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SessionVlb No, 3 Retrofitted Wall Insulation: A State-of-the-Art Review G.A. Tsongas, Ph.D., P.E. ABSTRACT This_ paper is a state-of the art 'reV/lew of' retrofitting of Hall rnsulatiQn in,residences. The characteristics of the avai-lable insulatIng ntaterials are surmnari·zed.. The i-nfluence of a variety of factors on the therlll-al performance-of wa.11 insulatjoh-; as wen as on the overall bUilding's energy use, is assessed'. It was found that the addHion of wall insulation typically reduces the overall building energy use more than usuaHy pred'icted. Numerous potent i 031 s ide effects are also di'-scussed. Other concerns- are addressed, inel udlng the need for infrared thermographic inspection programs and d- possible derating of the of insulations to account for the substantial influence of typical: void areas. The fact that some insulating types seem preferable to other's is noted. the arivisdottity ofuttlity-sponsored wall insulation retrofitting, programs is discussed. recommendations for further study are presented. INTRODUCTION In a typical exist ing residence 'having cei 1 iog insulat Ion and-- stor'm windows, about 25% of the energy used is lost through uninsulated walls if the- floor i$ not insulated, aoli about 45% is lost if the floor is insulated. Stnce addtng conventional blown,-in insulation can reduce the rate of heat loss through walls by about major energy sav jngs can be ach ieved. Even retrofitt'tng' wall lnsulation- has been a, relatively low-priority- conservation measure for both homeowners and utilities. There are a,-combination of reasons for including the relatively poor paybacK, d,iff-iculties with inspection,., a variety of concerns over performance and potential problems, and widespread'nti-sinformation regarding. both inslIla.png materials and many of their advantages and potenti al d.ls,advantages. However, given that the cost of ,retrofitted wall insulat,ion ,is generally much cheaper than the cost of new power generat font and 'giv,en the huge potentia.! energy savings pass ible, it is likely that sooner or later most an residential waHs. will Ire insulated untess there are major problems in doing so. Thus, it appeared worthwhile to- review the state of the art of the retrofitting of wall insulation in r¢,sidence,s: and·'"sUlllnarize its status as an energy conservation measure. To that end, the char'acteristics of the various availab·le insulating materials and approaches will be described in this paper, with emphasis on their thermal performance. Side effects that result from retrofitting",wHI also be discussed, as will such topicS as qual ity control and advisabi-l ity of a major utility-sponsoret1 wall insulation retrofitting program. Finally, recommendations for further needed study wiH be presented. The contained in this paper is froln a more comprehensivt; detailed report.! . HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH WALLS Thermal insulation is used, in walls to minimize convecti-ve" and gas conductive heat transfer, while contributing only minimally to solid cohduct'i've heat transfer. The magn i tude of the total heat transfer depends on the temperature d,ifFerence across the wall t George A. Tsongas, Professor, Mechanical Engineering Oep'artment,- Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 548

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  • Bandwidth.com, Inc. Standard Default Rates ‐ All Toll Free and Domestic Voice Services(Effective September, 2015)

    Call TypeNPA or Dial Code

    (Originating for Inbound / Terminating for Outbound)

    Description Rate Per Minute

    Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 204 Canada‐MB $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 226 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 236 Canada‐BC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 242 Bahamas $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 246 Barbados $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 249 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 250 Canada‐BC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 264 Anguilla $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 268 Antigua and Barbuda $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 284 BVI $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 289 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 306 Canada‐SK $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 340 USVI $0.1000Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 343 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 345 Cayman Islands $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 365 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 403 Canada‐AB $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 416 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 418 Canada‐QC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 431 Canada‐MB $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 437 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 438 Canada‐QC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 441 Bermuda $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 450 Canada‐QC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 473 Grenada $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 506 Canada‐NB $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 514 Canada‐QC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 519 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 579 Canada‐QC  $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 581 Canada‐QC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 587 Canada‐AB $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 600 Canada‐CN $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 604 Canada‐BC $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 613 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 639 Canada‐SK $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 647 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 649 Turks and Caicos Islands $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 664 Montserrat $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 670 CNMI $0.3000Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 671 Guam $0.1500Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 684 American Samoa $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 705 Canada‐ON $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 709 Canada‐NL $0.0600Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 721 Sint Maarten $0.0290Inbound Toll Free (Origination) 758 St. Lucia $0.0290

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    Call TypeNPA or Dial Code

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    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    907 Alaska   $0.3800

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    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

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    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    671‐555 Guam Info   $1.2000

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    671 Guam   $0.0500

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    808 Hawaii   $0.0200

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    787‐555 Puerto Rico Info  $1.4800

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    939‐555 Puerto Rico Info  $1.4800

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    787 Puerto Rico  $0.0300

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    939 Puerto Rico  $0.0300

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    670‐555 Saipan Info   $1.2000

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    670 Saipan   $0.0900

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    340 U.S. Virgin Islands $0.0300

    Outbound Domestic Non‐Contiguous United States 

    340‐555 U.S. Virgin Islands Info $2.1500

    January 2016 Version Bandwidth.com, Inc. Proprietary Informaton ‐ For Intended Use Only Page 3 of 3