I.   Our self-esteem is shaped by our immediate family.II.  Our self-esteem is shaped by our interactions with friends.III. Our self-esteem is shaped by the media.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of three factors that shape our self-esteem.

Central Idea: Our self-esteem is shaped by our family, friends and the media.

2-5 main pointskeep them separateuse parallel wordingbalance your attention to each main 

point reflect main points in the Central Ideause strategic ordering 

Central Idea: The five traits to consider when choosing a diamond are carat, color, clarity, cut and cost.

I. One trait to consider when choosing a diamond is carat.

II. A second trait to consider when choosing a diamond is color.

III. A third trait to consider when choosing a diamond is clarity.

IV. A fourth trait to consider when choosing a diamond is cut.

V. A fifth trait to consider when choosing a diamond is cost.

An experiment

TOPICAL CHRONOLOGICAL SPATIAL CAUSAL PROBLEM-SOLUTION

I. Cesar Chavez is best known for his efforts to protect the rights of Hispanic farm workers in California.

II. Cesar Chavez was also a tireless advocate for Hispanic racial and cultural pride in general.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the major accomplishments of Cesar Chavez.

The most common organizing strategy. Perfect structure for speeches about types of 

things or speeches that list aspects of a topic. ◦So this is what you want for Paired 

Perspectives! To use it well, the points must have a clear 

link or theme. This structure offers only limited strategic 

benefit.

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the historical development of the sport of golf.

I. The ISU Campanile was constructed between 1897-1898.

II. The ISU Campanile was outfitted with new bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967.

III. The ISU Campanile was renovated between 1992 to 1994.

To Inform my audience about the construction history of the ISU Campanile.

Main points are arranged according to a time sequence.

Process speeches are usually chronological.

Speeches about events and about people can use chronological order.

There is a strong psychological benefit to this structure.

I. Caused by the bite of infected mosquitoes, West Nile Virus is spreading throughout the United States.

II. The effects of West Nile Virus include flu-like symptoms, convulsions, swelling of the brain, and sometimes, death. 

Central Idea: West Nile Virus is spread by infected mosquitoes and results in serious illness.

Certainly has psychological benefits since causal reasoning is a way that we process information in the world.

Can run cause to effect (like the West Nile example)

Can run effect to cause:I.  Gas prices are skyrocketing around the world. II. Several factors are responsible for these steep 

increases.

Causal patterns lend themselves to persuasive speeches about factual issues.

Causal patterns can be used for informative speeches◦ especially for medical topics◦ i.e. causes and effects of 

diabetes

I. The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is about as thick as a sheet of paper. 

II. The middle layer of the skin, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis.

III. The innermost layer of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, is by far the thickest layer. 

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the characteristics of the layers of the skin.

Central Idea: The outer, middle and innermost layers of the skin each have distinct characteristics.

Follows a directional pattern: outside to inside; east to west, top to bottom etc.

Great for informative speeches about places or for historical topics.

There is some psychological benefit to this pattern, especially with visual learners.

I. Childhood obesity has reached crisis proportions in the United States.

II. Solving the problem will require changes in attitudes, eating habits, and exercise.

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the U.S. must take steps to solve the problems of childhood obesity.

Central Idea: Childhood obesity is a serious problem in the U.S. that must be addressed through changes in attitudes and the adoption of healthy habits.

Used most often in persuasive contexts.◦ It has a strong psychological benefit.◦ You first prove that something is broken.◦And then you fix it.

Can be used for informative speeches, especially on medical topics.I. Alzheimer’s is a serious illness that affects its 

victims’ minds as well as their bodies.II. New treatments for Alzheimer’s are improving the 

lives of its victims

The key to making your speech listener-friendly.

As chapter 8 makes clear there are four major types of connectives:◦Transitions◦Internal Previews◦Internal Summaries◦Signposts

Transitions: move the audience quickly from one main point or sub-point to the next.

Increasing the amount of money spent on education is only one part of the solution. The other part is to ensure that the money is spent wisely.

Now that we have explored the ancient origins of astrology, let us turn to its modern popularity.

So much for the present; what about the future?

We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem. It’s time now to discuss the solution.

I. The ISU Campanile was constructed between 1897-1898.

Transition: Although construction ended in 1898, the Campanile didn’t receive its 1st bells until a year later.

II. The ISU Campanile was outfitted with new bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967.

As we look at America’s deteriorating public works system, we shall deal first with our streets and highways, second with our bridges, and third with our water systems.

In short, palm reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than five thousand years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, survived the Industrial Revolution, and remains popular today.

I. The ISU Campanile was constructed between 1897-1898. [Transition]: Although construction ended in 1898, the

Campanile didn’t receive its 1st bells until a year later. [Internal Preview]: And over the next 70 years large gifts were

made to the University so that the number of bells and the music they could play would be expanded. Let’s look more closely at that first set of bells and then at each of the additions made in 1929, 1956 and 1967.

II. The ISU Campanile was outfitted with additional bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967.

[Internal Summary]: So far we’ve seen how Edgar Stanton’s memorial gift for his wife in the late 1890’s has grown from 10 bells to fifty. We’ve been able to hear how the addition of each set of bells in 1899, 1929, 1956 and 1967 has extended the musical ability of our Campanile.

SIGNPOSTS CAN BE:

Numbers: “first”, “second”, “third” Other signals: “next”, “finally” Underscoring: “The most important thing to 

remember,”  “Above all”, “Let me repeat,” “This will be on the exam”

CARRP

Credibility and Goodwill Attention and Interest Relate to Audience  Reveal Topic Preview the Body Typical order in a speech: Attention and Relate to 

Audience, Reveal Topic, Credibility, Preview

Relate the topic to the audience

State the importance of your topic

Startle the audience Arouse curiosity Question the audience Begin with a quotation

Tell a story Establish common ground Use humor Refer to the speech 

situation or context Use an analogy Do an action Do whatever you do with 

eye contact and confidence

signal the end◦ verbally◦ non-verbally

reinforce the central idea◦ summary◦ dramatic statement◦ reference back to the introduction

Turn to p. 18 in the Workbook Time limit: 4 Minutes, +/- 1 min.

To inform my audience about how birthdays are celebrated in our families.

To inform my audience of two approaches to getting involved in campus life.

To inform my audience about how our families deal with talking about money.

To inform my audience of two approaches to dealing with stress.

To inform my audience about how the size of our high schools had an impact on us.

To inform my audience about our different learning styles.

David Martin and Abby Stonner

Can you hear the structure?Can you hear all the parts of the Introduction?

CredibilityAttentionReveal TopicRelate to AudiencePreview

Can you hear all the parts of the Conclusion?Signal the EndReinforce the Central Idea

Review Outlining Principles Practice Outlining Processes Work on Paired Perspectives Speeches◦ Turn in the Paired Perspectives Topic Form w/Partner [10 pts]

Next week: ◦Monday : Deliver Paired Perspectives [15 pts]; submit 

Informative Speech Topic Forms via WebCT◦Wednesday: finish up Paired Perspectives Speeches and 

discuss Informative Speech Topics◦ Friday back in lecture for Speech Development