© Intellitel Communications Ltd - Aalto University7 © Intellitel Communications Ltd • Centralised databases in 1980s (AT&T) First calling card and 800-services AT&T Software Defined

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Introduction to Intelligent Networks

Pasi Kemppainen

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• Introduction to Intelligent Networks Objectives History Standardisation Network components Services Markets and players Future

• Introduction to mobile intelligent networks GSM networking and standardisation principles CAMEL UMTS/3G

Agenda

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• IN business objectives additional revenues

• more traffic• new services• new customers

cost-efficiency• lower level of investments• lower service introduction costs• decrease operational costs• multivendor systems and networks

IN Business Objectives

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better customer service• rapid service introduction• differentiated services• centralized service/subscriber management• management over multiple networks

Reliability

Reasonable costs

Security

FeaturesEase of subscription

Personalisation

Tailorised billing

Connectivity

Ease of useCustomer care

Customer


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1960

SPCsElectro-mechanicalRelayswitches

1970

Support forMgmt

1980

Centraliseddatabases,CC and800 -services

1985

FeatureNode

1990 1995

“intelligence”

Time

non-IN

History - non-IN

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• SPC (Stored Program Control) exchanges in 1960s Computer technology and telephone network merged Routing intelligence in switches Offered services call waiting and traditional PBX (AT&T)

• Mid-1970s support for management and maintenance Databases located at network control points Value added services practical and economical to offer

• 1984 deregulation of the telecommunications markets in the USA AT&T’s regional telephone business split into baby bells

History - pre-IN

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• Centralised databases in 1980s (AT&T) First calling card and 800-services AT&T Software Defined Network (“pre-VPN”) Term ‘Intelligent Network’, Bellcore 1984

• term more for marketing purposes than for technology

‘Feature Node’ concept 1985 (Ameritech) objectives• total separation of services and switching• vendor independence • new services quickly and economically• services offered by third party

History - pre-IN

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1960


1970

Support forMgmt

1980


1985

FeatureNode

IN/1

1990

IN/1+

AINRel 0.0IN/2

1995

AINRel .0.1

AINRel 0.2

“intelligence”

Time

non-IN

BellcoreIN

History - AIN

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• IN/1, Bellcore 1986 Terminology (SCP, SSP) Centralised architecture

• SCP only a simple “number translator”• in service provision both SSP and SCP had to be updated (i.e.,

proprietary SSP-SCP protocols)• SS#7 signalling

Framework only for three new services• freephone• credit card billing• private numbering plan

Dropped by the regional operating companies• new regulations did not allow provision of services in national scale

History - IN/1

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• IN/2, Bellcore 1987 Generalization of the IN/1 approach

• no service-specific specifications

No switch dependency Rapid deployment of new services with standardized service logic

intepreter IP concept was introduced Functional components (FC)

• network capabilities availalable to services• FC’s were called by SCP and executed by SSP

Project timescales discovered unrealistic

History - IN/2

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• IN/1+, Bellcore 1991 Interim, downsized solution to IN/2 Timescales unrealistic, too Both IN/2 and IN/1+ were rejected by telcos

History - IN/1+

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• AIN (Advanced IN), Bellcore 1989 Influenced by IN/2 Phased standardization

• AIN Release 0.1 - 1991• AIN Release 0.2 - 1993• AIN Release 1.0 - 1995

Multivendor Interaction Forum (MVI)• in co-operation with other organisations and companies• solid industry standard• better interoperability with different systems• objective to achieve applicable specifications• introduced SLEE, SCE and IN call modelling

History - AIN

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Reported AIN Release situation • AIN rel 0.1, IN/1-based implementations ‘94• AIN rel 0.2, technical specifications for AIN ‘95-’96• AIN rel. 1.0 not anymore the target AIN-architecture (ANSI/TIA work)

Bellcore has withdrawn support for the AIN specifications• US operators’ own long-term plans were not aligned with AIN• US operators are now adapting ITU-T CS because of the ongoing global

liberalisation of telecommunications markets

ANSI/TIA-consortium is working to consolidate the CS and AIN specifications

• the mobile specification work is aligned with the standardization process• ITU-T supports mobile IN (GSM) through CS2 and CS3 (CAMEL) and

ANSI supports IS-41 through WIN (Wireless IN)

History - AIN

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1960


1970

Support forMgmt

1980


1985

FeatureNode

IN/1

1990

IN/1+

AINRel 0.0IN/2

CS

1995

CS1

AINRel .0.1

CS2

AINRel 0.2

“intelligence”

Time

non-IN

BellcoreIN

GlobalIN

History - Global IN

AINRel 1.0

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• CS (Capability Sets), ITU-T 1989 Framework equivalent to AIN Define basic IN-services (e.g. freephone, premium rate and UPT)

and service features Introduced IN conceptual model (INCM)

• 4-plane framework of IN structured telecommunications network

Service independent building blocks, SIBs• basic IN-service functional entities (e.g. digit collect and analyse, time and

date functions)• ideal service creation by grouping SIBs

History - CS

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Development in downwards compatible phases• CS1, published 1992 (ETSI specified downsized CORE CS1 specification 1994)

• CS2, design started 1992, first stable specifications out 6/96 (approved 1998)

• CS3, design focus on internet, mobility, multimedia and broadband networks (approved 2000)

• CS4 work started to consolidate the IETF and ITU-T/ETSI standards

CS1CS2

CS3

AINCS

History - CS

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• CS1 includes e.g. IN Conseptual Model (INCM)

• Service Plane (Services, Service Features)• Global Functional Plane (SIBs)• Distributed Functional Plane (Functional Entities)• Physical Plane (Physical Entities, protocols)

INAP interfaces for SSP - SCP - IP Basic Call Model (BCM)

History - CS1

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• CS2 includes e.g. All CS1 functionality (+INAP for SCP - SDP) Internetworking e.g.

• TMN (service and subscriber data management) • TCP/IP (WWW, intranets)

Advanced SRF (scripts) Feature interaction discovery methodologies Basic Non-Call Related Call Model (BNCM) New functional entities e.g.

• Call Unrelated Switching Function• Service Control User Access Function

Present - CS2

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010

“intelligence”

Time

Pre-IN

Future - Towards 3G/UMTS

AIN

CSx

GSM

WB/BB

Internet / WWW

GSM 2+ CAMEL, CS2, CS3

GSM 2+ GPRS, CS3

Fixed: ATM, FR, xDSL, cable, (D)WDM Mobile: HSCSD, EDGE, WCDMA

3G/UMTS3G/

UMTS

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CS3

v2+GSM v2

“telecommunicationsnetwork and services

intelligence”

time1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Analogoustelephonyservices

Modemservices

SS 6

SS 7Packet datanetworks, TCP/IP

World Wide Web

ISDNCorporateNetworks

NMT

GSM v1

IN CS1

ATM

3G/UMTSWLAN

TMN

OMG OMAIETF

TNI-RM

CS2

Evolution of Telecommunications

ODP/TINA

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SSP SSCP

SSF SSF

CCF CCF

SDF

SCF

SN

SCF

SDF

SRF

SSF

CCF

SRF

IP

SS#7 network

SCF

SDPSDF

AD SDF

SCF

SMSSMF

SCESCEF

Signalling

Management

SignallingTransferPoint (STP)

CCAF

NAP

CCAF

CCF

CCAF

SRF

Transport

Optional FE

IN Network Architecture

SCPSCP

STP

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SSF SSF

SCF

SDF

SRF

SMFSMAF

SCEF

CCAF CCF CCF CCF CCAF

Service managementService controlCall and Resource controlBearer control (below)

Operations Management Center

Local Exchange

SSP

IP

Local Exchange+ SSP

SCP

IN Architecture - Example

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Functional Entity Definition Related productsCall Control Agent Function (CCAF)

Provides the means to connect the subscriber terminal (i.e., phone) to switch (SSP). Controls the establishment and releases of calls on behalf subscriber's terminal.

Network Access Point (NAP), Service Switching Point (SSP)

Call Control Function (CCF)

Provides the means for establishing and controlling bearer services on behalf network users; the CCF refers to call and connection handling in classical sense

Service Switching Point (SSP)

Service Switching Function (SSF)

Provides the means to recognise calls requiring IN service processing, and to interact with call processing and service logic on behalf of these calls

Service Switching Point (SSP)

Service Control Function (SCF)

Provides the logical control applied to a call requiring IN service and handles service related processing activities, e.g. analysis translattion, screenig, routing; in other words the SCF contains the IN service logic

Service Control Point (SCP), adjuct (AD), Service Node (SN)

Service Data Function (SDF)

Handles the access to service-related and network data and provides a logical view of the data to the SCF

Service Control Point (SCP), adjuct (AD), Service Node (SN)

Specialised Resource Function (SRF)

Provides end-user interaction with the IN-structured network through control over resources such as DTMF receivers, voice, recognation capabilities, protocol conversion, announcements etc.

Service Node (SN), Intelligent Peripheral (IP)

Service Management Function (SMF)

Provides service provisioning deployment and management control; the SMF allows access to all IN functional entities for the transfer of information related to service logic and service data

Service Management System (SMS)

Service Creation Environment Function (SCEF)

provides the capability for the creation, verification and testing of new IN services

Service Creation Environment (SCE)

IN Terminology

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• Service Switching Point, SSP PSTN exchange modified to recognise and trigger IN-services Can have dialogues with different SCPs

• trigger points define the required IN services in calls• interconnections via Signalling Transfer Points (or not)

Dialogues with SCP’s based on SS7 signalling - no actual payload (e.g. voice) is transmitted in SS7 SSP+”SCF”+”SDF” = SSCP, Service Switching and Control

Point

IN Architecture

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• Service Control Point, SCP Service logic implemented in Service Logic Program (SLP) Services (SLPs) are run in Service Logic Execution Environment

(SLEE) e.g. OS, runtime modules, management procedures etc Service data can be located in Service Data Point i.e. (relational)

database• usually integrated to SCP• commercial product (Oracle,Sybase) or proprietary (in-memory/real-time)

database

Service interfaces to SSP/IP abstracted with TCAP or INAP (OSI application layer) High system availability with doubled and/or mated pair systems

IN Architecture

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• Adjuct, AD Functionally equivalent to SCP, but has

• direct communications link to SSP (X.25, IP, Frame Relay)• supports one-to-one relationship with SSP• usually small geographical coverage

IN Architecture

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• Intelligent Peripheral, IP Usually integrated with SSP or SN

• interface to SSP/SN incl. both signaling and data• TUP/ISUP call control signaling, service control usually proprietary

Service logic in SSP/SN/SCP• interface to SCP only signaling i.e. TCAP/INAP

Manages resources such as• announcements• speech recognitions• digit collection• protocol conversions

IN Architecture

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• Service Node, SN Complete set of resources and services for advanced IN services

• can have the functionality of SSP, SCP and IP• usually used for advanced voice-processing functionality e.g. voice

messaging

IN Architecture

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• Service Management System, SMS Supports both centralised subscriber and service data

management• ensure data consistency in distributed SCPs’ databases (SDPs)• service subscriber to an 800-service can configure call routing• operator can load new services to the SCPs• operator can gather statistics and billing data to the OSS (Operations

Support System)

Usually closely coupled with the SCP • no standard SMS-SCP interface protocols exist in CS1• CS2 specifies TMN as the management framework

IN Architecture

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• Service Creation Environment, SCE Framework for defining, developing and testing SLPs e.g.

• graphical SIB-based ‘drag and drop’• graphical SDL-based• high level, 4GL language based• low level C-language based with special resources e.g. libraries and

runtimes• proprietary graphic and/or text based

Services are loaded via SMS to SCPs

IN Architecture

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• Services are the core of IN Rapid service creation and deployment Time to market the competitive advantage Different services for different needs

• Ideally service environments facilitate the profiling of existing services as well as the provision of

customised service requirements third party service provision service creation/customisation by the subscribers

IN Services

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• Service categories Mass market services

• well-defined set of ‘basic’ service features• no customer differentiation• e.g. 800, premium rate, VPN, mobile services

Profiled services• same service features as in mass market services• user data can be easily and rapidly modified by the service subscriber

or the users• 800 service with dynamic routing, premium rate with information

selection, UPT

IN Services

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Custom services• tailored services for specific subscriber and end-user needs• service creation by subcribers• personal assistants, VPN and mobility in Intranet, voice and media

integration (VoIP)

Mass market services

Profiled services

Custom services

1980 1990 2000

ServiceComplexity /Value to customers

IN Services

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• Mass market services 800-service i.e. freephone

• the oldest and most widely used IN-service• the most profitable• in phone calls the subscriber is charged, not users• based on pure number translation with or without intelligent routing e.g.

call distribution call queueing time and date dependencies

• very widely used in USA, in Europe slow uptake

IN Services

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Premium rate• 700-service (also 600-service in Finland)• user is charged for the use of services• typically provision of information, direct selling, chat lines and televoting

Virtual Private Network, VPN• defined as a logical closed user group, implemented over public switched

telecommunications facilities• provision of private numbering plan• call charging on the basis of duration of usage• usage for switched voice, switched data or both• single interface for all domestic and international needs e.g. Sonera’s

02040 xxxx -numbering plan

IN Services

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Mobile/wireless services• basically all IN services are also available for mobile users• in addition mobility brings new opportunities for service offerings

mobile centrex services location sensitive billing and services universal voice mail

• mobile IN services roaming enabled by GSM CAMEL standard

IN Services

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• Profiled services Dynamic 800 call routing

• control of the service data in call routing via switching environment• subcriber can have own SMS to gather information of the service usage

Bank account query• DTMF coded user ID and password

Personal Communications Service (PCS)• users have unique PINs (Personal identification Number)• network access terminal independency

IN Services

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• Custom services Differentiated IN/telecommunication services for subscriber

basis• not possible with traditional IN technologies

IN-GSM-IP (WWW) integration CAMEL services

IN Services

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Deregulation

Liberalization

Competition

Differentation

Cost-efficiency

Time-to-market

Deregulation and liberalization process

Towards differentiated value-added services andcost-efficient technologies and business processes also in telecommunications business

Telecommunications Markets

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Telecommunications Markets• For the telecom infrastructure, there has been introduced

at least three different, yet complementing, service platform emphasises: telecommunications, IN and GSM in particular, enhanced value

added services platforms (the market differentation emphasis) e.g.

• HP• Ericsson• Lucent• Siemens• Nokia• Alcatel (incl. DSC Communications)• Nortel• Others: Compaq, Tecnomen, Logica

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Telecommunications Markets telecommunications and Internet-based telephony

interworking and integration platforms (the unified messaging and overlay switching emphasis)

• IVR-system vendors: Homisco/VoiceNet, Intervoice, …• tradional CTI-vendors: Genesys, …, and PBX-vendors• service node vendors: Teligent, Votek, IBM, …• enhanced service platform (ESP) vendors: Vicorp, Aethos, …• voice-over-IP vendors: Vocaltec, Elemedia, Databeam, ... AND Microsoft

telecommunications and Internet service infrastructure consolidation platforms (the service convergence emphasis)

• Intellitel Communications• ObjectSwitch, Corp.• Omnisoft, Inc.

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td proprietarytechnologies :

creaming priceshighest profits

standardization :advertizinghigh priceshigh profits

market segmentation :price competitiondifferentationlow profits market

competition :

overcapacityfalling pricesniche marketslower profits

Introductory Growth Maturity Decline

sales

VOD

IN

WLL

Internet-access

SDH

LANInternationalcalls

Domesticcalls

EDI

GSM

�Telecommunications market life cycle

Telecommunications Markets

(D)WDM

WAN

Security

WLAN

xDSL VoIP

WAPGPRS3G

SMS

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• IN business objectives additional revenues

• more traffic• new services• new customers

cost-efficiency• lower level of investments• lower service introduction costs• decrease operational costs• multivendor systems and networks


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better customer service• rapid service introduction• differentiated services• centralized service/subscriber management• management over multiple networks

Reliability

Reasonable costs

Security

FeaturesEase of subscrition

Personalisation

Tailorised billing

Connectivity

Ease of useCustomer care

Customer


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The vast majority of capital will be spent on SSF/CCF functionality and SCP-related products

• competition rises cost-efficiency• expect strategic partnerships and alliances

Personal mobility (PCS) became the killer application IP/web-integration in mobile services is inevitable (WAP,

GPRS) Will CAMEL take place? Liberation of Telco industry in Europe has fierced the

competition Expect consolidation of telecommunications operators and

service providers to continue

IN Markets

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Axiom IntelligentNetworks

Internet

Switching Circuit PacketSignalling SS7 TCP/IPPayload Trunk TCP/IPCongestion control Good PoorStandards De-jure De-factoService logic Centralized DistributedManagement Centralized DistributedNetwork API INAP, MAP, CAP Various: HTTP, SMTP ...Security Safe Not so safeBilling Centralized DistributedBusiness Oligopoly Free competitionTechnology Expensive,

proprietaryCost-efficient, standard tools

Open for 3rd party No YesTerminals Phones, PDAs ComputersSpeech Yes “Yes” (VoIP)Broadband ATM, WDM ATM, GbitEth, WDMMobility GSM, 3G/UMTS No. (IP v6 (?), mobile IP (?))Killer application PCS, GPRS WWW, e-commerce

IN vs. Internet

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• Intelligent Network, IN objectives Open standards, vendor independence Rapid service creation and deployment Centralised subscriber and service data management Differentiated services to customers

Rapid adaptation to market needs and competitionCompetitive advantage

Intelligents Networks - Summary

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• Intelligent Networks (IN) emphasis on service creation and deployment in

telecommunications networks e.g.• number translation services (800/700, VPN, …)• televoting• pre-paid services

IN objectives• rapid service creation and time to market• multivendor solutions• cost-efficiency

standardised networking interfaces and functionality (BellcoreAIN, ITU-T CS{1,2,3}) service and subscriber information (‘network intelligence’) is

stored in databases

Mobile Networking Evolution

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• Intelligent Network architecture

Kaukoverkko

SME

Alueverkko

muut PLMN:t,esim. PCS- tai

toisen operaattorinsamanlainen GSM-

verkko

PSTN

LE

Muidenmaiden KV-

keskukset

SSP

SSP

SSP

LE

SMS

EIR IPSDP

KansainvälinenSSP

Alueverkko

SSPLE

SCP

SCE


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• GSM networks first second generation (2G) global digital mobile networking

standard• first generation (1G) mobile networks based on analog systems (NMT,

AMPS)

emphasis on • wide networking coverage (national level, international roaming)• new value added services (short messages, voice mails, …)• interoperability with other networks (PSTN, IN, other GSM networks)

networking intelligence based on databases (registers)• IN functionality already exists in GSM networks • it is obvious that mobile networking evolution will align with IN evolution• objective is to utilise the exisiting IN standardisation and merge fixed and

mobile networking standardisation


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• GSM network architecture

NSS

OSS

BSS



verkko

PLMN

MSBTS

liitetty kaikkiin BSC:ihin

muut verkot:esimerkiksi

PSTN, ISDN,PSPDN tai

CSPDN

GMSC

MSC

MSBSC

BTS

OMC

EIR HLREIRAuC

VLR

SMS-GMSCtai

SMS-IWGMSC

SC

BSS

BSCMS

BTS

liitetty kaikkiin NSS:n elementteihin


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• GSM and IN integration: CAMEL GSM Phase 2+-defines CAMEL standard (Customised Applications

for Mobile network Enhanced Logic) for IN service provisioning• defines standard interfaces inbetween IN and GSM components• offers global roaming for value added services• enables new service operators to offer services globally

CAMEL enables the use of home operator or service operator services

• services will roam even in national networks• service billing can be managed in the home operator network (not desired by the

visited operators due to the lost revenues)


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CAMEL• CAMEL standardisation CAMEL Phase 1 objective was rapid time to market

• short numbering• call barring• extended call transfer (time and place independence)

CAMEL Phase 2 extends the phase 1 and is backward compatible• prepaid with advice of charging• private numbering• flexible charging• service numbers (e.g. 800 and 700 services)

CAMEL Phase 3 features e.g.• MO SMS triggering• SRF based IN services• GPRS prepaid services• fraud control

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NSS

OSS

BSS



verkko

PLMN

MSBTS

liitetty kaikkiin BSC:ihin



CSPDN

GMSC

VMSC

MSBSC

BTS

OMC

EIR HLREIRAuC

VLR

SMS-GMSCtai

SMS-IWGMSC

SC

BSS

BSCMS

BTS


Kaukoverkko

SCP

SDP

IP

SSP

Koti-GSM-verkko

CSEHLR

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Mobile Networking Evolution• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

Service) and 3G networks will be evolutionary from 2G/2.5G networks UMTS radio networks will be hierarchical (revolution, not

evolution) and based on WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). Theoretical bandwidths

• ~2 Mbit/s picocells• ~340 kbit/s microcells• ~64 kbit/s macrocells• ~14,4 kbit/s elsewhere

UMTS core networking infrastructure will be based on IN/GSM SS7 signalling network foundation (evolution, not revolution)

• wideband IP connectivity by GPRS, service roaming by CAMEL

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• UMTS network architecture


GPRS-infrastruktuuri

GnGn

Gi

Gi

VLRGR

GGSN

yhteys muihinGPRS-verkkoihin,

esimerkiksiInternetin avulla

IP-pohjainen GPRS-runkoverkko

GGSN

pakettidata-verkko:

esimerkiksiX.25 taiInternet

NSS

OSS


toisen operaattorinsamanlainen

UMTS-verkko



CSPDN

(ATM)GMSC

(ATM)MSC

OMC

EIR HLRSCPCSE

VLR

SMS-GMSCtai

SMS-IWGMSC

SC


Kannettavatietokone

MakrosoluMikrosolu

PLMN

MSW-BTS

MSRNC

W-BTS

mSCP

Pikosolu

RNC

W-BTS

MS

mSCP

SGSN

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• UMTS services traditional GSM services, in addition

• sophisticated radio network services in theory 2 Mbit/s - 14,4 kbit/s (in real life 300 kbit/s - 9,6 kbit/s)

• wideband multimedia services mp3 and mpeg4 based streaming services? WWW- and Java based user interfaces? wireless PDA/HPC appliances? wireless multi-conferencing services?

• virtual and private corporate mobile networks• global network connectivity?• GPS (Global Positioning System) connectivity?


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• Summary IN architecture will be in the core of mobile intelligent networks

• emphasis on networking functionality and registers (databases)• other future core networking functionality

ubiquitous IP connectivity (GPRS) global service roaming (CAMEL) provisioning of interactive services (WAP, WWW) new charging modes

UMTS will unify IN and GSM architectures, wideband radio networking and IP networks into universal communications networks

Mobile Convergence

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Mobile Convergence• Summary, cont. Wireless LAN (WLAN) networks will bring faster, cheaper and

more reliable IP connectivity• however, the speech quality, coverage and roaming will not be comparable

to GSM/UMTS networks

”4G networking” is about utilising and managing the best possible mobile/wireless connectivity seamlessly for the user e.g.

• 2G/3G roaming• 3G/WLAN roaming• network independent number portability

the weakest link might be the appliances’ support for multiple simultaneous network connections

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• UMTS is not the ultimate solution for all mobility and wireless services needs WLAN networks will bring faster, cheaper and more reliable IP

connectivity• however, the speech quality, coverage and roaming will not be comparable to

the combined GSM/UMTS networks

• More important than UMTS itself, will be the seamless integration of different networking accesses and services GPRS and WLAN roaming between operators and service providers CAMEL for national and global CS (voice+data) services roaming Mobile Number Portability for operator independent numbering

• Appliances will be the critical success factor Multinetwork mode appliances for GPRS (wap) and WLAN (web)

Mobile Convergence Reality Check

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© Intellitel Communications Ltd - Aalto University7 © Intellitel Communications Ltd • Centralised databases in 1980s (AT&T) First calling card and 800-services AT&T Software Defined