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© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Advanced Technologies towards Zero Emissions (ZETs) from coal fired plant and
their introduction in EU Member States
John TopperManaging Director, IEA Clean Coal Centre
Energy Policy and Strategy of Sustainable Development for Central and Eastern European Countries until 2030
Warsaw, Poland, 22-23 November
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
IEA Clean Coal Centre Members Today
UK
USA
Japan
Anglo S Africa
Eskom S Africa
NIGBHEL India
BRICC China
Austria
Canada
CEC
Italy
Sweden
ACIC Australia
CANZ N Zealand
Danish Power Group
http://www.iea-coal.org.ukhttp://www.iea-coal.org.uk
Rep. of Korea
BG Group UK
Germany
Eletrobras, Brazil
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Background and Content
• This presentation uses material from Towards zero emissions coal-fired power plants, an IEA CCC report recently issued, author Dr Colin Henderson
• Which is the third of a group of three - the first two were Clean coal technologies and Clean coal technologies roadmaps
• Will discuss targets for ZETs, the main technologies and development pathways
• And give examples of policies being followed in Germany and UK and by the European Commission.
www.iea-coal.org.uk
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Current plant emissions and suggested ZETs targets (stack gas concentrations at 6% O2, dry)
Techn’gy SO2
mg/m³NOx as NO2
mg/m³Particlesmg/m³
Mercury CO2
kg/kWh
PCC +FGD 100-400(to 98%)
100-200(SCR)
10-50 710-920
CFBC As PCC <200-400 <50
PFBC As PCC 120-400 <50
IGCC 98-99% removal
<75 <1
NGCC Negligible <30 (SCR)-300 0 ~370
PCC as ZETs
<100 (interim)<30 (eventual)
<100 (interim)<50 eventual)
<10 90% removal >80% removal
IGCC as ZETs
<25 <25 <1 90% removal >80% removal
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Technologies as possible bases for ZETs
• Starting point is current technologies: PCC, CFBC, PFBC and IGCC
• CO2 capture over-riding in setting ZETs plant designs
• As platforms for CO2 capture, supercritical PCC and IGCC most valuable
• PCC: large commercial base and experience of flue gas scrubbing for CO2 capture
• IGCC: good emissions performance and possible less efficiency loss for CO2 capture
• Both needed to allow for different drivers and policies in different countries
• CFBC will have a niche role
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
CO2 capture systems for PCC - ZETs
Air and coal CO2 to storage
N2, excess O2, H2O, etc
Oxygen and coal
CO2 to storage
Oxy-coal combustion
BoilerAmine
scrubbing
Boiler Moisture removal
Recycle combustion gases
De-NOx, FGD, ESP
Flue gas scrubbing
Contaminants removal
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (1)
CO2 capture - flue gas chemical scrubbing:
• Based on methods established on reducing gases using amines
• Experience on flue gas flows up to equivalent of 50 MWe
• Flue gas introduces issues like corrosion, solvent degradation
• Energy consumption high but being reduced (new solvents and integration improvements)
• Around a ~9% points efficiency penalty looks achievable
• Other work: inorganic absorbents; membrane contactors; physical separation
• Will need to consider how to integrate with SOx, NOx, particulates controls and possibly mercury removal
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (2)
CO2 caputre – oxygen firing with recycle flue gas (oxy-
coal firing):
• Demonstrated for power generation from coal only in pilot test rigs
• Feasibility study for retrofit 30 MWe coal unit in Australia
• Large pilot plant planned by Vatenfall next to Schwarze-Pumpe power station in Germany
• Efficiency penalty appears similar to chemical scrubbing
• New oxygen production technology would reduce penalty
• Potential issues: corrosion, deposition, in-leakage of air
• Co-disposal with other captured pollutants may allow close to true zero emissions
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Possible pathway to PCC-ZETs to 2025
2025
S/C PCC
Hg activities:removal methodscharacterisation
First commercial salesPCC-ZETs
retrofits and new Advanced PCC-ZETs
2005 2015
SO2, NOx, particulatescontrol: reduce cost
of systems
CO2 capture:Large plant
chemical scrubbing demo
CO2 capture R&D activities:New solvents, heat integration
Other absorbentsMembrane contactors
AdsorptionOxy-coal test programmes
Advanced USC PCC demonon-CO2 capture
Advanced USC PCCcommercial
non-CO2 capture
ITM oxygenplants commercial
Oxy-coal demo
Oxy-coal large plant demo
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
R&D needs – PCC and PCC-ZETs
• Ferritic materials and nickel alloys for higher steam conditions• Widen range of deep SO2 removal systems• Develop SCR for deep NOx removal from coal-fired plants• Develop mercury removal and measurement systems• CO2 capture by flue gas scrubbing - new solvents• CO2 capture from flue gas using membrane contactors and
adsorption techniques
• Oxy-coal: develop NOx removal from CO2 disposal stream• Oxy-coal: develop mercury removal from CO2 disposal stream• Oxy-coal combustion: explore process implications of co-disposal• Oxy-coal: testing of materials for high steam parameters• Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
CO2 pre-combustion capture for IGCC - ZETs
Gasification and solids removal
Acid gas removal system
CO2 to storage
Hydrogen to gas turbine
ShiftCoal plus oxygen
Hydrogen sulphide to sulphur recovery
Steam
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
IGCC - ZETs
CO2 capture – pre-combustion:
• For CO2 capture, syngas would be shifted to CO2 plus additional H2, CO2 separated and the H2 burnt in the gas turbine
• CO2 in relatively high concentration, capture with lower efficiency penalty compared with PCC plant
• Experience of E-class GTs on 95% H2. F-turbines under development
• Syngas shift requires steam - quench gasifier simplifies and reduces cost
Integrating enhanced abatement of conventional emissions:
• SO2 - already very low levels. Capture of CO2 can be integrated• NOx - SCR or future ultra low-NOx combustion systems• Co-disposal with CO2 could lower costs• Particulates emissions already virtually nil• Mercury emissions depend on the gasifier
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Possible pathway to 2025 for IGCC-ZETs
IGCCcommercial
scaledemos
Early full flow IGCC ZETsdemonstrations
Advanced IGCCZETs plants
various technologiesmulti-products
CO2 capture:physical scrubbing demo
ITM oxygenplants commercialCO2 capture R&D:
membrane separationmembrane reactors
PSA
HGCU R&D:particulatesSO2, NH3
mercury, CO2
Further large demonstrationnon-CO2 capture
IGCC plants
20252005 2015
Commercialnon-CO2 capture
IGCC plants
F-class hydrogen turbinedevelopment
and commercialisation(other markets)
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
R&D needs - IGCC and IGCC-ZETs
• Develop improved refractories• Improve gas coolers• Feed systems for low-rank coals• Hot gas clean‑up developments• Syngas tests on new turbine designs• Mercury removal and measurement systems
• CO2 separation technologies (physical solvents, membranes, adsorption)
• Membrane reactors• Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production• Demonstrate hydrogen turbines in F-class• Ultra low-NOx burners for syngas and hydrogen
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Why we need both technologies!
Uncertainty in R & D – not sure of outcomes and associated costs for ultra-supercritical PCC and IGCC
IGCC looks more suitable when CO2 Capture is involved but it is currently higher risk and will take 15-20+ years to see market penetration
Construction policy in China and India favours PCC – where most “new build” will occur
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
China – Future Ordering Patterns
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
New Orders to meet IEA/Interfax/McCoy/China Energy ForecastThermal Capacity 2020 Prediction = 720GW
GW
10
20
30
40
43
No.600MWUnits
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
European Roadmaps
Referat IX A 8
Federal Ministryof Economy and Labour
C O O R E T E C : Roadmap
2050
2020
2015
Pote
ntia
l of U
tilis
atio
n on
Tim
e Sc
ale
2010
2005
Risk of R&Dhighlow medium
Vision
Steam PP =50%Gas PP >60%
Steam PP =55%Gas pp =65%
Hybrid-Power Plant
Zero-Emission
Power Plant
Capture with
Membranes
Oxyfuel-Demo
IGCCDemo
CO2-Wash
CO2-Reservoirs
CO2/H2-Turbine
Materials
Materials 700°C
Procedures Protection Systems
Materials800°C
Min. Leaks
Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage
CarbonReduction
Time
`Increased Efficiency`Trajectory
`Zero Emissions`Trajectory
Near-term Mid-term Long-term
Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant
Key issue will be value of CO2
CAT Options are complementary
CCS Timeline
20202004 20122008 2015
CCS operational
Commence build
Demooperational
CommenceDemo
Immediate Issues to be Addressed :-• Design Studies• Performance Standards• Monitoring & Verification• Legal/Regulatory
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research- P Dechamps- P Dechamps – Nov 2004 – Nov 2004 - - 2121
CO2 C+S R&D Policy
A Priority in Long Term Energy R&D in FP6 (2002-2006)
Capture and sequestration of CO2, associated with cleaner fossil fuel plants.
Targets: reduce the cost of CO2 capture from 50-60 € to 20-30 € per tonne of CO2 captured, whilst aiming at achieving capture rates above 90%, and assess the reliability and long term stability of sequestration.
Directorate General for ResearchDirectorate General for Research- P Dechamps- P Dechamps – Nov 2004 – Nov 2004 - - 2222
Components of FP7? Continued focus on Carbon Capture and
Storage
Re-introduction of Clean Coal Technology in recognition of the drive for greater efficiency whilst CCS is developed and deployed
Technology Platform to advise on strategy and direction of these two elements
© IEA Clean Coal Centre
www.iea-coal.org.uk
Conclusions
• ZETs needed to maintain power security
• Targets are suggested for emissions of conventional pollutants and mercury as well as for CO2 for ZETs
• As platforms for ZETs, supercritical PCC and IGCC most likely to dominate future markets
• Incentives needed for conventional IGCC demonstrations also as a foundation for IGCC-ZETs
• Concentrate on increased efficiency and lower emissions of conventional pollutants whilst developing and deploying CCS technologies
• Does Poland and other Central European states need to become more engaged in the drive towards ZETs?