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© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Chapter 14: Energy Resources
• Energy Use in the Industrial Age
• Energy Sources
• Energy Futures
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Energy Use in the Industrial Age
• Wood, Coal, and the Industrial Revolution
• Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine
• Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Shifts in U.S. Energy Use
Figure 14.1 U.S. energy production by source, 1870 to 1995, showing increased diversity in the sources of energy used.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
World Energy Production
Figure 14.2: World energy production showed substantial growth between 1970 and 2000, but with important periods of contraction associated with political tensions or economic decline.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
World Oil Prices
Figure 14.3: Between 1970 and 2000, prices have increased generally and also sharply as a result of the 1973 and 1979 energy crises and the 1990 Gulf War.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Energy Uses
Figure 14.4: U.S. Energy consumption by kind of use, 1949 to 2000.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Energy Sources• Oil and Natural Gas• Coal• Other Fossil Fuels• Nuclear Power• Renewable Energy• Energy Efficiency and Energy
Conservation
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Known Recoverable CoalWorld Total: 1,083,000 million metric tons
State Percent of Total
United States 25
Russia 16
China 12
Australia 9
India 8
See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Known Recoverable OilWorld Total: 1,028 billion barrels
State Percent of Total
Saudi Arabia 26
Iraq 11
United Arab Emirates 10
Kuwait 10
Iran 9
See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Known Recoverable Natural GasWorld Total: 5,289 trillion cubic feet
State Percent of Total
Russia 32
Iran 16
Qatar 7
United Arab Emirates 4
Saudi Arabia 4
See Table 14.2 in the text for the rest of the top-ten list.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Oil and Natural Gas
• Production and Consumption
• Oil Futures
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
U.S. Oil Imports
Figure 14.5: From 1950 to 2000, the U.S. continued to produce a significant amount of oil, but imports became an increasing proportion of U.S. consumption.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Gasoline Prices
Figure 14.6: Despite occasional price spikes, gasoline prices, when adjusted for inflation, remain low.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Oil Recoverability
Figure 14.7: Idealized pattern of cumulative production, based on a sigmoidal curve for oil recovery.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Coal
• Production and Consumption• Extraction and Environmental Impacts
– Underground mining– Strip or surface mining– Acid mine drainage
• Surface Mining Reclamation and Control Act of 1977
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Coal ReservesRatio of Reserves to Production
Country R/P (Years) Country R/P (Years)
China 94 Russia 607United States 220 Poland 156
South Africa 143 Germany 560
Australia 248 N. Korea 5
India 277 Indonesia 62
Ratio for entire world is 225 years.For details on production and reserves, see Table 14.3 in text.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
U.S. Coal Resources
Figure 14.8: Each kind of coal – with its particular sulfur content – exhibits a distinct geographic distribution.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Other Fossil Fuels
• Coal gasification or liquefaction
• Tar Sands
• Shale oil
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Nuclear Power
Figure 14.10: The nuclear fuel cycle
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Renewable Energy
• Renewable and perpetual
• Centralized and decentralized
• Hydroelectric power
• Geothermal
• Solar (active and passive)
• Wind
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Efficiency and Conservation
Figure 14.16: Per capita GNP and energy consumption, 1999. Countries above the trend line are less efficient than those below it. (Note log axes.)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Hydroelectric Generation
Figure 14.12: Generation by region, 1980 to 2000. Some regions are increasing steadily, with Latin America having the greatest per-capita use.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Hydroelectric Potential
Figure 14.13: Hydroelectric generation as a proportion of potential. Hydroelectric potential is a function both of total stream discharge and of total vertical potential.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Energy Futures
• High-Energy Options– Fossil Fuels– Nuclear and renewable
• Low-Energy Options– Conservation-Intensive– Low-growth
• Energy Policies for the Future
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
ISSUES
• 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl
• 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam
• 14.3: Electric Energy Deregulation and the California Energy Crisis
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Chapter 15: The Transition to a Global Sustainable Society
• Limits to Growth?
• What is Sustainable Development?
• How Does Sustainability Work?
• Tipping the Balance
• Looking Forward
• Epilogue
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Limits to Growth?
Figure 15.1: Results of the 1972 model, based on two different assumptions: (a) simple extrapolation into the future; and (b) stability in population and resource use.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
What is Sustainable Development?
• Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability
• A Working Definition of Sustainability
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
How Does Sustainability Work?
• Waste Recycling
• Waste Reduction
• Design for Reuse and Recycling
• Changing Consumption Patterns
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Decoupling
Figure 15.2: This simple graphic represents a daunting challenge: throughout history, resource use has always increased with wealth. Is it possible to continue increasing wealth, without a direct connection to resource use?
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
The Costs of Progress
Figure 15.3: As with many pollutants, SO2 concentrations are greatest in countries experiencing the early stages of economic growth.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Tipping the Balance
• Individual Action
• Corporate Action
• Government Action
• Looking Forward