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International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Available online at: http://euroasiapub.org
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor(SJIF): 6.939 |
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
285
^^ lqfe=kuanu iar ds dkO; esa izd`fr fp=.k **
larks"k dqekj ;kno ¼fgUnh½
'kkldh; ';kek iz0eq[kthZ egk0
lhrkiqj]ftyk& ljxqtk N0x0
E mail- [email protected]
lkfgR; esa thou dh O;k[;k gksrh gS vkSj izd`fr ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax gSA vr%
og ekuo thou dh O;k[;k gksrh gSA vr% og ekuo thou dh O;k[;k dk ,d vfuok;Z
miknku cu tkrh gSA fQj Hkkoqd lkfgR;dkj dk rks izd`fr ls vR;Ur vfofPNUu lEcU/k gSA
Lkqfe=kuanu iar dks izd`fr dk lqdqekj dfo dgk tkrk gS bldk dkj.k muds dkO; esa izd`fr
ds fofHkUu voLFkkvksa ,oa n’kkvksa dk euksje NVk fc[kjh gqbZ gSA iar th Lo;a Lohdkjrs gq,
dgrs gSa fd dkO; djus dh izsj.kk mUgsa loZizFke izd`fr ls gh feyhA mudks ^^dksey** ;k
^^lqdqekj** dfo dguk loFkkZ ;qfDrlaxr gSA dksey dfo og gksrk gS tks thou dh dVqrkvksa
,oa la?k"kksZa ls nwj jgsA Hkh"k.krkvksa ls mls nwjko gks rFkk ubZ dksey dYiukvksa esa Mwcus vkSj
lqUnj vkd"kZ.k Nfo;ksa ls mls I;kj gksA fgUnh dh uwru dkO; /kkjk dk Jhx.ks’k ^^Nk;koknh**
dfork ls ekuk tkrk gSA MkW- }kfjdkizlkn lDlsuk ds vuqlkj] ^^Nk;koknh jpuk&'kSyh ,oa
Nk;koknh vuqHkwfr ds izpkj ,oa izlkj dk lokZf/kd Js; lqfe=kuanu iar dks izkIr gSA iar us
dkO; ds {ks= eas inkiZ.k djrs gh loZizFke vius pkjks vksj f}osnhdkyhu dkO;&/kkjk ds n'kZu
fd;s FksA mudh n`f"V eas cztHkk"kk bruh o;kso`) ,oa izHkkoghu Hkk"kk gks pqdh Fkh fd mlesa
vius euksHkkoksa dks O;Dr djuk lehphu ugha FkkA** ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd iar o;kso`) cztHkk"kk
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
286
dh vksj ls eqag Qsjs jgs vkSj [kM+h cksyh uo ;kSouk dk mUgksaus mlh eqDr eu vkSj mYykl&
Hkko ls Lokxr fd;k tSls dHkh vdYiuh; lkSUn;Z dks ns[kdj fo|kifr us dgk Fkk& ^^fd
vkjs uo;kSou vfHkjkekA fgUnh ds vU; Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh vis{kk fo'ks"k izflf) feyus dk
,d ek= dkj.k Hkh laHkor% dfooj iar dh ;gh lkSUn;ksZikluk jgh gSA
^^ iar th dks fgUnh LoPNanrkoknh dkO; ds rhu eq[; gLrk{kjksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
mUgksaus ,d yEch ;k=k dh gS vkSj vusd dkO; vkUnksyuksa dks ns[kus dk volj mUgsa feyk
gSAos vius vNwrs izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds fy, fo[;kr gS vkSj ftlus mudh vkjfEHkd dforkvksa
ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa ^^izd`fr dk dfo** dgykus dk xkSjo fn;kA**¼1½
lkfgR; vkSj izd`fr &
lkfgR; esa thou dh O;k[;k gS vkSj izd`fr ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax gSA vr% og
ekuo thou dh O;k[;k gksrh gS vkSj izd`fr ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax gSA vr% og ekuo
thou dh O;k[;k dk ,d vfuok;Z miknku cu tkrh gSA fQj Hkkoqd lkfgR;dkj dk rks
izd`fr ls vR;Ur vfofPNUu lEcU/k gSA izd`fr dfo ds fy, l`tu dh vf}rh; izsj.kk Hkh jgh
gSa vkSj vusd= og mldk o.;Z & fo"k; rFkk vkd"kZ.k inkFkksZa ds o.kZu esaA dkfynkl vkSj
HkoHkwfr esa Hkh ,slh gh izfrHkk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA okYehfd & jkek;.k] es?knwr] _rqlagkj]
j?kqoa'k] mRrjjkepfjr] vfHkKku'kkdqarye~ vkfn laLd`r dkO;ksa ,oa ukVdksa esa izd`fr dk cM+k
ân;xzkgh o.kZu feyrk gSA dkfynkl dk ^es?knwr* rks izd`fr ds je.kh; fp=ksa dk dks"k gSA
HkoHkwfr ds & ^mRrjjkepfjr* esa jE; ,oa mxz nksuksa izdkj ds izd`fr fp= lgt ,oa LokHkkfod
:i esa vafdr gSA ijorhZ laLd`r lkfgR; esa dkfynkl vkSj HkoHkwfr tSls izd`fr &fp=.k izkIr
ughaA
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
287
izkphu fgUnh dkO; esa izd`fr & fp=.k
izkphu fgUnh & dkO; ¼vkfndky ls jhfrdky rd½ esa izd`fr dk iz;ksx míhiu ,oa
vyadj.k & gsrq gh fd;k x;k gSA dfri; dfo;ksa us vkyEcuxr fp= Hkh vafdr fd, gSa]
fQj Hkh vk/kqfud dky ls iwoZ izd`fr dk Lora= ,oa iwoZ O;fDrRo fgUnh dkO;esa ugha mHkj
ldkA e/;;qxhu fgUnh dkO; esa izd`fr lk/; u gksdj lk/ku gh jgh gS rFkk dfo;ksa dk
izd`fr ds izfr 'kq) vuqjkx n`f"Vxr ugha gksrkA eSfFkydksfdy fo|kifr us Hkh míhiu]
vyadj.k vkfn ds fy, gh izd`fr dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA dgha & dgha ekuohdj.k dh izofRr
Hkh dfo esa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA vkyEcu :i esa izd`fr o.kZu djrs gq, fo|kifr us ^clar^ dk
o.kZu fd;k gS &
^^ukp, tqofr tuk gjf[kr euk tuey cky c/kkbZ gSA
e/kqj] egkjl eaxy xk,o ekfufu eku mM+kbZ gsA**¼2½
HkfDrdkyhu lar dkO; esa txr~ vkSj izd`fr dks feF;k Lohdkjk x;k gSA vr% izd`fr
ds izfr 'kq) vuqjkx dh Hkkouk bl dkO; esa lqyHk ughaA fQj Hkh lUr dfo;ksa us vyadkj]
izrhd] jgL;] Hkkouk ,oa mins'k & ewyd :i esa izd`fr dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA lsukifr vius
izd`fr fp=ksa ds fy, izfl) gS MkW- [k.Msyoky fy[krs gSa & ^jhfrdky ds dfo;ksa esa lsukifr
,d ,sls dfo gSa ftudh vk¡[k izd`fr ds izfr cgqr ltx fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ;qx & izo`fRr ls
os Hkh izd`fr dk iz;ksx míhu ds fy, djrs gSa ] fdUrq izd`fr ds ekuo &fujis{k o.kZu dh
vksj gh mudk ân; <yk gqvk tku iM+rk gSA lsukifr ds fo"k; esa dgk x;k gS&
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
288
^^ fjrq o.kZu vn~Hkqr fd;kS lsukifr dfojktA
,dS jpuk uke dkS rc lqdfo lektAA** ¼3½
vk/kqfud dky esa izd`fr & fp=.k
vk/kqfud dkO; dk izkjaHk HkkjrsUnq ds dkO; ls ekuk tk ldrk gSA HkkjrsUnq ;qx
vk/kqfud ;qx dk izos'k & }kj gSA HkkjrsUnqdkyhu dfo;ksa esa izkphu vkSj uohu dkO; &izo`fRr;ksa
dk leUo; gSA vr% izd`fr dk iz/kkur% ijEijkxr :i esa gh iz;ksx gqvk gSA HkkjrsUnq] Bkdqj
txeksgu flag vkfn us dN vk/kqfud <ax dh izd`fr &fp=.k laca/kh dfork,a Hkh fy[kh gSaA
bl fn'kk esa HkkjrsUnq jfpr ^xaxk o.kZu* ,oa ;equk o.kZu* mYys[kuh; gS ^xaxk o.kZu* dh dqN
iafDr;ka bl izdkj gS &
^^uo mTtoy ty/kkj ] gkj ghjd lks lksgfrA
fcp &fcp Ngjfr cwan] e/; eqDrkefu iksgfrAA**¼4½
HkkjrsUnq ;qx ,oa f}osnh ;qx ds LoPNUnrkoknh dfo;ksa & Jh/kj ikBd ] :iukjk;.k
ik.Ms;] eqdqV/kj ik.Ms; rFkk jkeujs'k f=ikBh us izd`fr ds lqUnj cuh gSA iar tSls dfo us
fy, og dkO; dh izsj.kk jgh gSA
izd`fr &iz;ksx dks fuEufyf[kr oxksZa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS &
1- vkyEcu :i esa &
Hkkoqd dfo ds fy, izd`fr dk Lora= vfLrRo ,oa iwoZ O;fDrRo gSA mldk ,d
futh lalkj gS tgka og ekuo ds leku gh lq[k&nq%[ke; thou&;kiu djrh gSA tc dfo
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
289
izd`fr esa fdlh izdkj dh Hkkouk dk v/;kgkj u djds mldk ;FkkrF; o.kZu djrk gS rks
og vkyEcuxr fo'kq) izd`fr fp=.k dgykrk gSA blesa dfo dh lqq{e i;Zos{k.k n`f"V dk
ifjp; feyrk gSA bl :i esa izd`fr dfo ds fy, lk/ku u cudj lk/; cu tkrh gSA
mldk eu izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ij jh> mBrk gS] mlesa rYyhurk vuqHko djrk gS vkSj ân;
dh eqDrkoLFkk dks izkIr djrk gSA J`axkj & iz/kku jpukvksa esa míhu :i dk izkHkkU; jgrk
gSA fojg &dkO; rks blds fcuk py gh ugha ldrsA míhu :i esa izd`fr uk;d &ukf;dk
dks ;ksxkoLFkk esa mYyflr djrh gS rFkk fo;ksx esa mudh fojg Hkkouk dks vkSj míhIr djrh
gSA fo;ksxkoLFkk esa dHkh rks xksfi;ksa dks la/;k gksus ij ;g Lej.k vkrk gS ¼lwjlkxj½&
^^ ,fg csfj;k¡ cu rsa pfy vkorsA
nwjfga rs og csuq] v/kj /kfj ctkorsAA**¼5½
2- ekuohdj.k :i esa &
izd`fr esa psruk dk vkjksi.k gh ekuohdj.k dgykrk gSA Hkkoqd dfo ds fy,
izd`fr ekuo dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS vkSj mlh ds leku lHkh fØ;k&dyki djrh izrhr
gksrh gSA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us izd`fr ds bl :i dk lokZf/kd o.kZu fd;k gSA fujkyk dh
^twgh dh dyh* rFkk ^la/;k lqUnjh* iar dh ^Nk;k* ] ^ckny* rFkk ^la/;k* ] izlkn dh ^fdj.k*
rFkk egknsoh dh ^clar*] ^jtuh * dforkvksa esa izd`fr ekuohdj.k :i esa fpf=r gSA ,d
mnkgj.k bl izdkj n`"VO; gS &
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
290
dgks rqe :ifl dkSu
O;kse ls mrj jgh pqipki]
fNfi fut Nk;k Nfo esa vki]
lqugyk QSyk ds'k dyki
e/kqj] eUFkj] e`nq ekSu !
3- mins'kkfRedk :i esa &
lkfgR; esa izd`fr dk bl :i esa fp=.k iqjkuk gSA Hkkoqd dfo dks ekuo &
txr~ dh f'k{kk dh vis{kk mlds vkn'kksZa dh rqyuk esa izd`fr &txr~ dh f'k{kk vf/kd
egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrh gS] mldh lkekU;re oLrq mls cM+s &cM+s ;qx iq:"kksa ,oa _f"k;ksa ls
Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ f'k{kk ns ldus esa leFkZ izrhr gksrh gSA izkphu fgUnh dkO; esa dchj]
rqylh] fcgkjh vkfn ds dkO; esa izd`fr minsf'kdk ds :i esa vafdr gSA vk/kqfud Nk;koknh
dfo;ksa us vf/kd Hkko & izo.krk ds LkkFk bl :i esa iz;ksx fd;k gSA iar ds fy, izd`fr
f'kf{kdk ds :i esa izLrqr gksrh gSA izd`fr dh fnO; f'k{k.k & 'kfDr ls peRd`r gksdj os
laxhr f'k{kk ds fy, e/kqi & dfydk ls izkFkZuk djrs gSa &
^^ fl[kk nks uk gs e/kqidqekfj
eq>s Hkh vius ehBs xkeA**
4- jgL;kRed :i esa &
izd`fr esa jgL; n'kZu dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gS rFkk vk/kqfud dfo;ksa us Hkh bldk
izpqj iz;ksx fd;k gSA oSfnd dky ls gh ekuo us izd`fr esa ije rRo dk vUos"k.k fd;k gSA
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
291
HkfDrdky esa egkdfo tk;lh us izd`fr ds ek/;e ls jgL; Hkkouk dks O;Dr fd;k gSA
vk/kqfud dfo;ksa us izd`fr esa ftKklk ,oa dksrqgy & lEiUu jgL; & Hkkouk dks vfHkO;fDr
nh gSA iar dh ^^ukSdk fogkj** rFkk ^^,d rkjk** vkfn dfork,a n'kZu dh NVk Hkh fy, gSa &
*^ gs txthu ds d.kZ/kkj A
fpj tUe ej.k ds vkj&ikj]
'kk'or thou ukSdk &fogkjA**¼6½
5- i`"BHkwfe ,oa okrkoj.k fuekZ.k ds :i esa &
Hkkoksa dks vf/kd izHkkoksRikndrk iznku djus ds fy, izd`fr dk bl :i esa
fp=.k fd;k tkrk gSA blesa oLrqvksa ds o.kZu ij dfo dh n`f"V vf/kd ugha jgrh mldk
/;ku ml okrkoj.k ds fp=.k ij vf/kd jgrk gS ftldk lEiw.kZ vax os oLrq,a gSaA izlkn ,oa
iar ,sls fp=.kksa esa fl)gLr gSaA ^dkek;uh* esa ty & Iykou ds vuUrj ekuo &lH;rk ds
fodkl dh izkd`frd i`"BHkwfe dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k x;k gS &
^^m"kk lqugys rhj cjlrh]
t;y{eh lh mfnr gqbZA
m/kj ijkftr dkyjkf= Hkh]
ty esa vUrfuZfgr gqbZAA**
6- vkyadkfjd :i esa &
vkyadkfjd :i esa izd`fr dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo izk;% miekuksa dks izd`fr ds
{ks= ls laxzfgr djrs gSaA izkphu dfo;ksa us Hkh izd`fr ds {ks= ls miekuksa dk p;u dj Hkko
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
292
,oa oLrq& o.kZu dks vyad`r fd;k gSA [katu] ehu] dey] pUnzek] Hkzej vkfn mieku
e/;dkyhu dkO; esa izpqjrk ls iz;qDr gqbZ gSA vk/kqfud Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us uohu miekuksa
dh [kkst dh gS] bl izdkj n`"VO; gS &
^^ esjk ikol _rq thou]
ekul lk meM+k vikj euA
xgjs /kqa/kys /kqys lkaoys]
es?kksa ls esjs Hkjs u;uAA
7- izfrdkRed :i esa &
miekuksa dh rjg izd`fr ds {ks= ls dfo;ksa ds izrhdksa dks Hkh xzg.k fd;k gSA
fuEukafdr iafDr;ksa esa izkd`frd inkFkkZsa dk izrhd :i esa iz;ksx n`"VO; gS &
^u;u esa ftlds tyn og rqf"kr pkrd g¡w
ftlds izk.k esa og fuBqj nhid gw¡]
Qwy rks mj esa fNik, fody cqycqy gw¡A
8- nwrh :i esa &
izd`fr dks nwr cukdj mlds ek/;e ls lUns'k Hkstus dh ijaijk laLd`r ,oa
fgUnh lkfgR; esa i;kZIr :i esa feyrh gSA dkfynkl ds ^es?knwr* esa ;{k ckny dh nwr cukdj
viuh fiz;k ds ikl lUns'k Hkstrk gSA ^in~ekor* esa ukxerh ^ijsok* }kjk viuk lans'k Hkstrh
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
293
gSA gfjvkSa/k ds ^^fiz;&izokl* esa jk/kk iou ls nwr dk dk;Z ysrh gSA xqIr dh ;'kks/kjk unh
ds }kjk viuk lans'k Hkstrh gSa &
^^fnol dk volku lehi Fkk
xxu Fkk dqN yksfgr gks pyk
r: f'k[kk ij Fkh vc jktrh
defyuh dqyoYyHk dh izHkkA¼7½
Hkkjrh; dkO; esa izd`fr & fp=.k &
Hkkjrh; dkO; esa izd`fr & fp=.k dh ijEijk dk vkjEHk oSfnd dky ls gksrk gS
oSfnddkyhu ekuoh; lH;rk dk fodkl izd`fr ds mUeqDr izkax.k esa gqvkA ea= &n`"Vk _f"k;ksa
us _pkvksa esa izd`fr ds izfr vius vuqjkx dks O;Dr fd;kA fo'ks"kr% ekuohdj.k dh izo`fRr
dk bl dky ds lkfgR; esa ckgqY; gSA m"kk] la/;k] jkf=] unh vkfn dks ukjh :i esa vafdr
fd;k x;k gSA vk/kqfud Nk;koknh dkO; esa izd`fr &fp=.k laca/kh ftl ekuohdj.k dh izo`fRr
dk iz/kkU; gS mldk ewy blh oSfnd lkfgR; esa lfUufgr gSA laLd`r & lkfgR; esa izd`fr
fp=.k dh ijaijk vR;Ur le`) jgh gSA okYehfd] dkfynkl rFkk HkoHkwfr us n`'; & fp=.k
esa viuh vykSfdd izfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bu dfo;ksa us izd`fr
&fp=.k dks vius dkO; dk fuR; y{k.k gh cuk fy;k FkkA
izlkn ds izd`fr & fp=ksa esa izd`fr ds mxz :iksa dks Hkh LFkku feyk gSA bl n`f"V ls
dkek;uh ds varxZr izd`fr ds Hkh"k.k izyx dk fp=.k fo'o &lkfgR; dh ,d vuqie oLrq
gSA izy; dh izp.Mrk dk ,d jksek¡pd n`'; izLrqr gS &
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
294
^^ gkgkdkj gqvk dUnue; dBu dqfy'k gksrs Fks pwjA
gq, fnxUr ckf?kj] Hkh"k.k jo ckj&ckj gksrk Fkk dwjA
fnXnkgksa ds /kwe mBs] ;k ty/kj mBs f{kfrt rV dsA
l?ku xxu esa Hkhe izdEiu >a>k ds pyrs >VdsA
vk/kqfud ;qx esa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk izd`fr fp=.k leLr fgUnh dkO; esa fof'k"V
LFkku dk vf/kdkjh gSA MkW- nsojkt us Nk;kokn dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, Nk;koknh
dkO; dks ^^izd`fr dkO;** dh laKk nh gSA Nk;kokn esa gh izd`fr dks LoNan O;fDrRo izkIr
gqvk gSA fgUnh dkO; esa Nk;kokn esa iw.kZ izd`fr ;k rks vk/;kfRed Hkkoksa ds izdk'ku ds fy,
iz;qDr gksrh FkhA vyadkj :i esa og fpf=r gksrh FkhA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us gh loZizFke bu
:f<+;ksa dks fNUu &fHkUu dj izd`fr dks Lora= vfLrRo iznku fd;k gSA izd`fr ds ftrus Hkh
:i lkfgR; esa izkIr gksrs gSa os lc Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa lgt izkIr gks tkrs gSaA
iar dkO; esa dkseyrk ds dO; &
iar dh dfork esa dkseyrk dh izeq[krk gksus ds dbZ dkj.k gSa igyk rks ml le; dh
ekax dgh tk ldrh gS] ftlds QyLo:i dfo dks dkseyrk dk izJ; ysuk iM+kA ftl le;
iar us dkO; txr esa izos'k fd;k Fkk] ml le; [kM+h cksyh vius [kqnjsiu esa [kM+[kMkgV ds
dkj.k cnuke FkhA czt Hkk"kk esa tks ek/kq;Z vkSj e`nqyrk Fkh mldk izHkko Hkh [kM+h cksyh dh
dfork esa ugha vk ik;k FkkA f}osnh th dh izsj.kk esa dqN dfo [kM+h cksyh esa dfork djus rks
yxs Fks ysfdu os [kM+h cksyh esa dkseyrk o e/kqjrk dh LFkkiuk ugha dj ik jgs FksA muds
,slk ugha dj ldus dk ,d fo'ks"k dkj.k Fkk vkSj ;g dkj.k Fkk f}osnh th dh vfrla;efiz;rk
ftlds dkj.k mUgksaus izse] lkSUn;Z] J`axkj vkfn dksey Hkkoksa esa o.kZu djuk dfork ds fy,
R;kT; cuk j[kk FkkA iar th us dkO; esa e/kqj vkSj dksey Hkkoksa dk fp=.k rks fd;k gh mlds
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295
lkFk esa [kM+h cksyh dks iz;Ru djds dksey cuk;kA nqljk dkj.k Fkk iar dk jksekafVd dfo;ksa
ls izHkkfor gksukA iar th vaxzsth ds jksekafVd ;qx ds dfo 'kSys] dhV~l vkfn ls fo'ks"k izHkkfor
Fks vkSj os lHkh dfo dYiuk ds dksey yksd esa fopj.k fd;k djrs Fks rFkk ml yksd dh
dksey Nfo;ka viuh dforkvksa esa izLrqr djrs jgrs FksA bl dkj.k iar th dk og dksey
vkSj lqUnj O;fDrRo gS tks fdlh Hkh izdkj de vkd"kZ.k ugha gS iar th dk O;fDrRo bruk
dksey vkSj yqHkkouk gS fd cgqr ls O;fDr mUgsa iq:"k os'k esa ukjh le>us dh Hkwy dj cSBrs
gSaA lqizfl) dof;=h egknsoh oekZ us ^^iar ds lkFkh** uked iqLrd esa iar ls lacaf/kr Lej.k
fy[krs gq, viuh ,slh gh Hkwy dk o.kZu fd;k gSA tc os lEizs"k.k esa iar dks ukjh le> cSBh
FkhA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd muds O;fDrRo gS ftuds chp dfo iar dk tUe vkSj muds izkjafHkd
thou dk fodkl gqvkA dfo dk tUe izd`fr dh lqjaHk xksn dqekjpy izns'k esa gqvk FkkA bl
izdkj os izd`fr ds dksey ckgksa esa fodflr gq,A izkd`frd lqUnj vkSj lqdqekj Hksn esa gh viuk
vf/kdka'k izkjafHkd thou fcrkus rFkk tuthou ds la?k"kZ ls nwj jgus ds dkj.k dkseyrk
mlds eu] izk.kksa esa cl xbZ Fkh vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd dfo la?k"kksZa vkSj dBksjrk ls vius dks
cpkrk jgk vkSj mldh izd`fRr lqdqekj gksrh xbZA dfooj iar us bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs
gq, ,d LFkku ij fy[kk gS] ^^ izd`fr ds lkgpk;Z us tgka eq>s lkSUn;Z] LoIu vkSj dYiukthoh
cuk;k] ogka nwljh vksj ouHkh: Hkh cuk fn;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tu lewg ls vc Hkh eSa nwj
Hkkxrk gaw vkSj esjs vkykspdksa dk ;g dguk cgqr va'kksa rd Bhd gh gS fd esjh dYiuk yksxks
ds lkeus vkus ls ytkrh gSA**1
iar dkO; esa dkseyrk dk Lo:i &
fu'p; gh dfo iar dksey dYiukthoh gSaA mudks ^^dksey** ;k ^^lqdqekj** dfo dguk
loFkkZ ;qfDrlaxr gSA dksey dfo og gksrk gS tks thou dh dVqrkvksa ,oa la?k"kksZa ls nwj jgsA
Hkh"k.krkvksa ls mls nwjko gks rFkk ubZ dksey dYiukvksa esa Mwcus vkSj lqUnj vkd"kZ.k Nfo;ksa
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
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296
ls mls I;kj gksA dfo us viuh dksey izd`fr ds ckjs esa vius dfo thou dh vusd eathys
ikj dj ysus ds ckn ^^mRrjk** dh ,d dfork esa Li"V ?kks"k.kk dj nh gS &
^^eSa LoIuksa dk izseh eq>dks
djrk u lR; tx eksfgr]
eSa Qqyksa ds Qqy esa tUek
Qqy dk gks ewY; txr~ ds fgrA**
izd`fr ds dksey :iksa dk vadu &
iar ds izd`fr o.kZu esa Hkh dkseyrk ds izek.k cgqr iq"V :i eas feyrs gSaA izd`fr dk
muds dkO; esa lokZf/kd fp=.k gqvk vkSj mlds dksey vkSj lqUnj :i dk gh o.kZu mUgksaus
viuh dfork esa fd;k gSA Hkh"k.k :i dh vksj mudh n`f"V cgqr de xbZ gSA ^vk/kqfud dfo
dh Hkwfedk esa iar us bls Lohdkj Hkh fd;k gS & ^ lk/kkj.kr% izd`fr ds lqUnj :i us gh eq>s
vf/kd yqHkk;k gS& ;g lR; gS fd izd`fr dk mxz :i eq>s de :prk gSA iar th dkseyrk
fiz; gksus ds dkj.k gh izd`fr ds [k.M ;k y?kq fp=ksa dks vf/kd vafdr fd;k gSA izlkn dh
Hkkafr muds izd`fr fp= u rks fojkV~ gS vkSj u gh os viuk lef"Vxr izHkko ikBd ij NksM+rs
gSaA dfo dks dkseyrk ls bruh yxko gS fd izd`fr dh Hkh"k.k miknkuksa dks Hkh dbZ LFkyksa ij
dksey :i ns fn;k gSA ^^ pkanh ds lkaiksa & lh jyey** esa dfo us pkanh dk lkai cukdj
mldh Hkh"k.krk dk gj.k djds mls dksey :i dj fn;k gSA
izd`fr dk dkseykafxuh ukjh ds :i esa fp=.k &
dkseyrk ds vfrjsd esa dfo izd`fr dks vusd LFkkuksa ij dkseykafxuh ukjh ds :i esa
of.kZr fd;k gSA Lo;a iar ds 'kCnksa esa & ^^ izd`fr dks eSus vius ls vyx ltho jgus okyh
ukjh ds :i esa ns[kk gSA ** &
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
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(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
297
^^ml QSys gfj;kyh esa
dkSu vdsyh [ksy jgh ek¡A
og viuh oFkg &okyh esa -------------A**
mi;qZDr iafDr;ka esjh bl /kkj.kk dh iks"kd gS dHkh tc eSus izd`fr esa rnkRe; esa
vuqHko fd;k gS ] rc EkSaus vius dks Hkh ukjh :i esa vafdr fd;k gSA dfork dk ukjh :i esa
vadu djuk fuf'pr gh dkseyrk ds pje ifjorZu dk mngj.k gSA ^^ ykbZ g¡w Qyksa dk ál
] yksxh eky] yksxh eksy xhr esa dfo us Lo;a dks ukjh :i esa vafdr fd;k gSA**
fu"d"kZ &
fu"d"kZ :i esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd iar ds dkO; esa ftl izdkj izd`fr ds vuqie :iksa
dh NVk n`f"Vxr gS oSlk vU;= ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA izd`fr &izse ls vkjEHk gksus okyh
mudh dfork ukjh &izse vkSj lkSUn;Z ] ekuorkokn vkSj fnO; &ekuo dh ifjdYiuk dks
eq[kfjr djrh gqbZ fodkl'khy jgh gSA ,d vksj Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa os ew/kZU; gSa rks izxfroknh
dfo;ksa esa Hkh vxz gSaA ^dyk vkSj cw<+ pkan* es aiz;ksxoknh dkO; &izo`fRr dk izfrfuf/kRo gS rks
vk/;kRe& txr~ dks dkO; dk fo"k; cukus esa viuk vyx gh LFkku gSA bl izdkj vf/kdkf/kd
dkO; izo`fRr;ksa dks Loj nsus okyh iar dh dfork vR;Ur le`) gS A mlesa Hkko&i{k ds lkFk
&lkFk dyk i{k dk Hkh mRd`"V :i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ekuo us tc ls vk¡[ksa [kksyh gS
vius dks izd`fr dh jE; ØksM esa ØhM+k djrs gq, ik;k gSA izd`fr lnSo ls ekuo&thou ls
vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd thou dh vfHkO;fDr ls Hkh izd`fr dk lukru
laca/k jgk gS] gj ;qx esa] gj ns'k ds dfo;ksa us izd`fr ds ukuk miknkuksa ls viuh dfork &
dkfeuh dk J`axkj fd;k gSA
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
298
vk/kqfud ;qx esa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk izd`fr &fp=.k leLr fgUnh dkO; esa
fof'k"V LFkku dk vf/kdkjh gSA izd`fr Nk;koknh dfo dh izsj.kk vkSj mlds dkO; dh /kM+drh
gqbZ psruk gSA bl izdkj vkfndky ls ysdj v/kqukre fgUnh dkO; esa izd`fr & o.kZu fofo/k
:iksa esa gksrk gSA izR;sd ;qx ds lkfgR;dkj us vius ;qxcks/k] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa futh n`f"Vdks.k
ds vuqlkj izd`fr &fp=.k fd;k gSA ftlls fgUnh dkO; ds izd`fr fp=.k esa oSfo/; ,oa
vusdksUeq[krk n'kZuh; gSA vk/kqfud dkO; fo'ks"k :i esa Nk;koknh dkO; esa dfo dk izd`fr ds
izfr lokZf/kd vkd"kZ.k jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekuo vkSj izd`fr esa rknkRE; LFkkfir djus
esa Nk;koknh dfo lokZf/kd lQy gq, gSa rFkk Nk;koknh dfo;ksa esa lqfe=kuanu iar dk uke
mYys[kuh; gSA
lanHkZ xzaFk lwph
1- MkW- izse'kadj] fgUnh LoPNUnrkoknh dkO;] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh Hkksiky]
o"kZ 1974] i`"B 290A
2- tSu MkW- latho dqekj] izkphu dkO;] dSyk'k iqLrd lnu Hkksiky] o"kZ 2015 ]
i`"B 40 ISBN - 978-81-89900-571
3- JhokLro MkW- jkts'k] fgUnh lkfgR; dk izkphu bfrgkl] dSyk'k iqLrd lnu Hkksiky]
o"kZ 2014] i`"B 270] ISBN - 978-93-82836-16-4
4- kavitakosh.org - dfork dks'k & xaxk&o.kZu % HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnzA
5- 'kqDy MkW- jkepUnz] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] dey izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1997
i`"B 124A
International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
Vol. 8 Issue 1, January- 2018
ISSN(o): 2249-7382 | Impact Factor: 6.939
International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences
Email:- [email protected], http://www.euroasiapub.org
(An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal.)
299
6- tSu MkW- latho dqekj] vk/kqfud dkO; % iar ls eqfDrcks/k rd ;qx ,oa izo`fRr;ka]
dSyk'k iqLrd lnu Hkksiky] o"kZ 2015 ] i`"B 16 ISBN - 978-93-82836-92-6
7- frokjh iwuepanz] f}osnh;qxhu dkO; dh fo/kk,a] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh ¼e0iz0½
]1972 i`"B 395A