برخی از شاخه های دانش جانورشناسی

Biologyبررسی طرز زندگی و روابط با محیط :Etiologyبررسی عادات و رفتار :Zoosociologyاجتماع شناسی حیوانی :Economical zoologyMonography بررسی یک جاندار از دیدگاه علوم :

گوناگون

سان هم Analogue Organsاعضای ساخت هم HomologueاعضایHomotype :قرینه بدن طولی محور به نسبتHomodyname :طرف یک در گرفته قرار اعضای

بدن طولی محور

موجودات در سازمان

1درجه سازمانی پروتوپالسمی -2 درجه سازمانی سلولی- پروتوپالسمی: تک یاخته -

Volvoxهایی که به صورت کلنی زندگی می کنند مانند و اسفنج ها

3درجه سازمانی سلولی-بافتی. مانند مرجان ها -4 درجه سازمانی بافتی-اندامی: نخستین بار در کرم -

های پهن5 درجه سازمانی اندامی-دستگاهی: برای اولین بار در -

مشاهده می شود که Nemertinaکرم های روبانی دستگاه گردش خون و گوارش جداگانه دارند

- پروتوپالسمی سلولی سازمانی درجه

Volvox is commonly studied in biology classes because it represents a possibly primordial organisational state between a colony and a multicellular organism.

- بافتی سلولی سازمانی درجه

بار نخستین عصبی بافتشده ایجاد ها مرجان در

است

- اندامی بافتی سازمانی درجه

Platyhelminthes های لکه پیدایش

و خرطوم چشمی،تولید های اندام

مثلی

- دستگاهی اندامی سازمانی درجه

نمو رویانی در جانوران مرحله5

Fertilization

BLASTULATION

سلولی Morulaتوده توخالی Blastulaکره

GASTRULATION

Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos, during which the morphology of the embryo is reorganized to form the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

ECTODERM

The ectoderm gives rise to epidermis structures such as the skin,

nails, and hair neural tissues, which give rise to the

nervous system

MESODERM

The mesoderm is found between the ectoderm and the endoderm and gives rise to: muscle, notochord blood and blood vessels bone and connective tissue

ENDODERM

The endoderm gives rise to: epithelium of the digestive system and

respiratory system organs associated with the

digestive system, such as the liver and pancreas

GASTRULATION

DIFFERENTIATION

The process by which specialized and diversified structures arise during development of the embryo

THE PROCESS INVOLVES

(1) an increase in the number of cell types,

(2) an increase in morphological heterogeneity through the arrangement of cells into increasingly complex structural patterns in the form of tissues and organs

GROWTH

After all the systems are formed, most animals go through a period of growth. Growth occurs by the formation of new cells and more extracellular matrix.

CLEAVAGE

In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo.

The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote.

The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula.

Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula.

Depending mostly on the amount of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic (total or entire cleavage) or meroblastic (partial cleavage).

The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole.