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Education, Jim Crow, and entertainment
In 1870, only 2% of all 17 year olds graduated from high school
By 1900 – 32 states had laws that required children between the ages of 8 and 14 to attend school
By 1910, 60% of American children attended school with more than a million students in high school
In an effort to limit child labor, parents pushed for local governments to provide funding for schools
Literacy – the ability to read and write Goal of immigrants Schools worked to assimilate immigrants
into daily life Assimilation – process by which people
of one culture become part of another culture
Segregation (separation) of the races meant different educational experiences
African Americans, Mexicans, and Native Americans
Only a small percentage of Native Americans were receiving formal schooling in 1900
Colleges
1880-1900 – 250 new colleges and universities opened
Wealthy people supported them 1885 – Leland Stanford – Stanford
University John D. Rockefeller gave a total of
$40 million to the University of Chicago
Women and College
Philanthropists – gave money to establish women’s colleges
For example, Vassar College in New York in 1865
However, some schools would not allow men and women together
Women’s schools were opened along side the men’s schools
Brown College (Pembroke), Harvard (Radcliffe)
Some schools did allow men and women to study together Oberlin Knox Antioch Cornell Boston University
Most scholarships went to men
Fear that college would make women unmanageable and unmarriageable
African Americans and College in the 1800s
1890 – only 160 African Americans were attending white colleges
All African American colleges 1856 – Wilberforce University in
Ohio – nation’s oldest private African American School
Booker T. Washington
• Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama•Taught students to focus on vocational skills•Said whites would accept once blacks succeeded economically•1901 Up From Slavery•1901 – invited to the White House by Theodore Roosevelt
W.E.B. Dubois
• Graduated from Fisk University in Nashville and went on to become the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard• Niagara Movement – called
for full civil liberties, an end to racial discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood• Disagreed with Booker T.
Washington• Eventually worked for the
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Booker T.
Washington
Vocational
W.E.B. DuboisAdvanc
ed liberal arts
education
Popular amusements in the Late 1800s
Saloons – most popular Dance halls Cabarets – musical shows Trolley parks – amusement parks
built at the end of trolley lines Moving pictures – 1903 –
The Great Train Robbery by 1908 – 8,000 nickelodeons (1st
movie theatres) - 5 cents
Vaudeville
Inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s
Comedy, dance, ventriloquists, jugglers, trapeze artists
Click for a Video
Sports
Boxing – Jack Johnson vs James Jeffries in the “Fight of the Century”
Horse Racing Baseball – most popular –
New York Knickerbockers one of first clubs
1869 – first professional team – Cincinnati Red Stockings
Football – adapted from European game
Basketball – invented by Dr. Naismith to keep athletes fit during the winter months
Sports continued…
Ice skating Bicycling
Women began wearing shirtwaists (ready-made blouses that tucked into shorter or split skirts
Dress code made women’s sports difficult
Newspapers
Comics, sports sections, Sunday editions, women’s pages, etc.
Yellow Journalism – sensational news, sometimes invented facts
Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
Magazines
McClure’s, Cosmopolitan Mark Twain The Gilded Age, The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
African American Influences
Negro Spirituals Minstrel Shows – white actors
performed in “black face” Ragtime and Jazz – Scott Joplin – St.
Louis
African americans in the South Voting restrictions
By 1890s, had to own property and pay a fee to vote (poll tax)
Literacy tests Grandfather clauses – passage of a piece of
legislation that exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before that law was passed (people could vote if their ancestors had voted – allowed poor whites to vote)
Segregation
Jim Crow Laws – named after a minstrel song and dance routine
Began to appear a few years after the end of Reconstruction
Dominated every aspect of daily life Separation of blacks and white in schools,
parks, public buildings, hospitals, transportation systems, water fountains, public toilets
Different sections at theaters
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
1896 Separate, but Equal ruling Homer Plessy felt his rights were
violated when he was not able to ride on train in Louisiana with whites
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation can exist, but facilities must be equal
Lynching
Illegal seizure and execution of a person, usually by hanging
1882-1892 – 1,200 black people were lynched
GO TO www.withoutsanctuary.com and see the postcards of lynchings.
Click here for a video about the postcards
Northern Discrimination
Segregation existed in the north Competition for jobs led to problems 1900 – race riot in New York City 1908 – race riot in Springfield, Illinois
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1910
By 1914 – 6,000 members 1914 – Supreme Court ruled
grandfather clauses unconstitutional
Department stores – wide variety of goods in larger quantities (for example, Macy’s 1858)
Farm families wanted access too RFD – Rural Free Delivery from the
Post Office (started in 1896) Mail order catalogs (Montgomery
Ward, Sears and Roebuck
Women
After the Civil War – took part in voluntary roles
Women’s clubs Dating started to occur outside the
home “New women” Pushed for more information about
birth control Margaret Sanger – New York Nurse who
supported birth control
