visited recently. He reported that ascientific career there carries the high-est prestige. Also, during the develop-ment of the individual, much moretime is devoted to educational pursuitsthan in the U.S., and there is thereforea correspondingly greater amount oftime available for science education.The consensus of the discussion on

the shaping of a scientist in our educa-tional system was that the mathematicalfoundations and the beginning of sci-ence as a way of thought as well as abody of knowledge should receive at-tention at the elementary school level.It was agreed that the determination ofwhether an individual is or is not likelyto become a scientist is made well be-fore the end of high school.ALICE Y. SCATES, Program Chairman

The Exceptional Child

Section Q and the Council for Ex-ceptional Children held two meetingsin joint session on 26 and 27 Decemberat the Shirley Savoy Hotel. The papers,with emphasis on research and theory,covered a wide range of problems con-cerned with exceptional children.

James Lent (University of Oregon)compared the attitudes of educable re-tarded children in special classses andin regular classes with respect to thelevel of aspiration in arithmetic-typeand reading-type tasks. He noted thateducable retarded children in specialclasses were significantly more realisticregarding their ability in arithmetic-typetasks than their counterparts in regularclasses. However, no significant differ-ences were found regarding reading-type tasks. To discover the social needsof retarded children, Barbara Edmon-son and John de Jung (University ofKansas) reported on a modification ofthe Syracuse Scales of Social Relations.They stated that the educable retardedcan recall a sufficient number of refer-ence names to make the scale feasiblefor measuring social needs in an inter-group setting.

Marion Philippus (University of Col-orado) and Louis Fliegler (University ofDenver), in studying the personality,value, and interest patterns of elemen-tary, secondary, and special-educationstudent teachers, found that special ed-ucators differed significantly from theother groups on 11 out of 22 scales.Rather interestingly, all three groupsrated social service interests above sci-ence and computational areas.The problems of the gifted child

were emphasized by Alice Hayden (Uni-versity of Washington), Edwin Richard-16 FEBRUARY 1962

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soni (University of Nevada), and CalvinTaylor (University of Utah). Haydenevaluated the qualities and qualifica-tions desired for teachers of the giftedas delineated by school administrators,gifted students, teachers of the gifted,and regular classroom teachers. Shefound that gifted children desired teach-ers who make them think, who createan interest in the subject, and who helpthem make good use of their time.Richardson stressed the fact that it is amistake to overemphasize the I.Q. indetermining the dynamic qualities of in-tellectualization demonstrated by thegifted. He further contended that thegifted appear to be more concernedwith specific abilities than with generalability, are perfectionistic in their ideas,are sensitive to values, and are over-critical in their approach to problems.Taylor reiterated that current measuresof intelligence are not identifying thecreative individual. There is, he said, aneed to define several types of gifted-ness and to construct adequate assess-ment procedures to delineate theseaspects of giftedness.

Miles Zintz (University of New Mex-ico) discussed his 3-year research study,which was carried out to identify, de-fine, and describe factors of culturaland environmental difference betweenIndians and non-Indians; to find waysto alleviate conflicts in classroom teach-ing-learning situations; and to providea basis for planning appropriate class-room adjustments. Teachers' middle-class values and life style were con-trasted with the values and life style ofPueblo and Navajo Indians and of thetraditional Middle Rio Grande SpanishAmericans. A pattern of over-age-in-grade status and increasing educationalretardation as students move throughthe school grades was found. There wasconsiderable evidence of a need for asystematic, sequential teaching of Eng-lish as a second language for all minor-ity ethnic groups in New Mexico.The body image of stutterers was

reported by Joseph Fitzpatrick (Uni-versity of Denver). He contrasted thedifferences accentuated by the stutterersin drawing themselves and their idealimage in the process of speaking. Em-pirical indices suggested that the tech-nique of drawing oneself is importantin evaluating progress in therapy.The way in which researchers use

content words and certain causativephrases was challenged by JosephSpradlin and Gerardeau (University ofKansas). They contended that contentwords should be defined in terms of ob-

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servable objects or events, or of thecharacteristics of such objects or events.It was also suggested that the termcause should be defined, and utilizedonly where an experimental manipula-tion had been made.

In summary, the high quality ofpapers reflected the increased researchinterest in the exceptional child.Louis A. FLIEGLER, Prooranm Cliairmiian

Science Teaching Societies (Q8)

A superb symposium arranged by theaffiliated science teaching societies andcovering some of the more fundamentalareas within the sphere of molecularbiology was held and was well attended.The history of ideas leading to the pres-

ent knowledge of the architecture ofcellular components was beautifully de-veloped in a remarkably coherent se-

quence by Leonard Lerman, HenryBorsook, an.d Irwin Sizer.

Genetic architecture was treated insome detail by Lerman (University ofColorado Medical School). The em-pirical evidence for establishing themolecular structure of deoxyribonucleicacid was presented from the standpointof both chemical analysis and x-ray dif-fraction detail. A superb metal "mobile"of a few nucleotides attracted consider-able attention.

Borsook (California Institute ofTechnology) focused attention on themolecular structure of proteins and de-veloped the "sentence" structure of theamino acid "alphabet." The exact se-

quence of some simpler proteins was

illustrated by means of simple, clearslides. A description of the variouschemical bonds was related to thechemical activity in terms of enzyme

attack sites.The role of enzymes in the molecular

architecture of cells was well presentedby Sizer (Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology). The chemical characteri-zation of ribonuclease was shown, andthe method for determining the activeenzyme site was followed through. Onlya very short section of the long chainwas pointed up as the active center.

ALFRED NOVAK, Program Chairman

Creativity in Science

In the research symposium on creativ-ity in science, arranged by the NationalAssociation for Research in ScienceTeaching and held on 29 December,Calvin Taylor presented a paper whichdescribed research techniques, the char-acteristics of creative scientists, andsome of the implications of the researchresults for the process of educating

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16 FEBRUARY 1962 569

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The Exceptional ChildLouis A. Fliegler

DOI: 10.1126/science.135.3503.567 (3503), 567-569.135Science 

ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/135/3503/567.citation

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trademark of AAAS. is a registeredScienceAdvancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. The title

(print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published by the American Association for theScience

1962 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science

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