► In 1829, English inventor George Stephenson ran In 1829, English inventor George Stephenson ran a steam-powered locomotive called “the Rocket” a steam-powered locomotive called “the Rocket” at an astounding speed of 28 miles per hour. The at an astounding speed of 28 miles per hour. The first railway line from Liverpool to Manchester first railway line from Liverpool to Manchester began in 1830. Railroad companies soon began to began in 1830. Railroad companies soon began to spring up in earnest. By the middle of the spring up in earnest. By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were about 20,000 nineteenth century, there were about 20,000 miles of tracks in Great Britain.miles of tracks in Great Britain.

►List some of the ways that the railways affected List some of the ways that the railways affected Britain socially and economically during this Britain socially and economically during this period.period.

Warm-Up: The Railway AgeWarm-Up: The Railway Age

► The Industrial Revolution began in –The Industrial Revolution began in –a)a) FranceFranceb)b) ItalyItalyc)c) RussiaRussiad)d) Great BritainGreat Britain

TAKS Warm-Up: Industrial RevolutionTAKS Warm-Up: Industrial Revolution

Part 1: Industrial RevolutionPart 1: Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution in Great BritainIndustrial Revolution in Great Britain►Industrial Revolution (IR) began in the Industrial Revolution (IR) began in the

1780’s1780’s►Factors contributing to make Great Britain Factors contributing to make Great Britain

the starting place:the starting place: Agricultural practices changedAgricultural practices changed Population growthPopulation growth Ready supply of capital ($$$) to invest in new Ready supply of capital ($$$) to invest in new

machinesmachines Natural resources were plentifulNatural resources were plentiful Variety of markets (buyers)Variety of markets (buyers)

Changes in Cotton ProductionChanges in Cotton Production► Cotton goods production Cotton goods production

BEFORE IRBEFORE IR:: Spun cotton into thread and Spun cotton into thread and

then wove thread into cloththen wove thread into cloth► Cotton goods production Cotton goods production

AFTER IRAFTER IR:: ““Flying Shuttle”: made Flying Shuttle”: made

production of cloth fasterproduction of cloth faster ““Spinning Jenny”: made Spinning Jenny”: made

production of thread fasterproduction of thread faster Water powered loom Water powered loom

brought workers to the brought workers to the factories (which were factories (which were powered by a water source)powered by a water source)

► Improvements in steam Improvements in steam engine enabled engine to engine enabled engine to drive machinerydrive machinery Steam engine ran on coal Steam engine ran on coal

not, water power; no need not, water power; no need to build factories by water to build factories by water sourcessources

1760 imported 2.5 million 1760 imported 2.5 million lbs. of raw cotton – 1840 lbs. of raw cotton – 1840 imported 366 million lbs. of imported 366 million lbs. of raw cottonraw cotton

Cotton cloth becomes Cotton cloth becomes Britain’s most valuable Britain’s most valuable product – sold everywhereproduct – sold everywhere

““Flying Shuttle”Flying Shuttle”

Coal & Iron IndustriesCoal & Iron Industries►Success of the Success of the steam enginesteam engine increased the increased the

need for need for coalcoal Led to the expansion of Led to the expansion of coal productioncoal production New processes using coal led to the growth of New processes using coal led to the growth of

the the iron industryiron industry►17,000 tons of iron/yr. 17,000 tons of iron/yr. 70,000 tons of iron/yr. 70,000 tons of iron/yr.►By 1852, they had produced almost 3 million tons By 1852, they had produced almost 3 million tons

of ironof iron►Used to build new machinery and transportationUsed to build new machinery and transportation

RailroadsRailroads► Railroads were important to Railroads were important to

the success of the IRthe success of the IR► 1804: 11804: 1stst steam locomotive steam locomotive

(pulled 10 tons & 10 people (pulled 10 tons & 10 people @ 5mph)@ 5mph)

► Railroad created jobsRailroad created jobs► Less expensive transportation Less expensive transportation

led to lower-priced goodsled to lower-priced goods ““The Rocket:” 1The Rocket:” 1stst public railway, public railway,

opened in 1830, 16mph, 32 opened in 1830, 16mph, 32 mile trackmile track

By 1850’s speeds reached By 1850’s speeds reached 50mph50mph

Lower-priced goodsLower-priced goods

Less expensive transportationLess expensive transportation

Larger markets; more salesLarger markets; more sales

More factoriesMore factories

Invest profits in more Invest profits in more machinerymachinery

New FactoriesNew Factories

►Factory created new labor systemFactory created new labor system (working 24-7 to keep up high (working 24-7 to keep up high production levels)production levels)

►Most workers were not used to the Most workers were not used to the work schedulework scheduleOwners had to enforce strict rules Owners had to enforce strict rules

and punishmentsand punishments

Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization►EuropeEurope

Most governments encouraged the Most governments encouraged the development of industrializationdevelopment of industrialization

Provided funds to build roads, canals, Provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroadsand railroads

By the 1850’s a network of railways By the 1850’s a network of railways had been setup throughout all of had been setup throughout all of EuropeEurope

►North AmericaNorth America Population growth (5 to Population growth (5 to

30 million)30 million) Urban growthUrban growth By the 1850’s only ½ of By the 1850’s only ½ of

American workers were American workers were farmersfarmers

Desperately need Desperately need transportation systemtransportation system

Robert Fulton: 1Robert Fulton: 1stst paddle- paddle-wheel steamboat (the wheel steamboat (the ClermontClermont) – allowed ) – allowed travel along the travel along the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization

Spread of Industrialization Spread of Industrialization in North Americain North America

►Development of Railroad systemDevelopment of Railroad system 1830: 100 miles of track1830: 100 miles of track 1860: 30,000 miles of track1860: 30,000 miles of track Railroad turned U.S. into a huge market Railroad turned U.S. into a huge market

for manufactured goodsfor manufactured goods ►Development of factoriesDevelopment of factories

Most workers came from farms and most Most workers came from farms and most were womenwere women

Sometimes entire families would be Sometimes entire families would be employed at a factoryemployed at a factory

Social Impact in EuropeSocial Impact in Europe►Growth of Population & CitiesGrowth of Population & Cities

By 1850, the European population had By 1850, the European population had almost doubled to 266 millionalmost doubled to 266 million

Why such an increase in population?Why such an increase in population?►Decline in death rates, wars and diseasesDecline in death rates, wars and diseases►Increase in food supply (resisted disease)Increase in food supply (resisted disease)►Famine almost disappeared (1840’s – Potato Famine almost disappeared (1840’s – Potato

Famine)Famine)

►Why such an increase in the # of cities?Why such an increase in the # of cities? = increase in # of factories= increase in # of factories With the steam engine, factories didn’t need a With the steam engine, factories didn’t need a

water supply as a power sourcewater supply as a power source People moved to cities to find work – using the People moved to cities to find work – using the

railroad to travel to the cityrailroad to travel to the city Largest City: London, Great Britain (nearly 1 Largest City: London, Great Britain (nearly 1

million)million) Dangers of rapid growth: unsanitary living Dangers of rapid growth: unsanitary living

conditionsconditions

Social Impact in EuropeSocial Impact in Europe

►Quick growth, no planning= filth, Quick growth, no planning= filth, disease, few services disease, few services (urban life span (urban life span averages 17, rural 38)averages 17, rural 38)

The Industrial Middle ClassThe Industrial Middle Class►Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism: an economic : an economic

system based on industrial productionsystem based on industrial production Produced a new middle class group – the Produced a new middle class group – the

industrial middle classindustrial middle class This group:This group:

►Built the factories, bought the machines, Built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets wereand figured out where the markets were

►Qualities ranged from vision to greedQualities ranged from vision to greed

Industrial Working ClassIndustrial Working Class►This class of people faced:This class of people faced:

Horrible working conditions Horrible working conditions ►Mills were dirty and Mills were dirty and

dangerousdangerous►Mines always had cave-ins, Mines always had cave-ins,

explosions, and gas fumes; explosions, and gas fumes; cramped conditions & cramped conditions & constant dampness led to constant dampness led to deformities and ruined lungsdeformities and ruined lungs

Long hours (12-16 hrs./day; Long hours (12-16 hrs./day; 6 days a week)6 days a week)

No security of employmentNo security of employment No minimum wageNo minimum wage

►Women & Child Labor made up 2/3 of the Women & Child Labor made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforcecotton industry’s workforce

►Factory Act of 1833 set minimum age at 9Factory Act of 1833 set minimum age at 9►Families were used to working together, Families were used to working together,

hence, why women & children took up a hence, why women & children took up a large # of jobslarge # of jobs

►In the IR, men are expected to earn the In the IR, men are expected to earn the most for the familymost for the family

Industrial Working ClassIndustrial Working Class

Early SocialismEarly Socialism

►Socialism: System in which society, in Socialism: System in which society, in the form of a government, owns and the form of a government, owns and controls some means of production controls some means of production (ex. Factories)(ex. Factories)

►Isn’t very successfulIsn’t very successful

Assembly Line ActivityAssembly Line Activity

►Artisan WorkerArtisan Worker► Color the spelling blocks Color the spelling blocks

with their appropriate with their appropriate colorcolor

► Color as many sets of Color as many sets of blocks as possible in the blocks as possible in the available timeavailable time

► As an artisan, your As an artisan, your products are your work products are your work and your work alone!and your work alone!

►Factory WorkerFactory Worker► You will be assigned just You will be assigned just

a few colors/letters to a few colors/letters to complete in your groupcomplete in your group

► Once you have finished Once you have finished your part, pass the item your part, pass the item to the next person in lineto the next person in line

► Your goal as a team is to Your goal as a team is to produce as many quality produce as many quality products as possible products as possible