, ., I No.' 34-VOL;...1Ll

FRIDAY,

:! 1ST AUGUST, 1953

"Ilthud .t til. c.P.o. AI. N."....,.",

Price 6d.

I..Nfounded by Mahatma Gandhi in 190.3

What Mr. Nehru Said~\To~:-violellcc is theJ/[reat­

esl jorce al tlu: disPpsal ofma11kill d. It is migldierthaI: !he migMzcsl weapon(if destruction devised byIhe iugclmit). of man, De­strnction IS no! II:e law ofthe humans. Jl f tZ u livesfreely oy Ids readiness todie, if need be, at the haudsof his brolher, never byki/liuf{ him. Eve1T murder~Y other illjU,.,., 1/0 matterfor whal cause, committedor inJliclcd Oil another isa crime agailzst humanit)'.

, ,-0-

It lias become Ihe fashioltIfusc days to say that, soddy{fl1t~ot be organi5c,d or run011 uou-uiolent li1les., I JoinIssue 011 that point. Itt afamily, whett a father slaps!lis delilltjllcnt child, thelatter docs not thi7tk ofrclaliatiug. Hc obeys hisfal/ICY not because of tl:edeter-rent' effect of the 'slaphut because of tl:e ojje1ldcdlove whiclt he senses behind!'t. T11a.t, itt 11t}' opiniot:, is

, ,vi epitonc of· the war iuwldel: society is or shouldbe governed. ' Tf~ha{ is trueof tile family must be t;'1ICof society wlliell is hut alarger family.

-Mallatma, Gandhi .

(From Our Delhi Correspondent)

orr HE Prime l\Iinister Mr. Nehru declared once again in the clearest possible, 11 terms the Government's policy towards Africa and the I ndians residing there.

during :J. Press conference, A correspondent referred to the reactions illthe United Kingdom to his remarks 011 the African situation at .the Agra sessionof the All India Congress Committee, wherein he had described ns "scandalous"the treatment meted out to Africans.

1\1 r. i' ehru said that his remarks at Agra were generally about the whole ofAfrica. "\Vhat I said there represents roughly five per cent. of what I had In

mind." ,

.' "At Agra I had deliberately not referred to any particular instance nor anyparticular part of Africa. What I said was that the entire question of Africa wasof supreme importance and people did not seem to realise it, I t was importantfrom many points of view and if this fact was not realised. the world may wellhave to face a major explosion and eruption in Africa and of the worst type-theracial war type.

"I pointed out two matters specially. One was the denial of political freedumand the other was racial discrimination and inequality. Both arc exemplified inAfrica, more than anywhere else today.

. "One can understand a certain delay in political changes or political progressprovided the objective is there, but I do not see why I should accept any non­recognition of racial equality. That is a matter which may be most evident inAfrica. but which concerns everyone of us here.

"At no time arc we prepared to put up with that doctrine of racial inequality,whatever the consequences to I ndia or to anyone else. I want to make that per-fectly clear. II ~

"Pernicious Policy"

"Sinc~ becoming Prime Minister it has been my desire naturally to refrainfrom saying things about other countries, but where policies are declared and f01­lowed like those .for instance in' South Africa which, I think, arc pernicious in theextreme and which are insulting in the extreme. to expect me to remain silentabout them is to expect the impossible."

Continuing Mr. -Nehru asked with some vehemence: "Apart fro~ political"considerations, I would like to know how far discrimination is exercised in regardto Indians in East Africa? I am not talking about other matters. " The dominionof South Africa is an independent country, but others arc' subject countries anddiscrimlnarlon is still exercised not 'only against the poor Africans, but againstothers,"

A correspondent drew his attention to an article in 'The New York .T imes '. that 'E uro peans in Africa felt that through it's policies, India wanted Afric~ toabsorb her ~~rplus population and that IVIr. Nehru wanted to start "a new kind <Ifimperialism. II I

(Coutiulled 01: paf{c 52I)

~i& lNOIAN ~r ~t Auguit,

A Novel Way

......._----------- ------FRIDAY. 21sT AUGUST. 1953

INDIANOPINION

Chief Luthuli, whom theGovernment have deemedfit to depose because hespoke and did ",hat ",asright in the true sense ofthe term, and a person lik~

Mr. Donald Mtirnkulu, theprincipal of the OhlangeJnstitute, who has just hadthe honour of being award­ed the Corona'tion medal,should be treated like a'~pariah" should he be travel­ling on a South African aero­plane and be allotted a seg­regated seat and that an or­dinary hostess would refuseto serve him. This is just toquote a single glaring ex­ample of the existing stateof affairs. Jfa White man cantolerate such humiliationimposed on anyone be heof whatever colour or race,there can be no respect forthe civilisation he so boast­fully claims to represent.If a person subjected tosuch humiliation can put upwith it without feeling hurthe is far from civilised. At Ithe rate things are movinglife for any self-respect­ing person in this coun­try is becoming intolerable.It must result ultimately ina tlare up in one way or theother. We do not mindrepeating ad uosinm thatthe best way to encounterthis is non-violent passiveresistance, which meansrefusing to submit toevil and quietly welcomingthe consequences whateverthey may be without anyform of retaliatlon. Onlyin that and no other methodlies the salvation of theoppressed people in SouthAfrica and all over rhe world.That is the only true way toachieve the much longedfor world peace. It maynot come in our life time.V.rc shall however have thesatisfaction of having work­ed for it-of having madeour humble contributiontowards it. When we planta tree we are not :llwa);s ror~

tunnte enough to enjoy thefruits thereof. UUl othersenjoy-them and uresl those •who planted it.

What we need to bewareof is this "divide and rule"policy. It is not loaves andfishes that we are after. I t is aquestion of vital principleon which society is sup­posed to be based. Arethe non-Europeans to bedifferentiated against on thebasis of colour or is everyindividual to be judged byhis or her merit irrespec­tive of class. creed or colour?That is the vital questionbefore us. It is argued thatthe poor ignorant man doesnot understand that. \Vnathe understands and is con­cerncd about is his bread.That is true. It is also truethat a person born andJ::rown up under slaverydoes not know the evil, ofslavery. I t does not there­fore mean ihat it is goodfor him to remain a slaveand that those who knowbetter should not teach himwhat is right or wrongand lead him on the rightpath. If those who do 80

arc termed "agitators" thereis nothing to be ashamed ofin that. Such agitation is notonly legitimate but it i, the'1;lcrccl duty of every manand woman to carry 011 such:Li:itatioll. It is dbgustingto think that a person like

Government are up to.There are "Bhe'ngus" in

all communities and wedare say the Governmentcan well succeed in gettingthem together and bolsterup a case in their ownfavour. But the same canbe done in the oppositedirection too. \Ve dare :oayit is possible to Ret togethera larger number of Afrikan­ers than Dr. Malan and hisGovernment can imagine,who al e individually deadlyopposed to the Govern­ment's present non-Euro­pean policy. And thatwould perhaps be a truermandate of the people thanthe Government claim tohave at present for theiractions.

r

a t wo-t hirds majority at aJomt situng' of Parliamentand thereby leg-all" chanjredthe franchise rights of theColoureds, the latter wouldnever accept the change ingood spirit and wou'ld pledgethemselves to r egnin theirciri/enship rights." In itsmernor.mdum the C.P.N:U.rejected allr proposed com­promise as far as the col­oured man's vote was con­cerned and considered theproposals made in the SouthAfrica Act Amendment Billto be a breach of the con­tract of the Act of Union.It appealed to the GO\·­crnrncn t not to create a

situatlon which would dis­turb the p:.:acc of the land.The mcmor.mdum statedthat the C .P.N.V. is firmlyconvinced that the placingof the Coloured people ona sep ir.itc voters roll will,to all intents and purposes,reduce the Coloured vote inthe Cape to a st ate of value­less insiglli fic.incc.

. There is no doubt aboutthe f.ict that the: variousdeputations th,u met theGovernment lrid no man­d.itc to do :' 0 from thepeople they claimed to re­present. And Ull vital mat­tcrs of principle affectill~

the non - European commun­ity it is indeed foolish forindiviclu .•ls to meet the Gov­ernmcnt. The}' can at bestrepresent them.selves andnobody else. If lhi~ lessonhas not already galle hometo rhc Coloured people in

. p irth.ular and the non­

EurupO: ;lIIS ill ~:clleral itshould d" ·.u 1I0W aft!::r thecxpcricnc« III tit.; g une th,;

~OR reasons knownil~ to the Government

themselves the jointsitting' of both Houses ofParliament on the SouthAfrica Act Amendment Dillhas been postponed fromAugust 19 to September 16.In the meantime the Prime1\1 inister. Dr. Malan, to­gether with his other 1\1 in­istcrs, has been busying him­self getting the Colouredpeople to support the prin­ciple of Separate Represen­tation b) \ meeting some oftheir leaders. He has metseveral deputations of theColoured community where­as hitherto he steadfastlyrefused to meet an}' re~poll­

sible leaders of the non­Europeans to discuss theproblems vitally affectingthem. And what a novelway he has found to gettheir acquiescence to hisGovernment's pol i e}' ofApartheid I After havingmet these people the PrimeMinister comes out with an

official statement th ,u "thegenera~ impression whichthe Government has gainedfrom the series of discus­sions is. that the extent 01

the opposition of the Col­oured community againstthe: separate representationof voters is not at all sogreat as is pretended incertain circles." The Col­oured Peoples NationalUnion, in its memorandumto the Prime Minister, how­ever, declared it, total andunequivocal opposition toany tampering with theColoured vote as it standsat present and warn-d that"j(lht: Government obtained

CITY COUNCIL'S ZONING PROPOSALSBEFORE LAND TENURE BOARD

2' st August, 19$3 , N [j' fAN

PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION OF GROUPAREAS ACT IN DURBAN

517

proposals ever 61,000 Indianswould be displaced eventuallyand over 6,000 acres of land wasto be affected in Indian owner­ship, answered Mr. Comrie, •

Mr. Barker QuestionedWhen Mr. Barker, Chairman of

the Reference and Planning Com­mittee, appointed by the Ministerof the Interior, gave evidenceearly in the week, Mr. S ingh ques­tioned bim on the broad effectsof his proposals which excej.t forthe Sydenbam Coloured area,agreed with the City Council'splans.

• Mr. Barker admitted that bisCommittee's proposals were basedmamly on the principle of racialsegregation and on a reg ionalradial pattern. He agreed thatthe proposals would eventuallyhave very drastic effects on theIndian population. He admitted,in answer to Mr. Singh, thateventually over two thirds of theIndian and African populationswould have to be displaced-num­bering 'over 200,000 compared toabout 5,000 Europeans affected,

Mr. Bar ker accepted that theColoured area in Sydenham wouldbe a pocket in a thickly settledIndian area and he agreed thatit could be Indian without causing

Rural Areas For Indians 'hardship to any community as itcontained over 12,000 Indians,

Mr. Comrie, in answer to Mr.Singh, admitted that the built up . ~ompared to 2,000 Coloureds andareas in Woodlands and Montclair, lust over 1,200 Europeans. '

and Sea View-Be1liar were being Other Representativesretained for Europeans wheres , 'Indians were being given ihe Dr. Babaolal and Mr. T. M •.rural areas in Umhlatuzana, Stain- . Naicker appeared. for the Com'bank Estate and Duffs Road. bined Indian Ratepayers Associa-

Mr. Singh argued that the tion and Mr. Goldberg withBoard was not there to perpetuate Messrs, P. R. Pather and A M ,existing inequalities but had to Moola for the Natal Indiancensidca the removal of inequities Organisation. Thc N .I,O. putin regard to the non-Europeansresulting from a policy of discrim- UP ' alternative proposals for 10-inat ion against them in the past. dian Group areas in Riverside,For instance, Mr. 'S ing h said, the Prospect Hall, Cato Manor aodwhole of the sea front from Mar- Mayville, Sydenham and portionsgate to Umhlanga Ro~ks was of Jacobs area, and the valley ofwhite and asked why this should Rossburgh Sea View Bel1air andremain so and why the non-Euro- , H'lI '. 'peans should ' be excluded from ', . I ary.

~i~:i~~c:~ti~::?s~ point y;it~ : ff~~:Jl~~rl

Cato Manor ~~ t1. " l:Ulr~Mr. Comrie .a d rnit ted that I.NTISfPTlC 0mrrlH: fa

making MayvilJe :and Cato Manorwhite involved the displacement • ''':;'?i. :1~~~~''.~lr.. ... ..... " ,,t-«"" ~tJ••> ~ ~of 25,800 Indians and . 28,300 ""-;:. ' 0 c 11 ~,,"l 'J§ r-

Africans in favour of 6,300' Euro- '?:dfi" " ~:t~ ~1".i--im~'~!}1 ~ ~ - :%~,~I ~pesns, and that 2414 acres of In- ~~~"~'lI<, .,'n:~'l{; .. •.dian land would be taken away.; '":~"""~" ~~~2.1~_.·e;4!l§:valued over 6' mil han p~iinds. In' , ~Sydenham 346 acres of I Indian A 'cutl seeeteb -cr sore dCIIl.wds Cuttc wa

larid was affected. 00 the Berea' Q,n'\'::.~~ L,~l~cll~tr~~J;~bafi~~,""l':~~and central arca 127 :lcres valued ....1.. scalp Irrttatscns, rougb bands and

l trred acbmg feet. Cuncuru Omtmentat over 2 million 600 thousand sb ould be used I" every h ou seh old ,

pounds were to be lost by Ia· w PROTECTS from GERMS "-d ians, PROMOTES HEALING

According to tbe Council's ~5.!.:S'~ ./

whites in making the Beach andthe Berea white.

Mr. S ingh asked Mr. Comriewhy Durban had to remain awbite holiday resort. "Whyshould'nt ccn-Buropean visitorsbe welcome?"

Mr. S ingh stated that radialzoning was not natural but im­posed and that the present distri­bution was natural . The idea ofa separate Indian town was notscientific. Mr. Comrie could not ­give an example of such a separateIndian town anywhere ill theUnion. Mr. Comrie said that hehad not visited the Indian loca­tions at Germistcn, Boksburg,Benoni and Pretoria.

Mr. Comrie admitted that theplans emanated from a Councilelected by the Wbite vcters-e--Thenon-Europeans had no say in theproposals and that the main linesuburbs of Sea View, Bellair andHillary had been changed fromIndian to white due to Europeanprotests. Mr, Comrie said thathe was aware of non-Europeanprotests but these did not materi­a1ly chauge the Council's pro­posals.

Mr. Comrie admitted th at over6,000 Indians would be displacedin the Sea View-Bellair area and10.500 Indians in the SydcnbamColoured area as a result of th eCouncil's changed proposals'.

Berea And Beac',lMr. Singh staled that the

white City Council was respon­sible with its policy favourin\: the

conflict Mr. Comricladmitted thatthere were no instances of actualconflict between Europeans andIndians.

In answer to further questionsMr. Singh establisbed tbat tradecould not be controlled by GroupAreas and that separation of raceswill bit at traders of all races.Mr. Comrie admitted that therewas notbing wrong in the racesliving together in the central andworking areas. Mr. Singh thenasked "wby cannot the races livetogether in tbe residential a reas?"Mr. Comrie: "There are otherconsiderations,"

Mr. Comrie admitted thatsettled homogeneous communitiesshould not be disturbed butadded that Cato Manor, Mayville,Sydenham aod Overport blockedEuropean expansion from theBerea into the hinterland of West­ville , Malvern and Pinetown andwas recommended Ior white occu­pation. Mr. Comrie admittedthat the central working areas hadto be controlled and would even­tually be white.

Indians To Lose 3,Oi.0Acres In City

In answer to Mr. Singh, Mr.Comrie stated that eventuallyIndian land ownership in the Citywould be decreased from 10,700acres to 7,350 acres-a reductionof Indian holdings by over 3,000acres whereas European holdingswould be increased by over10,000 acres from 15,300 to25,500 acres.

Mr. Comne admitted that theCouncil's proposals would allow54,000 Indians, 21,000 Europeans,44,000 Africans and 6,000 Col ·oureds to live together in theworking areas witbout segregationand racial group. Mr. Singhdeduced: "If one-third of theCity's population can live togetherwby disturb the position at a1lwith race zones'~"

Mr. Comrie stated that thereason for making the Berea andCentral Durban white was thatthe white group was thc pre-dominant .group in tbe workingareas. Mr. Singh elicited thattbis was not so. , ~ Between theUmbilo and the 'Umgeni 47,000non·Europeans worked comparedwitb 18,000 Europeans ' and thatin the centre of tbe city 26,000ncn-Buropeaca worked as agollinst10,800 whites.

Mr Comrie Cross­Examined.

Mr. J. N. Singh cross-examined• :It lengtb Mr. R. V. A. Comrie,

tbe Senior Town Engineer, wbogave evidence on the Coun­cil's proposals for Group Areas inDurban, Mr . Comrie spent overfour bours answering. Mr. Singb,who indicated. that the purposeof his cross examination was toshow that the Council's assump­tlces for the CItation of groupareas had no basis in fact ana thatthe proposals were' not based on.quity as they did not deal justlywith the non-Europeans of tbeCity.

In answer to Mr. Singh Mr.Comrie agreed that residentialI:rouping was not due ouly to a 'desire of persons of the sameracial group to live together butbad an economic and bistoricalbasis-People of the same econo­mic level tended to live in similarareu and that homcgenious settle­ments of people from ;( countryof common origin were brokendown by economic factor of in­dustrialisation and developmentof commerce.

Oiuhe question of racial fric­tion Mr, Singb asked Mr. Comrieto quote examples of where mixedliving areas bad given rise to racial

AT' the Land Te[l~re Boardwhieh sat last week In Durban

to bear proposals in regard toDurban's rate ::oning, the NatalIndian Con gress was representedby its general secn:tary, Mr. J. ~.Singh, the Chairman of !t5Housing Committee Mr. CassimAmra and Mr. A. Choudreeassisted by- Messrs. H . E, Malland G. S. Naidu.

The Board had before it themain proposal of the DurbanCity Council and an alternativeproposal from the GovernmentPlanning and Reference Commit­tee,

The Natal Indian Congreslsecretary, Mr. J. N Singh, ad­vised the Board that this Con­gress bad no alternative proposalsfor Group Areas as it was opposedto the Group Areas Act, andwould not assist in setting asideareas . "But," he said, "tbe Con­g1'C~S would continue to examicecritically all proposals for GroupAreas made before the Board andwould expose tbeir injustice, TheCongress would ask the Boardnot to displace or uproot settledcommunities and would ask theBoard to recommend to the Min­ister that no Group Areas be de­marcated in Durban.

SIB INDIAN OPINION 21St August, 1953 "~ . , ,

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In the next article I will discusshow the U.P. tried to meet thechallenge of this facial policy.Those who are interested maycare to keep this article fo, com­parisou.

PAKISTAN

the conservative \Vay of theGovernment's apartheid policywhich "believed in good treatmentof non-Europeans under Euro­pean guardlaashlp but not to anexaggerated degree," In a laterspeech at Zeerust, in posing thealternatives of White dominationor equality, Mr. Erasmus warnedAfricans who sought the latterthat "the Union is not the GoldCoast or British Central Africa,but the country of Dr. Mabn,where the Native would be welltreated but would also be put"op sy plek" if he deserved it,"

Finally, just to tie up any looseends in the Nationalist racialideology which Mr. Schoemansays must be accepted uncondi­tionally by any supporter of theGovernment's racial policy, theNats, "acknowledge the authorityof the Almighty in the destiniesof nations and peoples," SouthAfrica, being "not subject to anyotber power on earth but underthe authority of God alone," isfree to solve he r own way "accord~

iog to the pattern of inequalitywhich He H imself bas ordained:Thus a Blomfontein professorrigbtly deprecated the wild talkabout mandates and volkswlls] for"if man has been created a freebeing and exercises his freedomand bis birthright in its nationalcontext through the vote, onwhat grounds do we not giveequal voting rigbts to Natives andother non-Whites, since they too,being human, are beings with thefranchise al their birthright?"But the truth is that the authorityof the Government does notderive from the electorate. "TheGovernment stands in adivine capacity and receives itsauthority from God alone," Andthe 'Transvaler' wrote: "Dr.Malan asks us to trust the Gov­ernment, This ' we do with allour hearts. The Government illthe patriot's ark of faith underGJd's dispensation,'

FROM

Alr·lnd;l R~pre~ntlU" ••n ScN1 h Af ricaP O BOA I'~S9'>. S.I .\bwry House~ml'h Sueet, Cl.lrb.to"

Now it is a fact that duringfive year! of Nationalist rule muchbas been done to subordinate andcontrol that large majority ofAfriclIns (and other non-Eurc­peans] who live permanently inthe "White areas" and wHl neverbe able to find homes in theReserves. And nothing at all hasbeen done towards developing

I the Reserves so that they will infuture "prevent the centre ofBantu interests, and therefore ofBantu numbers, extending intothe \Vbile areas,' It is evenadmitted by some Nats. anddenied by others (depending onwhether they are addressing em .ployers of Native labour oremployees frightened of Nativecompetition), that the majority ofAfricans will continue to live intbe While areas "for generations,"As Dr. Otto du Plessis so ~harm­

ingly put it: "We must keep someNatives in the European areasfor a very long time to do thework."

The electoral appeal of apart­heid is, therefore, obvious. ' As aEuropean you have your cake andeat it . You have all the unskilledNative labour you want, subjectto the crudest form of residentialand social segregation imposed tosuit White convenience and com­fort, without having to make anyconcessions for "visitors" in thedirection of what Mr. Swart hascalled "the detestable doctrine ofracial equality." For after aU 70per cent of the papulation (thedestination of Coloureds and In­dians being uncertain) will havetheir own homes in their 12 percent of the country where, subjectto overriding 'Vhile control, theywill have "a considerable measureof self-government" under chiefswhD will be Government stooges;and even the "visitors" will havedelegated to them "some of the.details of administration" in theurban locations. ;

As Mr. Erasmus succintly putit at Glencoe on December 6: tbe'YJ'bite man can either leave SouthAfrica which is impossible; or hecan make concessions to non­European demands whicb arcunthinkable "except perhaps to afew liberals;" or he can choose

O~INION

Verwoerd, one of the more ex­treme apartheid theorists, slippedup once more when he was reoported to have said at Dordrechton October 21 that "in fifty yearstime the Natives will all be backin the Reserves," But he wasquickly called to order and inlater speeches "all" became "amajority or "a large part."

The cardinal point in the Na­tionalist conception of apartheid .is "the retention of all power inour hands;" the perpetual main­tenance of exclusive White poli­tical domination, Dr. Malan saidtb:u the choice for the Whiteraces was to die here in ' honouror dishonour. "We choose thelatter." Mr. Strydom is preparedto "figbt to the death" to handon lithe heritage of White SouthMrica,. which we received fromour fathers, to our children," andhe has called on us to standshoulder to shoulder as Whitemen to protect ourselves and cuechildren. The Prcfesscr of Psy­chology at Stellenbosch Uni­versity has written of "our intensedesire to keep South Africa aWbite man's country;" and incurious contrast to Dr. Malan'sassurances (also given at Stellen­bosch) that apartheid so far frombeing Oppressive was "the bestguarantee of inter-racial friend­sh ip and helpfulness," Professorvan Rensburg added that "eventhough we may be fighting alosing battle, Some people do notunderstand the sacrifices we areprepared to make to achieve ouraim-the White people are inreal danger of extermination inSouth Africa and must opposethis danger and fight .' ' Lastly,the challenge of race warfare wasinvoked in the infamous electionpamphlet which contained photosof tbe Nigerian cabinet and urgedus to "Vote for White Domina­tion-Stem Nasionaal,'

Since, however, this blatantherrenvolkism might raise someconscientious doubts, it is tem­pered by the two -stream (White­Black) theory of "developmentin their own sphere." The growthof Bantu nationalism is recognisedto be inevitable and proper; butit will be confined to the Afri­cans' "national home and father­land" in the Reserves whence, asbenevolent theorists like Dr.Eiselen and Mr. de Wet Nel ex.plain, migrant Native workerswill emerge to work in the Wbiteareas witb White consent. As"visitors" they will have no claimto political or social. rights and,since they have their own father­bod, no freehold rights will beall.wed outside the Reserves,

21st August, 1953

WHITE DOMINATiON AND APARTHEID

By C W. M. GELL

In the follow ing analysis ofNationalist colour policy I relyupon speeches made since lastAugust with a view to the elec­tion. One thing the Nats, do notat present intend is total apart­heid, despite its continued. ad­vocacy by SABRA, the Studenre­bond, Stet1enbosch professors, asection "f the ministry of theDutch Reformed Churches, Mr.PiroW)lnd the Government's ownS~cret:JrYfor Native Affairs. Dr.

IIIIN my bIt two articles I dis-

cussed two factors in theintricate racial pattern that domi­nated the election-Afrikanernationalism and the Colouredvote. Now we must face thecentral issue: the non-Europeanquestion In general and the Nativepolicy in particular,

'Vh:uever parts the "sovereigntyof Parliament" and Afrikanerjingoism played in the election­and at the level of tbe party, . hworker in the constituencies, t elatter especially played a consi­derable part-e-the colour questionW:J.S almost certainly decisive. Theleading politicians and the pressgave it first emphasis. Nationalistcanvassers in my own and otherconstituencies told parents thattheir little girls would have tomarry kaffirs if the U.P. wasreturned. The Defiance Cam­paign and the Mau Mau weregifts from the gods to the !'!a.tionalists; and tbe riots, for whichtheir own share of the responsi­bility has yet to be determinedprecisely, gave them a furtherfillip. In all his chief speeches­at Bethal in August, at SomersetWest in September, at Oden­daalsrus in November, at Stellen­bosch in March and in his finalpre-election broadcast on April13-Dr. Malan stressed howAfrikanerdom stood alone beforen world bent cu equality whichW;lS tantamount to "nationalsuicide" for White South Africa."The colour question," he saidmore tban once, .. is by far thegreatest and most serious of thecountry's problem. Therefore itrightly dominates the election."The Government would stand orfall by its apartheid policy onwh ich it asked the country for"a clear and unequivocal man­date ." In April the people wouldbe asked whether, in view notonly of tbe internal disturbancesbut also of interference in domes­tic matters from abroad, thecountry should have a weak or astrong government. "In other"'·urd: you will be asked . whetheryou are prepared to commitDational suicide."

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1tst August, 1953

polloy hail been 118 stroDgI,maintained by the present GOl'.ernment . as by BOY prevlonlGovernment.

All for as Africa BS' a wholewas concerned, It waa very olearthat tho Inter~t8 of the Unionwere very olosely rslated toevents ·h lgh er np In ·Atrlca.Oertain separate NaUve o, Btat81wero DOW beglnniug to teel thatthey no(loDger wanted to remain'n n der the domination of •foreign conntry bnt sbonld b,oompletely free and lndepeddeat.

"There Ie an Influence behindthis feellnR of I1sUoDallsm whlohcomes from outslde, Part of thl.lnfluenee ia the result of Oom·mnnlet aotivlty and It Is theobJ~ot of Communism to -applyllseJl to the more baokwardpeoples who are not yet ripe forsolf-government!'

In the second place therewas the very unfortunate ex·perlment oarrled ant by theformer BrlUsh Government eDtho Gold OOllJlt whlob batl be.ngiven complete freedom baud00 nnlveraal fr31\0hi8e wllhoutqaaUfioallon.-Sapn.

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-wealth Prime Minlltera: con­ference where sbe eonld make:flO accnsatlons against the Union,!In 1 I:CbB to the Uolted Natlonl""'~ler(1 pho eonld ~et It 10 Inter­:!prp in Sooth Afrien's Internale·fhirf. In this way India wasnl-l~ !o make usa of the Uoll6d;N".l,ious' practloe of Exeeedingila authority to make on nUaok00 a fellow member of tbeCommonwealth.

Th3t was why be believed theUnited Nation. was under­mininll the- foonllatlolls of theCommonwealth and that It wasthe greatest danger to Its coo­'lnued survival.

There was only one solollooto this problem, and that wasthot the mr mbera of tho Com­monwealth abculd stand togetherto drive the United Nstlone baokwithin tho borl1ers of lis ownOhnrter,

ReCening to the 'Union's rela­tion. wllh Its nEllghboar Sialellin ths ncrtb, the Prime MinisterI!.\id that tho ~ood notnbbonr

OE.INIONiNDIAN

MALANISEDof the previous Government­Genetlll Smats did his utmostto prevent lIny interferenoe Inthe domestio affairs of SoutbAfrica by tho United Nation.or by othllr bU93'-bodies whoused the United Nalions to inler­fere In tbe domestic affairs ofBontb AfriC3·

Prime Minister'lI ReplyTh!l Primo Mlnleter, Dr. Ma­

Ian, is reporteil to have sai,l Inrepl,r that he was Ria,] that tbeLeader 01 the 0;,p08ilion (Mr.J. G. N. Btransa) bad made nclear that be lind his Partyalso re~arded the United NatlonllOommlsslon on South Africa'sso-called racial polloy whiohwas nov; siUing In Genevn wasnnwarranted intorferelloe inBonlh ACrlo3'!1 domesllo 1lfi',.lrB.Tho Government's attltnde wallthat It was unwarranted inter­ferenoe in the Union's uomntlonfrdirs whio'" wonld not be toler­ntcd In any olrcumetancea, Fortbis ronon tbo G;>vi!rnmen! bailignored the sItting' of the Oom­mission. Thc Goveroment wonlelnot Ilnbmlt any evl,]elloe to theOommisalon beoanse to ilo sowoold bo Inulreolly to approve(If iolerferellce In South Afric).',domestio sfi'tiirs.

Tbe Unileil Nallon!!' aeHon luappointing tho Commbslon waaprompteil no! merely by Ignor­llnce. It It wes ouly Ignorallcet!ien Bomotbing conlil he (Joneabou! iI. Bat to Il larRo oxlelltIt Wll' maHce·

n had been asked 10 what ex·tont tbe Government wonldenootlrage otbllrs to Rive evidenoeb~foro the Comml!slon. Thiswonld not help in aoy way,If tho G:>vel'Dmllct were to eo­conraRe thIs, It wouhl elmplymenn that Ihe Government WllJl

llncoaral:llIl: otbers to 110 some­thloR whloh It wal IIBol! notl'repared to do . The Rovernm·ment .....oaltl oertllinly Det Riveany cncouragemont In tbat sotIon. It would rather dlsllonrngean,rtLioR of tba~ kind.

The ohlof 111m of Ibe UnlledNallons wall to m:llnlaln worldpeace. bat In the war In Kor~a Ithadilirendy proved iI. weaknu•.Ooly 16 connlriell had repliedto lis appeal for trool)s to be .ontto Koreo Dn,] 82 hlldignored 11­S:lm" of tbem strong connhill!00 Ibe borrln of li::orea. B:lulhAfrlc:l had answertd Ihe cnll,lJn~ today Sontb Afrloa wuLelng abased and slandered bythose natlolls in the UnitedN,ltlonl llrJ:anl.atlon.

n3 wOllid like to siren thattbe Uolte" Nalloo. wei cngagedin oodtrmlolnlr the lounilotloolot the Commonwealth Dod waathe princIpal <laul:er to ItI

cJnllaued ubtencll.IQdb h:1l1 IoU a Oommon-

S20

STRAUSS BECOMING

SPE AK IN G In Parliament be~week the Leader of the 01'­

poei:ioo, Mr. J. G. N. Slra~E~,

relerricf; \0 tbe Go~err:meIlt.

1'olicy oooc errlloR the UnlledNeti?OB, ;s reported to have said,he wlshed to deal particnlarlywith the BelliO!! 01' of a UnUedNatioIU! eommlestoc nod tbetaking of evldence in publio onthe iolernal sUnation in SonthAtrlC3 on racial cli~orlmlnaUon,

"llt'le we have the exira·orJinsry slale o[ afh;ra that anioternalional aolhorily appoinls6 commirsion to Inquire iota thoInternal pooilion of ODr oonntryBud we have no SllY in wha t isb"ini: done.

"J Am roiBio!! lhia qnesllon 10Ilet tho Prim') Mlni~:er to olaritythe p shlon so tha] Sooth Africa'"Rood name will Dot ba injQredby what Is hllppcning before thoc rmmlsslou at the pres,nt time-1\0 nnwarrauted oommiasiooDod an nnw:1rr:mlo:l iovestilla­tlon into onr domeetlc llfi'llln."

Tbe Uulled P.srly felt tbat Itw~s ql1ite c;>ueot for tLe Govern­m ' n t (1D,1 In o.3nform1!y wilh tbewill oC tbe peopl'3 of SonlhACric3 10 S3Y thll~ tbe onlyat itall ~ 10 uke np woa the1"l'l"o~iL l o[ tbe oxi~lAnoe IInelBoUvili t'~ o[ this oommi!sloD.

"Oat Ihero 15 Dn imporlnntQacst on. 'I'hat 15 Ihnt pablioflttlO!':P Are DOW takln!: plao!!Il:lJ nillcoce Is botnR held bythe c'Jmmisalon. It I! 11 m:'llterfor re~ret Ih3t the Primo Minh­tor hll~ noL lDtldu a stalcmentt, ~ritylol: tbe po.illon.

"In Ihes) mll\l.u timID!,: Is of"rlut ImportlloOtJ Ilnd I think Itwoohl b3V<l been II wile alep,whea the cowmI~810n 1JCJ::lI.D ill

- silllnR. for tho G.lVCromcDt toLIU" haaed 118~lemenl, so thllttber" cJald L<I no ml!aotler·'l.ntlln.: at all.

"1\ Beems 10 mo Ih3~ thl! c;>m­m ,hion II no~ IlBltln!: the snr­port tbat 110mB of ollr ellcmle.r.brollu wonld Ilk" II to R~l.

Tbe .... l:nulu before It have DotLtcn very Impreenlve bal Ihe(~"n£"r is tb3t ~he onll·e1dedcyllence Ih31 I. belog Riven m3Yc..ule b.um 10 Boath Aftlcll."

Mr . B~IlU!J ulJ tb:lt wblill itW.>.i trllll tLnt tberll VIlli! only onellllt' for tbe Government to lllke,Lu woalll like tbe J>rlms Mlnl.­br to 1.)1 wb3t bia view was""'Jut /l.eHlclC prlnte orll\Dlu·lioo. like tb'3 B:llllh Alrlc~n

Ullreall c,f !tlolal Aft"lu(3 A.U It AJ 1I0ll the 10111Luled n:1etJ Rd&Uoo~ pl.solng tbehe.. b~fore Lhl. Oomlllls,lon­",I.hunt prd l,)le'\l to thl} Govern­1JJ.[,1.

Tho (,n~ tLing tb:lt hI! admiredIlobo"L Ihl.s O'lverllment'. forlll~n

,"J:I<::1 'WI.!! the ldent to whichtt L .,J [olloweJ III t"', .ter'

21.t Augu.t. '953 INDIAN Of'INION 521

(Continued from front page)

APARTHEID A THREAT TO WORLD PEACE

WHAT MR. NEH~U SAID

For Live TheatrJJPresent

Their Famous ComedyThrlUer

SOMEONEAT THE DOOR

INTIIVIATE• II ••• 1••••••~•• • t. _ .

Dr Dorotby &< CAlIJpbell CbrlsdeProduced by I\UCHAEL McNEILE

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tho world's population who are noLWhite, and who bave shown,jnstifinbly, bitter resectmeut of thatpclioj."

Mr, .Iohn Hatch, a lecturer iuInternational Relations aL GlasgowUniversity, giving evidence befrrethe United Nations Commission onracinl discrimination in the Unionis reported by Saps-Renter 10 baves:lid: "To my mind the dangerof raciul discrimination in tho long,term is more profound to themaintenrmea of world pence thanOormunnlsm or anti Commualem,

"In the long term I wound lilylImt tbe biggest J.roblem of thesccoad half of the 20th Cenlnrythe solution of tho problem ofracl al discrlmination.

" As to the queatloa .bout (l

solution to the problem seceptableto the Sonth Africans and withinthe Iramework of the United Na.tlons I answer frankly' N0.'

"There is 1:0 sotution acceptableto South Africa. In tho presentcircurnetancea there il no solntionacceptable to the two eldcs,

"They are so interlocked illSlro!:'gl", menal more than physi­cal thougb it could in the futurebecome phyeieel, that there is nofacil e solution, All tbat can bedoc a is to BOW the aeeds of •better Intnre,

"The fact is that we are dealingwith people who are Ingrainedwith racial prejudice."

Hr. Hatch added: "One cannotchange this character by takingimmediate steps-cerlainly thefirst problem is to find an alteraa,tive to the policy of apartheid,"

He suggested that II permanentUnited Nations commiasion be setup to slully the problen,

Mr. Hatch said it was very diffi.~DI~ to help people who did notwant to be help ed , H there werehuppier race relnticns in parlll ofAfdoa it wns posrible thaI the <on.trns~ wonld persuade Sonth .Africa.to (ollow soit.

the em srrvr tlcn nnd UFO of Ih"grent humr nand nntnrnl re.sourcea of rhnr, arcn, which nrc EO

impcrtnnt (or tl C Iutnrc pencenf the world," M r. Scot t conoludcd,

Offends Two-Thirds OfWorld Population

Mr. E. S. Scchs, former generalsecretnrs (f the South AfricllnGarment Worl:rr'~ Union, tcldtho U,N. Commission t1J11t, "theInterests of tho people of Africn,laclndlng th e 3,000,000 Enropeut B

who have permanently settled inSouthern Africo , th e intercats ofwcrld t ellt e, the int erests of thew~olo of humanit y urgently de.macd that the pcoj lo of Africashall be accorded fnll rights,"

"Pious rcrolntlona and platonicsymrlltby have proved Iutile,Pcsltlve lietion mr st be ta kr n bytho se who urc gulding' tho destinyof mankind.

"The tim e bas COlDe for theUnited Nations and th e "bole ofcivili sed hum anity to treat rac .aloppr ession and dl ecr imlnation intho some manlier fiS dave. tradingand J:iracy, and outlaw them wher.ever and und er , h£lever Ioi m theymay appear," said lTr. Scclis.

The r-o!i,y of apartheld wasbared on tho immntable rriocipleith at

(0) All peoples 11 ho were rotWbile or European 'were inf eriorand that 01\ Whi te or Europeanpeoples were ruj erlcr ;

(h) 1ho 10,000,1)00 non-Whilepeople of th e Union were lr eapahlenow and fCJKI'U of l:ccomiog trulycivilis ed and mnEt ulwnys rt mainundr r tl:c tutelage of Europenns•an,l

(e) Because tho non-Europcaneoutnumbered tho Europear s byfcnr to OCI' , While civiliaaticn wasin dunger and it wna the dllty ofEorop(an ~. ord a ined Ly Pr ovi.dence, Lo SllVO ci~i1iE"roll by kre p,ing the 1:00. E nropcanll iu wbjcc.tiou.

Mr . Sach~ miJ : uA c:Jrr£ctdefioitioD of ttl! Uilion Co ,ern.ment's intu~rclatiaD of aplrlluhlmigh & be obtaincd flOm n flegoufrequcntly nnd widely uscd bysupporters Gf thnt policy; tbat ii','Thc Rallir must La ktp~ in hisplacc amI tho ccolie mUEt get ontof th e counlry."

"Industrial development in ScuthAfrica has a llUo~t unlim ilEd op­porlunities, bll~ ~uch develop .ment is being cripplul by [l rc­action ary lind hll"lc\YIml J:oliticalpolicy ," ~n id MI', Eucbs.

"Tho polioy of apurtbeid und tbe'm:lster raco' phrIoEopby nnderly_ing it will iLcvilt\bl] lead to adeclinll in the e~oll olD ;a Cevdop.ment of tb e coo!ltrJ cod 10 theimprov erbhrncnt of loth EalO~eans

lIud non-EuWFClIU:1," hOI ~.l:d.

"It is a thre.l~ to th e peaco ofthe worhl in that it o/fends endin~ult~ more th .m t\'lo·third~ of

ca9te, nnlesa other memhers oftbe United Nations became awarein time of the path being followedby the White community in SonlhAfrica and elaewhere in Africa.

Mr. Beott snid Ihat there werePlBny ways in which the UnitedNations conld help Sonth AfriClI,once her Government and peoplerealised Jt bat they were in needof l1l!!istllnce in solving problemswhich were not pecnlillrly theirown.

"I Inggest tbat co-operationshonld be Bought from the WorldCouncil of Chnrches," he Bllid,and that questions should be ad_dressed to that body on the theo­logical implications of racial diil.crimination, the extent to whichtbis is practised in the chnrobe~,

lind tbe mesns by which it illsougbt to overrome it," he eaid.

"The dsngers of a caste systemell:tendin~ from ~onth Africa 10Central find East Africa, must bemet by a positive progrflmme for

vileges and land and all that kindof Ibing, Indians also wanted toshare in tbe spoils of Africa. Wesaid, 'no, we will not permit tbis.'We have been pursuing thatpolicy so far."

"We do not mind if every In­dian leaves Africa and comesaway, but we will not permit him,so far as we are concerned, tohave a single privilege over Afri­C2DS. To talk of Indian im­perialism there is just nonsense.People seem to imagine that thoearth in all its fullness thereof isto be reserved for :l few settlersfrom Europe. Other people inthe rest of the world happen tohave a different opinion about itand the rest of the world willcount pltimately Dot these fewpersons from Europe,"

There bad been some referenceto the Indian Commissioner inEast Africa. "1 should like tosay that among the many peoplein our foreign service, one whosework we have appreciated morethan any other's is our Commis­sioner in East Africa, Mr. Appa­sahib Pant. From the very fir stday of his arrival in Ea st Afrie;!,about five years ago, he bas work­ed for what is called the estab­lishment of a multi-racial societythere.

"All that r can say, if anyoneaccuses !tim or his colleaguesthere at Nairobi of creatingtrouble, is that some people whotake in this way have lost clarityof vision. They cannot distin­guish between things."

THE Reverend Michael SeottBddre!sing the United Nations

Commission on behalf of the In­tlmational League for the Rightsof man, said: "The u~ly menacethat haa grown np nnder eover oClofty phrases cannot protect theshort-term or long term interestsof White or black. It conelitnles• tbreat to tbe peate ond l!ecnrityor Africa and the world, and maylend to a debacle of 50-rolledWestern 'civilisation in that Con .tinent.

"The United Nation8 ehould pre.pare itself to 8B1!nme the role ofmediator IlIId shonld meanwhilense all re50urces at its dispoBlll,iuclnding economic indncements,technical 8l!SUltence Bnd ednca­tli>nal conferences, to bring abont• lIew approach to the problemswhich are B her itage of the PlIl!t."

Mr. Scott enid thot the presentaitnation in Sonth Africa coulclonly lead to the decline and de­mor-Untion of the rnliog White

Mr, Nehru said that it wasdifficult for him to talk aboutIndia's policy or India's bonafiles, For the lalt many year:;,before they came into power andafter they entered the Govern­ment, "we have declared ourpoticy in the clurest terms to ourpeople outside India."

"Tbat policy, in relation toAfriC2, bas been that the Indiansthere will not get any supporthom tbe Indi:w Government inany claims that may be advancedagail1lt tbe AfriC2l1S. We havetold them, 'You are there as&Uests. The interests of tbeAfricans must be dominant. Ifyou C2n serve them, well andgood. Otherwise pack up and go.because we will Dot protect youthere,'.. /

"No Special Rights""TbbJ," Mr. Nehru continued,

"was a ratber unusual policy fora country to tell its own citi::ens.We are prepared to fight for therights of these citizens and againstany encroachment of those rights,but when those citizens wantspecial rights against Africans,we are not prepared to take uptheir cause or give them anyprotection.

"This policy naturally did notmeet with the approval of manyof our nationalll in Africa becausethus far tbey bad been trainedup to demand rigbts for them­selves. Seeing the Europeanaettlers taking advantage of the,huation and gaining special pri·

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,21Jt August. 1953 INDIAN OPINION S13

Cone/I1,],.,l from la sl lI'uJ~

THE RISE OF CONGRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA,By ,J U LIU S LEWIN

. (Rcpn'nted from 'The Political Quarterly', London)

IT is this background that ren-ders so ludicrous tbe sudden

quest for ."moderate leaders"among non-Europeans that menlike Mr. Stl':lUSS and others con­templated in 1952, after the de­fiance campaign bad grown to a,size where it could no longer beignJred. Tbis quest failed atits outset, It failed becausetbete arc no -moderate Africanor Indue leaders-if a leader isto be defined as one who has

.followers and is ready to "beconrulted" or to negotiate withthe Government or Oppositioncn a basis different from that:adopted by the two Congressesjointly• . Mr. Strauss never evenI;Jt as far 'IS actually beginning:I quest, being satisfied simplyto announce that if. returned tooffice, he would consult [un­named] moderate non-Europeanleaders. The only effect of thisline of. thought was to deepenthe suspicions of the Congressmovement that the official Opposi­tion would, like ' the Governmentitself, do all it could to under­mine the authority of tbe electedCongress leaders and to weakenthe position tbey had attainedafter long and difficult efforts toorganise their followers. Howblind to such realities whitepoliticians remained W3S shownin Port Elizabeth at the time ofthe tragic race riots late in 1952.The search for moderates W3S

p'ufsued in the very city whereDr. J. Z. Njongwe had displayedgreater po wers of organisationand evoked wider personal loyaltythan probably any other Con­gress leader had done to date.Tbe resistance campaign in theeastern Cape province obtainedas much support as it did in allthe rest of the country takentogether. This is to be ex­plained by two main factors.First, the Bantu people there arcmore homogeneous in tribaltradition and less divided tbanilse"::h~re. ' ,T hey are' also better 'educated and more Christianisedafler longer contact witb westernciviliution. Resistance in tbisarea was mar ked by notablereligious fervour-it was often

• preceded by prayer-;tnd it wasSupported by African clergy andby African trade unions. Second­ly, the people in these ' parts hadlost more than others since 1936through the- operation of ' theland and franchise laws that' de. 'prived them , and their childrenof old.e~ablished rights.

Nor '10 - tbis day do wbite.

politicians realize that the firsteffect of undermining Congresswould be to strengthen thoseless responsible and less reason.'able groups in AfriC<1n life thathave begun to preach enmityagainst all white people as suchand to toy with tbe idea ofterrorism as a technique forsecuring political change. In areal sense Congress is to-daythe only alternative to terrorism,the only band restraining Afri­cans from demanding black au­premacy as the alternative toto white supremacy, the only in­fluential voice seriously askingfor inter-racial co-operation.

In the light of this record,wbat is surprising is not thatCongress has hitherto failed toformulate a detailed blueprint forprogress in South Africa,or to declared itself without anyambiguity on certain concreteissues. What is surprising isthat Congress has continued totake nothing less than a stats­manlike attitude on all tbe largequestions that present them.selves for decision.

Non-white people do not wantto rid Soutb Africa of whitepeople. Let it be stressed thatat present only a very smallminority of members of theAfrican National Congress dreamof replacing white dominationwith black domin:ltion,' Thewhole bulk and weight of Con­gress bas hitherto always im­agined the future of South Africain terms of inter- racial co-opera­tion on a basis of equality. Thejoint declaration adopted inJuly 195J, when the defiancecampaign was planned, is suffi­cient proof of this facl:

"All people, irrespective ofthe national groups whichthey may belong to and re­gardless of the colour of theirskin, who have made SouthAfrica their home and wbobelieve in the principles ofdemocracy, 'a re Sol.tJ,h Afri­cans. All South Afrlcans areentitled to live a full and freelife on the basis of the fullestequality......

"The struggle which thenational organisations of theDon-European people are con­ducting- is not directed againstal.lY iace or national group.

, I t is against the unjust lawswhich keep in perpetual sub­[ectton and misery. vast sec­tions of the population. It isfor the transformation of con.difions which will restore

human dignity, equality, andfreedom to every South Alri-can."The significance of tUis policy,

with its prospect of inter-racialpeace, has been carefully obsoured from recognition by anybut B small dement among theEuropeans, The daily press ofboth white sections continues topretend tbat Congress is essen­tially an anti-wblte movement.In fact, however. tbe Iorce ofthe law bas here reinforced thewisdom of Congress, ' It hassince 1927 been a serious cri­minal offence for anyone to pro.mote hostility between thewhite and non-white races, nndany racial indictment of whitepeople by blacla speakers isliable to be punished by thecourts. -On the other band, ithas never been, and bas not yetbeen, declared a crime to - de­mand equal rights for alh races,Thi. fact is bardly understoodby ordinary people. Even aJohannesburg magistrate couldsay in 1952:

"It is common knowledgethat one of tbe aims of com,munism is to brealll down racebarriers and strive for equalrights for all sections of tbepeople, and to do so withoutany discrimination of ' race.colour, or creed. It is well­known that all the demo­cracies of the world considerthat communism is menacingpeace and order, turning theworld upside down andma~ing stable and decent lifeimpossible." (The 'Star,' Jo-'hannesburg, ~5th July 1:952.)In tbe mind of this magistrate,

who is supposed to interpret thel aw of the land, the militantliberal demand for equal zights,regardless of race, is confusedand equated with communism.But even under the immensely'wide and vague terms of theSuppression of Comunlsm Act of1950. freedom to advocate racialequality is not punishable ifunlawful action towards thatend is Dot taken. Althoughtwenty leaders of the' resistancecampaign were convicted bytho Transvaal Supreme Courtunder the Act in November ­1952, their guilt was held to liein their organisation of theresistance campaign, not in tbeiradvocacy of equality.

By any normally acceptabledefinition of "communism." theleaders of the campaign, with afew avowed exceptions, are notand have never been commun­ists. It is necessary to empbasizethis fact because contanual at':tempts are made to smear! ' tbeDon-European resistance move­ment as nothing but 'commun­ism:' Since tbe personalities.records, and outlook of the Coa-

gress leaders are I.lnown to onlya smnll number of Europeans,these attempts . are Iinble ' tosucceed to some degree. 'Yetproper inquiry ' sbows tbat thecharge is false,'

The Communistparty ~f S"outhAfrica was dissolved by its ownact in. ju~e 1959, anticipatingby a month the final . passagethrough parljamunt of the Actdeclaring it on unlawful body,Since the Act was passed, thepromotion of any type',of : ' com ­munist" thought or activity hasbeen a serious crime punishableby imprisonment. 'there aretherefore no longer any avowed,but only former, communists,Merely to call. a mao a. com­munist is defamatory, unless h~has in fact been officially listedas such b,y" "the liquidator"appointed for the purpose underthe Act. It is, however, reason­able to ask whether tlie resist~

ance leaden are communisls inany ordinary meaning of I theterm. To answer tli~' question,it is relevant to recall certainfacts unfamiliar ' even to themost informed people. Whileit was active" the Como:munist Party of South Africa,at least since about 1937, hadalway's insisted 'on inter-racjalequality and co-operation. Withthe possible exception' of a. fewbranches " of . certain Christian'churches, the Party was indeedthe only organisation in SouthAfrica which practised as wellas preached racial equality ' to'the fullest extent. Moreover~he Palty always tried to re:strain African aatloaullsm; reocognising that its politicalvalue was limited in a , pIiirslsociety where Africans formed 'only ·two·thirds of the totalpopulation.. As late as the endof 1949, the leadership and ten­dencies of the 'Afr ican NationalCongress gave the CommunistParty much cause for sharpcriticism. In a considered an­alysis of the political sHuationpublished in the Party's owlijournal, "Freedom," (December19of9), tbe Party attacked theCongress and iti leaders lortheir 'bourgeois' desire to thiulaiD terms of liberal capitalisminstead of communism. Theanalysis attributed the weaknessand failure of Congress to thisfundamental fault.

Nono the less, it must -not besuggested that the CommunistParty had no influence on non­Europeans, Tbe CommunistParty did. contribute to Afric'lQpolitical education in one itD­poItant respect, It set the pace'for the African National COIl_gress in the decade from 1937to 1946. I ts I aggressive de.mands, ils forthright pro,paganda, . and its ably con-

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The Minister ill empowcred toexpropriate Iand required fin aBantu Govemment school. Pro­vision is made for the transfer ofthe administration of tbe Natalnon-European Teacher,' ProYi­dent Fund to the Commiuioanof Pensions. The transfer ml'be effected afler cot1!ult:ltion withthe Administrator.-Sa~.

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to establub and maintain Govern­ment &ntu sebools 2nd hostels,teachers" quarters, school clinicsor any otber accessory to a Gov ­ernment school.

The Bill introduces tbe term"Bantu,OJ whicb it says is sync­nymous witb Native. Edueatlonis defined as education other than"higher education" within themeaning of the Financial Rela­tions Act of 1945.

In terms of tbis Act highereducation includes the universi­ties, the South African NativeCollege, and technical, music, andarts and otber institutions de­clared by the Minister of Educa­tion to be places of higber educa­tion.

The Minister of N;llive Affairsis empowered to subsidise :myBantu school established or main­tained by a Bantu authority or,any Native council, tribe or com­munity and to assist in the estab­lishment or maintenance of anysuch school.

Subject to special conditionsstipulated by the Minister, grants­in·aid may be made to approvedNative schools.

The Bill provides for the regis­tr2rion of all Bantu schools, etherthan Government Bantu sebccls,From a date to be fixed by noticein the Government Gazette, noBantu schcol may be establlshed

OPINIONINDIAN

alwaY' beavily defeated.If communist; bad ever do­

minated the Congren, tbe factwould bave been obviousenou£h to sophisticated eye•.But it is not a monopoly ofcommuni. Is to aim at securingin Soutb Africa a society freefrom colour ban and from allform. of racial prejudice aaddlscrimination. Nor are militantand uncompromising methodsof prole.t and resistanee againstthe present .y.tem their mono­poly. What precise form sucbmethods would take-;vhctherpassive resiltanct', stoppage ofwort or boycolt-=eem. to re­main to some extent a matterof internal controversy in therank. of the African NationalCongleu. No doubt the SouthAfrican Indian Coogrc!., withill longer experience and moremature leaden, Ict the pacein '95' in the joint campaignthat was undertaken. How­ever that may be, nothing isgained, to home or abroad, byaccepting the view, llttractingenough to white South Africall5,that Congress aims andactivitiel can be di.milSed asthe worJil of "communists,"Wbether these activities aremaiutained or not, whetherthe avowed aims of Congressare achieved in the me timeof this generution or not, onething it ced.io. No laws, how­ever barth and no Government,however tyrannical, will sue­eeed in putting an end toprotest and reslstance againstflagrant injustice by men andwomen or all races, Ever slncethe enrly nineteenth century,prevailing policies in South Afri­CA have alway; been challengedby some people in South Africa.That tradition will not dieout. It m~y tllte a loog time butthe dominant rBce IS de.tinedto discover that tbere are lomcthioi' io life thllt lill too deepfor law. The recognition llndacceptance of a common hu­manity regardless of race i.among tbe certainties of tbefuture.

Commiltcs of tbe Proviaces willcuse 10 have any pOYl/ers, :lutbor­ity or fuaetion., and Ihe Provin­cial Coundb will ce.:uc to be com­p<tenl to m;Jke OrdiD.1nccs in re­latioa to Nallve education.

The Bill provides (oc lhe tun.­fer to the Dcp.Jctmeat of NuiveAffairs of per,ollJ who ate al pre­uat employed by the Pcoviacesin coODcction with Nalive educa­tion.

The Mlni,ter II given powers

524

THE BJ.DIU EduC3lion Bill, whichtbe Mlauter of N~live AfJ.lin,

Dr H F, Verwocrd, bu intro­duced in tbe Assembly, tum{ct,Ibe admiautulion ilDd control ofNative EduQlion from the pro­vincUJ adminutntiDtU to theUnioc Governmeot. Tbe BII1,dtu c~ctmcar, "ill becomeopcnrivc on a wtc to be fixed byprocUmalioo iQ the GovernmentGa.ulttc.

A. Irom t~1 tUle tbe Encutive

dw:ted ....edly ne.....paper 'TheGwardiall' (banned by the MalAnGovernment in f95:1>, secel­_rated the r.te at which Artieanlleamt that gnadaa.l and piece­meal reforms are uDlikely tocome or to male rob.tantialehaDgea in African ,tatu, ifand wbeD they did eome, TheCommuDbt Party influencedAfrlc:a.IU-wua1Jy indirectly­to di.tnut libenll effort au theirIlehall and to demand, in tbeirown rlgbt Ilnd in a militantImlper, nothing lea. than fullracial equality in every sphereof South African Jile.

Then! i. to-day not thel1irhttlt reason to believe thatAfncan lender; have chlUliedtheir 'boUlltois' outloot. fbela ..... they have .iogled out for.lbcll and rellutancc are thosClwhicb binder freedom of movemtnl and Of"ganintion, freedomto lin, 'lo trade, and to ownproperty in any area, and free­dom to participate in the com­mon political me of the countryon equal term. with Europeans,Thon aim. are indeed sharedin theory; and sometimes sup.ported in practice, by & numberof impeccable Jibemb whothemselves have absolutely no.ympatby with real eommua­11m. '

Proth wbite communbtJ AlIi­CRllS also leamt importantleuon. in political organizationand in the 'mlue of personalaDd di.intertlted devotion to 11

cause, lel.lOll. wbich other Euro­peans have leldom been closeeDouah to tuch them, AboveaU, however, African eytl wereopened to current polIticalrniities, and thi. led to thedemand for equal right. andoppcrtunities, regardles. of race

_ or colour, in evcry sphere oractivity, and to totnl opposl­tiao to apartheid, tbil wa.tbe altitude adopted by theNatiYeI ReprrcentatiYll Councilafter .~6. But neither lilt thattime, nor at any otber, did a• iogle Communist .it OQ tbeCouncil. Indeed, communlau"bo ~ugbt el~tion to it wece

21st AUlult, 1953 eNDIAN OPINION 525

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21st August, 195J IND1~N 527

(From Our Own Correspondent)

Bombay, AUgU8t 4.

INDIA' LETTER

'Although both .the PrimeMinistetll devoted considerabletime to the Kashmir problem,it is " not nearer solution,Kashmir .will prove to ' be thetoughest problem. and unlessboth, .ides discard , adamantattitude and try , some new1rac~, the 'dCladlo~ will' con­1inue. ,:Realistically speaking,if referendum may be ta~en todecide the future of Kn.hmir alla whole, the ' result will createfresh problems for the State towhich Kashmir will not accede.If the people of Kashmir decide"through -, referendum to , joinIndia, then Pallli5tan will have"to band over all the H;ashmir"territory uoder its ' contr ol and'exodus of pro·Pabistan peoplefrom that area may start andcreate new refugee problem' forPakistan, when even tho Pun­

" abi refuge~ have not yet been'rehabilitated, Similarly ifKashmir accedes to Palilistan,Hindus and Buddhists, who arein the majority in Jammu andLadakh, might migrate to India'-out of fear, whether real orimaginary. Although the official

-elrcles -cn both the sides of theborder frown upon the idea of

'parti tion, the only realistic'solution of the problem is todivide Kashmir into four partsand 'tate 'referendum in theseparts ~eparately, giving eachp!1rt freedom to accept eithercountry. ' Kashmir may be

A fourteen-point for~ula togive compensatien :to workersfor involuntary 'Utiemp~Qyment

in indu~try wall accept~d 1?y '~he "representatives of worJ.lers and'employerS at the meeting of 'theStanding Labnur 'Committee,which concluded its delibera­tion. at New Delhi,

•'.The new el~mentary 'ed uca­tion scheme of the I MadrasGovernment has ra ised ahornet', nest in that province.Under this scheme the pupilshave to attend the school foronly three hours a day anddevote the rcst of the time tolearning any. profession orhandicmft. Alter the disturb·ances' and Satyagraha by DrnvidKazgam, which too~ a violenttum eventually,' were quelleddown,' the opposition tooI;, upcudgels in . tbe Legislative As­sembly. Nearly all the Opposi­tion parties joined hands todefeat this scheme. Commun­ists, ' Socialists and .Dravida~azgam " supporters, . who op~

posed the scheme. initiallyfailed 'to malle the House ,agreeto call on the Government todrop the ' scheme altogether.Voting on this proposal endedin 0:'38-J38' tie: Mr. J" Siva'sbanmugan Pillai, the Speaker,exercised his casting vote againstthe proposal defeating the same.

Then the Socialist amendmentto have implementation of thescheme stayed until 'i t wasexamined by an expert . com­mittee was, however, passed,139 voting Icrand 137 'against.

The Opposition parties ' de­manded resignation of the pre.sent J 'Government as ' it ,wasdefeated on an important issue,but Mr. Rajagopalachari refusedto oblige ' t hem, n maintainingt~t 'the \ amendment : ' \,?a liof a recommendatory naturea?d .the l~overDmilOt, vtas DO~bound to accept the same, Hefurther' declared that he 'wasnot prepared to interfere withthe wo'rllling of the scheme ' inthe'middle of the year, as thatwould be harmful to the stu­dents, 'He however assured theHeuie thatan expert committeewill be 'appointed in due course,

.' I • \ ' I •

~ . "

-The events in Calcutta tooIl abad turn during the last lort.night. The Ilituation reached a

It will now be considered bythe ' Cen tral Government. andwhen approved, legislation willbe introduced to give effect to 'it,

The scheme is the mst of itskind for the benefit of the Indianwortler and the second socialsecurity measure, the firat : beingthe Employees' Provident FundScheme. " ,

: Under the agreement, theformula of compensation forinvoluntary unemploymentshould apply both to the publicand private sectors of industry.Fifty per cent of the basic wagesand dearness allowance will bepayable to the worker as com­pensation. The duration ofbenefit will be restricted to aperiod of 45 days a year.

.\, ."

divided into the following fourparts: -'Hindu majority area ofJammu, :(:;1) Buddhist majorityarea of Ladakh, (3) Ka~bmir

Valley and' (4) pro-Palllstanarea now undtr Pabiatan's con­trol,'

Pa1l:istnn'lJ Premier, Ur. Ma­homed Ali, will come to .NewDelhi in the first weer" of Sep­tember to continue tal~s withAIr, Nehru.

Indian political circles feelthat the reactionary elementsin Pa~istan, which are lyinglow at present due to economicdifficulties, may marshal theirforce once again and ' come inthe way of settlement of Indo­Pallistan problems, if these pro.blems are not solved within ashort time ta~ing advantage ofgoodwill and cordiality prevail­ing at present among thepeoples of both the countries.

After hill return to Delhi, Mr.Nehru declared at a press confer­ence that "his visit to Karachiwas remat~able,considering thefriendly atmosphere that pre­vailed th~re.- He thou"ght tliat ,it was a much bigger thing thanr:cany people had ' imagined. 1

The ' problem he dealt, with'became simpler if it was sp-,proach'ed in a friendly 'and in-:formal way rather than in arigid and formal way. We havediscussed many of our problemsin a much better way than wehad done before. Some minor'problems were solved, somemajor problems, are being. tac­lIed, while some other . major"probl~ms have not been solved.It was very moving 'for' me to 'receive' the I popular welcome 'that"l received there. , I felt :completely at home in Karachi,"

't " • I ,

Mr~ Nehru said that, in regardto every problem they discussed,big or small, they made verygood progress. It " was truethat so far as Kashmir wasconcerned they did not find anyfuU-blooded solution nor could ,one be expected, in ' the firstta1Jll, however earnest they maybe. Even in regard to Kashmirtheir t~lllls helped them greatlyin unders'tanding 'each other" ,position and thus' h'elped ' to;warda ' solution. ' Though , theydid not briDg about a'llolutionof KllShinir problem,' a "'gooddeal bad been a'ccomplislied andthe way opened "out -for furtherprogress in ma,ny directions,. . '

MR. NEHRU has returned -' dispute bas' raised so 1 much 'ofto Delhi after momen- passion, prejudice and sentiment

tous : talks with the Prime , ,ullToundithat even if :l111 theMioiliter of Pakistan in Karachi, rest of the Indo-Pakistani dis­No one expected tbnt any of pute was settled and no solutiontbe major problems like Kash- for Kashmir was found, cordialmir, evacuee property and canal t,elationship with India woul~

waters, which has defied solu- not be possible to tho extent Ittion since the last five years, was ' desirable."will be solved within so short a .

The evacuee property ques­period of three days. : Mr. Nehru tion is undergoing a thoroughhad ronde it clear, when he .left examination at the bands of thefor Karachi, that the talks were Advisers to 'tbe Government , ofof an exploratory nature and India nnd Pa~i8tan, who haveno sensational outcome may be picked up the thread where theexpected. ' two Prime Ministers left. .No

At the request of the Pnlhistan spectacular progress has beenPremier, Mr. Nehru decided to reported on this question, al­extend his slay in Karachi to though an agreement has beenthree days, The most amazing reported to have been reachedrevelation to Mr. Nehru as well over certain items .e.g, theas the people of India, was the movable properties, the methodrousing reception that the people of appoach ' is significant. Theof Pakistan gave to the Indian entire problem has been brokenPrime Minister, suggesting a down in its constituent units.change of heart towards India. This means that instead of re­According to Indi&.D Press reo viving the controversy on prin­porters, they found genuine ciples-whether to tackle tbisdesire for friendship with India problem on Government level oramong the masses, It seems as between the private parties-«that though fed on anti-Indian both sides will try to reachpropaganda by the newspapers agreement wherever possible.the common man in Patiltanwants to forget the bad memo­ries of the past and to maI:e anew Itart. These are good signs.

Though no dramatic agree.meats on any major problemshave resulted from the tal1:s, itis generally agreed that theyhave helped the two Prime:Ministen to bare a clearerundeis\anding of each 'other'.viewpoint. I c '

The Prime Ministers havereached an agreement on prin­ciple in regard to three com­paratively minor matters-ex_change of enclave. in , eachother's: territories, '. freedom 'oftravell\nd trade and admission,to and : protection of , 'religious:trults and shrines. It is expectedthat procedural details will bewo~ked out on a mntuallysatufactory basis.

On the ' question of canal"'aters it was decided" to awaitthe outcome of the 'discussionsproceeding under the auspicesof the World Bank.

Mr. Nehru considered the issueof evacuee property more im- :portant than Ka5hmir all' itaffects millions of people onboth Iiides of the border con-'tinuing the miseries of refugees,

But Mr. Mahomed Ali con~siders the Kashmir question allthe li:ey·que!tion upon which"the whole of Indo-Pnkistanrelationship hinged." Mr. AI."howed Ali declared that thill

...!

- .. ;. : .. ~• r <

NAIKP.

whom and to the KhoJa family 0

we offer our deepest sympathyin the calamity that hal be-fellen tbem. ,~

greS1man who doe, not toe theDadoo- Iine," .

Will Hr. Ngubane please ex'plain where he found tbil Dew-ism unless he sucRed jt outof hi. own tbumb? What jl I

tho "Dadoo-liner" Can we havean explanation,' .

And then comes the real rubof tho article. tbe smear inplain and simple words, Re-dwbat Mr. Ngubaoe has to "ytltIt jl DOt all tbe provinceswhich thin' Dadooism is IUcha wanderful tbing'. And, if the ~

Transvaal African CongrelS is '~ j

dominated by the Dadoo.boys ..:that j, not tbe position in Nataland we oro determined thatit should nevr be. _.. I thinllr~

the Cape too wanta to be Iree ­to run its aliainl in the Jigbtot its own experiences,' Ob­vioully, Mr. Ngubane believe.in the time. worn method ofgive Ii dog a ' bad name IUld \hang him. .who ate tho"Daddo-boy," in the Traolvaal ·African Congress anyway?

I have no doubt tbat many •readers of this article will pel­ceive in it, at I do, an attemptto Imear the leadership oI theTransvaal African COl!greSl andpitcb the otber provincial coo.greSles against it. '. '. I

Why not call a spade aspade, Mr. Ngubonel Youraete., y . M. DADOO. .

- "D~Un'lI19:'i3 Seed OataloguBPrloe LllI~-lhtlng not ooly .Seells but all Garllen Uequilltu:

Write for a free copy IDistio'. Seed. (Ply,) . Lid.,Box 2060. 1ob.oDelburg:·

DHIRUBHAI

.Dook with WI for ymrr tra,.WaR by Air, Sfl or Lind t/lbtr to IAdla

or to lUI1 put of tbe "odd.

AU t,pe of rnsarll~':'ur., FIn, IJarafary, RIot, Slonn, "eddent,Plale OIuJ, alt.

C4mu11 U. Free or Charp For Your Idcome To. Penonal Till,WrtllDll or Your IJoob, Tnde 1Jcn«e, KIT.nue C1..nare CwllOC1ltt,

ruepom And Jmmllfllllon MaU.,..I

National Mutual LIre Ana. or Australaala,'York.hlre In.uranc. Co. Ltd.

Telephoner ]],9033. 2911 Commissioner Str~et.JOHANNESBJJRG. '

R,pru,ntatilJt:

the raging ' flames and walburnt to death. Deceased i.aurvived by his sorrowingwidow and two children to

ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.

"SMEAR TACTICS AGAiN'?~SOME "QUERIES

Sm,- In the article "SmearTactics Again" by Yr. Nug­

bane, in your issue of July 31st,I was interested in Joolllingfor the culprit. who were usingtbe "smear tactics," The onlyperson. I found in the articledoing the "smearing" wa, noneother than Mr. ' Ngubane him ­self.

It appears that ' the mainburden of the article i, tocriticile and wam tbat "sectionof the Non-White lenders" whoare alleged to be runnicg a"campaign agaiDst so-calledAfrican moderate leaders, sug­gesting that some of them areplanning a lelJ-out,"

We are not told IS to bow,when and where the campail:nil being conducted and wboprecisely comprise that sectionof the Non-White leaders .

-The oo1y hint III to whothese alleged smearere may beis made towards the end of thearticle when Mr. Ngubane referlto some people in the AfricanNational ,Congreu ' 11. "Dadoc­boy," and under the inllueuceof the I'Dadooapproach."

Can Mr. Ngub(lJ]~, in the in­terestl of fair-play lind ' justice,explain what he meaDI by"Dadoo-boys,' wbo .pecificallyIRe the "Dadce-boya' and whatil the "Dadoo' approach?"

Mr. Ngubaoe ' 'goes evenfurther to invent a ' new .ismwhich he caUl "Dadooilm" andexplalne it 'is '''ba·led. on nfundament'll l dil\rult 'of every­body who i, not a' Dadoo-boy,'And then he Itnteoi: "rhoDadoo-boyl in the AfricanNational ConllreSi in turnappear to di,trult every Ccn,

Tragedy InLouiatricbardt

The many friends of Mr.Jadavjee Kboja, well ·known resi.dent of Louiltrichardt (Northern''fransYllsl), have learnt witllprofound grief that his storelot bumt last wee. lind Listwe.llty-four-year.old .oa ""lIojumped in the tlore to lave Il,u

pressed IOUOW over the wantonBtt&~on journalilts and aSiuredthat the 0~~n1 found ;guilty'would be punished. . ','. All . the Calcutta newspapers

remained closed for one day inprotest and imposed a blacltouton Government newl for I aweelo. 'The wrath of tbe news­papen'brougbt good results lorthe common man of Calcutta.The Government decided tosuspend the enhancement of thetramfares and release all thosewho were arrested in connectionwith the agitation against thoenhancement of tramlarer,Section H.oJ of I.P.C., .imposiogn ban on meetings, processionsand demonstrations, was im­mediately withdrawn. Thus thenewapapers in India proTidthat pen was mightier thansword.

A New AttorneyMr. Abdul Kader hmail _

'taned, of Darban, WllJ admittedas an attorney belore the Judge­President, Mr. ]wtice F. N:Broome, and lIr. Jwtice F. R.Shaw jn ' the Supreme Courtu • ,-anuburll', lalt "ell••

star and brother-in-Iaw toRichard Attenborough), JoyceGregg (who hal played Inrepertory in India as well asin England), Normlln Coombes(who is Durban's major ecntrl­bution to the company), RigbyFoster (who understudied RalphLynn in Eo'gland) and LawrenceAyril from Brian , Broo)joCompany. If non-Europeanaudiences are large enough toenable the company to ''' bre~

even" , fiDaocially on . thi s vee­ture, . Mr. McNeile intendl toprovide regular live theatre lornon-European audiences. DuecoDJidcration hILI been given tothe lact that not all non­Ewopeans can afford the 6/.per .eat normally charged byIntimate Theatre when playwgto Enropean audieaces . andthere will, accordingly, also beseatl ovaiJable at ,,/6 and 3/2.It will be Iwprising indeed, ' ifthis company doel not play tot'ecotd howe••

ThinS, III Gener"l

climu when the police attadedpressmen and pbotographenwho had gone to report a meet­in&' which WBI being held bythe Anti-tramfue Eohanee1:nentCommittee in spite of the banOD meetings. Even during thewont days of Britilh regimejomnalista were allowed to dotheir duty without much bin- "dranee, Againlt this unprece­dented action on the part ofCll1cutta police, the Indian Prellrose III one man and demandedimmediate enquiry into thisincident and punishment to thepolice officers concerned. TheActing Home 1tIinilter and thePolice Commissioner Imme-'diately expressed regret andappointed a Commillion toinquire into thil incident. EvenUr. Nehru and Maulana AJlad,Gentral Education Hiniater, ex-

United Party SupportsApartheid Measure

The Parliamentary cerres­pondent 01 the 'Natal Mercury'reported ll1lt weela tluat theUnited Parly caucus decided toaccept in principle the reserva­tion of Sepuate Amenities Billwith .light modification.. Tbe 'caucus decided to appoint II.

Inill committee to draft dmend­menb doigoed to limit thedelejllltion oJ powers to provideleparate amenities to responsi­ble bodies Inch aI Government ,dep1Itments, Plovincial .Ad- 'ministrations and local authori­ties. The United Patty feel.that, wbile it is not alwayspossible to provide equal facili­ties Jor diJIerenl raees, anauunulce is required tbat thepowen will not be abused byfailure to provide any or ade­qUAte facilities for ncn-Enre­pe!U1I.

European Theatre Fol'Non-Europeanl

Pal6lling a long-eherishetfambition, Michael HcNeile andhis Intimate Thutre Compa.aYrwill present one of their out­stAnding comedy. thriller 1Ue­cenea . of last leason to non­RaropcanI at the Bolton Theatre00 the 29th AuJUat when theyopen a ten day aeuoo with"Scmeonc at the Door" byDorothy and Campbell ChrUUe.The play will be produced by ,lIr. IlcHeile himseU and there isno IUlgestion of any inJ'erjority,either In the calt. let or pro­duction whicb Europca.D aa­dimen Boded to. The cutInclades Oerald aim (brother of.• flo ·. ';.

~'tt AUjuit, 1911

-B. I. S. N.

IND'~N

-- ..-..Co. ltd.

Golden NumberOF

"INDIAN OPINION"

Souventr5.5 . karanja arrivIng August 28. Sailing Sept. 3

for Bombay via Karachi and PorebunderPUletlgers must conform with the Vaccination and Yellow

Fever innOrtltation requirements and obtain certificates from theirDeafcst District Surgeon. Innoeulation Ly and certificates from

private Medical Practitioners will not be accepted•

.FARES: DURBAN TO BOMBAYFirst Cia,. single without food £75-15-0Second" .. ,. "50-13-0Inter-Class .. .. .. 34-3-0Unberthed (Deck) without food 21-3-0

Muslim SpecIal Food £11-10-0 Ordinary Food £4-17­Hindu Special Food £10-3-0 Ordinary Food £4-5-6Bookings tor 1st, 2nd, Inter-Class and Unberthed (Deck) can )

be effected by communication with us by telegram or letters.Under no cIrcumstances will unberthed passengers be

~.rn'\ltted to keep on deck wIth them more than one bed­ilin. roll and one trunk for use durIng the voyage.

For further particulars apply to-

SHAIK HIMED & SONS (PlY) lID.390 PINE STREET, Telephone 20432, DURBAN.

Tel. Add.: "KARAMAT.'"

Of The

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l\'Iovement

1906-1914

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BOOKS FOR SALEIlfDIAN JUDGES (aiographical and criLiCllI sket..ohell

with portraits) 7

BMNIENT AMERICANS WHOM INDIA

SHOULD KNOW-Jabez T. Snnderland 7

THE BRAGAVAD GITA-The Lord's Song-(An English Translation)-Annie 'Besant 1

WHAT IS WROXG WITH INDIAN ECONOMIC LIFE?. -D~. V. K. R. V. Rao :s

OURlNDlA (0hiIdrn'8 Stonill by various writers; illustrated)

-Minco Ml18ani 2

COTTAG:I INDUSTRIES AND THInR ROLE INIlfiHAX ECONOMY-Prof. Rao e

GOLDBlf NUMB.ROF "INDIAN OPINION", 1914(Sonvollir of tho POl!sive Reslstance MovcmenL

in S.A., 1906.1914) 4

TaB DBLInBAlfCB (A pietnre of tho palpitating lifeof tho joint family) 4

PUBLIC FINANOE AND OUB POVERTY-J. C. Knmarappa 3

tnr.... STATBI' PBOBLBH (Gandhiji's Writings an

Utterances)-M. K. Gandhi 10

'OONDATION8 OF !'BACK (Oritical stndy of theootadiLi0ll8 whiohpreoipitated two world wal'll-K. T. Shllh ' 11

INDIA. SPEA.KING (Various contributions on economio,pOlitical, ouUnrll1ane!eoelal problems or modern India) Ii

6

6

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6

6

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6

6

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SOVIET ATTITUDE TOWARDS OHINAPactl! And Factll-8tanley Powell Ii

AMONG THE GBEAT (Oonversation with Romain Rolland,Mahatmll Gandhi, Bertrand Buesell , Rablndrallath

Tagore and Sri Anrobindo}-Dilip Kumar Ray 23

TWO HISTORICAL TRIALS IN RED FORT-An account,of thc trial of the Officera of the I.N.A . 14.

WHY CRIPPS FAILED (Docnmented lIooonntfrom theIndian Nationa1ist point of view)-M. BubrahmaD)'IlD 2

GANDRI-JINNAH TALliS (Text o(Oomepondenoeand othe~ relevant tnaUer) 2

TilE S'.rORY 01<' MY EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTa-M, K. Gandhi 16

OHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN INDIA(Their place in India)_M. K. 8andhi I

RAMANAMA-M. K. Gandhi 2

TOWARDS NON-VIOLENT SOCIALISM:.. -It. X. Gandhi 6

REBUILDING OUR VILLA.GFl!-M. K. Gandhi S

AN ATHEIST WITH GANDHI-Gora G. R. Rao 2

Obtainable from:

'Indian Opinion,'

P.Rag, Phoenix, Natal.

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5!O 'ND1~N O~INI9N 21st. Apgust... 1953 ..~ l,j : ... '~.. ;" .1 .~; .. : •

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...•.••...•......._- .

'.

1'.0. no"417.

PLun. 2758

1'10•• • 34-4381

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6lg~ll1cY~R>SHORTS AND SLACKS'

~Ml ~&~'~A)~j'fg~ no« • : '."... TRADE ENQUIRIES ,

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I'rIDlcd oed rabllthed bY M••ll.1 M. G.ndhl .1 rhoenh, Natal.

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rNDIAN OPINION.. L ·_ ~ _ "'-1I.•• 4_1~ ••

..---------.;.-------. erst A,.gust r~SJ

:-:-:_:_:_:"':-:_:_:_:_:-:_:_:__:_:M>,

Vegei:arian Res·taurani:

VMI~~lltr\1 ~t'}Il:l ~I~.s~ 'ttltl :ib ~IIiMI ~~~"ll.n [ncfl.

~llJ~ ~~~ "l'~llql

~~~le "lfi• .-fl~!r~~Ltr-.n. t(hUol, :l>l~ ltiol~a :Vl.1ti~

G'(i~l-l :bi~t~ j,ofiQI'1.1 ~llf 'l.1l!l ~I~l-n (,'tllf ((\Qllf :IIi~ll rt<{l~

<t15\' ~:Ul~~ H'tl 'l~ ~&I :>Jl'ltl:fi 'ltll~rt ~61~ .~I.·

t:l',~n, :biPI, 3l1~, ~HU, :utR'ltld, ~l.~l:ij, c;5\~-l1 cil'ltl ~~

~dW(l. ~l'l{l»t III~,

Ifr"'li~nl, 'l.l~o1« ?:I:r~, R<:1IOlotl ~1'lf.U E1"tI'totl ~'t..!! ~14\'"

:t\lr~ll ... ~ ~'l.llt\t ElI~~411 'l.1<:1\\It" rt'ltff 81{littlot~ .~

"IIOlrtl<ti !"\:f "I~1 ~ ~\tl ~'1.1 ~il ~\d ~Utl.s. :l>(1'l\~ 1II·i\."

~tl'1.« ~!!~~et ClllSt ~~I~i'lM i;U~ i>l1~{4!l~I, \l16·t11~'

If-l~~lr~ 6''lofi ~1{l?:.to11 1tl'aMrlt.

Phone: 33-9033. 2ge Commissioner se.....JOHANNESBURG. ..-,. ,

Phone 339859 -- ....~ ..~ Phone 221727

I ~ " .: .r' ~. J. TAY~~IA . ~",Rep~iJng As-oCIaIe4 j 5J1op J;1tten LId.

43 CommIssIoner. Street" : . J O H~NNES8URc;. ,

' ~lal~ ~L@rl!.~ ' :'

~.." ~~ lobIII ~IEU:U 6IQ':~l, ~I ~~, ~IEl ~:t{l:ij, ~l 61....'

~'lth' (I .... 610r lol , ~t1 ~l~l, :ij'" <Q..'11 ~W~:ij t{t5\' .s.'&l.l~ ~i <tilld'ltl'U ~'1.1 bl~rlo,~,m :utti'tl '<l~ :bil'fii!, •

aLbfi ~ttl.n l3\l\,o{\ ~\!qQ} 6-~ :l>l\'fi~',

GLASS COUNTERSGl..!! Ccunters, Show Cases, Woll Cases, Sweet COUllleu, Fridee Counlezr,

Fish Fr ier, also up 10 due Window Fluio!:s,\Ve sell your old Counleu. ••

Easy Term. Arranged.

..Tel. ADD. : "GANDABHAI"

154 GREY STREET,DURBAN.

Upcountry customers tire requested to send theircheques with their orders.

Write For Price List.

The ~orne Of

INDIAN SWEETMEATS.

6. C. Kapitan & Son

Phone 22905

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f?;6 tott't-tl ~"(f, ~;:, ~~f~I:!I, ~'~t', ,i;t "'l'tl'lt\ 0\\{1 (qt1'lotl

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\tn":- ~~n~L

ru't2{I:{\~I, .s.:l\r2{I'<fi~I, 0\'1.11(.011 '1U'1I, 'L'tt'lUUo1, m,tlo{l"n.fL olU, ~P\ ~l'<fi~l. tl"£\ ~lttl~I, all' o!-\t~ ~(ll:t-

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~"'lti\ ' ~16 <.\~I "'till ~I~, !!t:l~'{tq, -:{lu(t :l.I'\IU :bi~

~11I ~~ ~<o\ ?!'f'tld'l J.hl ':I1'il., J{l'lt~ "'()l~d~t 'l.I&, ll'lt'~Ml ~th'l.l. m. r-t\~ :u~~, o1t~lI't'<fi, ~n fil'! <:1<'~

",1~1't!fi, :bil""~1 ~llOilI, ll'U1I'-!(/\·n )H'JiIi:!I, 'l~l~«l

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~htn ~n. '\~UHn-n 6!1l, W~01Il1l{\>!-n 6t1I, .<t1.1l "I'':I~, :tc:1ttl'l.:l.~~n-~h.n &hm ~~ ~ndh\ ~~ " ~.nl{\ '-it ~Y.-{\tl~.,wn 1tn \lll'lol ('1:\ o;l;"ll:1 ~h16) 13/\.... .. .. .n~H ('il Oilu "'t'i\v -tn'IJI."td" u}\.. ~l.!t ~l'l. ~'fll-n " :bi'l!t? .!l~l'l~ <:0'1 'l.1'1.1 13"" \/\

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~ti\t\ll (:lJ\'\{ 'l'l>fill ~£lo1 ~E1'to11 ~~I:r~l :IIi~'tl') \.

:l>l\~n,,:n (<'l~ 't~tfi Ql't~l :tt~(1) " •UllEl __ ~\Q} (~, 'I., ltltQ tet) \ 't •

«L~ Qi\~"n (otl-lIQ\I' Qll td) «I'ltiQlI~I"d-n &ttt~l t" •!lhn~u~\l'!h (t.: 'lt~lot "\'1.I~~t=l1 -'6 'l.:n~~)

~~t\t, 'li~etl , •

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:bil'lld\ ot'tEi 6111 " "

vt'tll'llU\ "UllL (~'n ~''''tln) \t ,

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i1 ~'l.t'l t>{\.o\' ~";{.\ t<\Mt "('1'1'11 ~~ll-tl"lI'J{l :lJ\'ll, 'il'tI'4t

blf-'.u<tl~ ~~ll ·n;l~ >:~t~<ti l~ \} ~l! :bit'l.:t ;'Wrfl "~t1~I-n

(fiH i1I&-lli.11 th ~IMI ""'1 \t"il ..,LlWfili.~~ ""'l.n 'l.\t\~ ~lWU ~~l':=l ~1L'Ifi '\10\\,,1 &':ll.

en, 'll, (C,O,D.) ~ ~'~U"'o1L~~ ~n, '\ ,,~ Ql:l.'fi 'l.!tl.

~~~o c....~.u:::c.T.·· Del...... .PO, ." DOl< 2'192.

'INDIAN OPINION'P. Bag,

Phoenix, Natal.

Z1St Augusl, r953

~

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INDIAN

ltl!\"t:tl ~rct;jl H~ It ls~~'

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TIMBER It HARDWARE MERCHANTIt DIRECT IMPORTER "

Door. Winuows, Corrugated Iron, Cement, 1

Monarch, Iron Duko. Duflulo, I\nu Elephant·bmnllB pnlUt or any other building matorialnt reasonnblo price.

NATHOO TABHA,

Phone 24641.DURBAN,

. .TABHA'

2ut Aug'lIst, r95~

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Established 1907,

107 Qu.en Street,

T«Ilegraph II Manl,"

NATHOO

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OPINION

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srs« U1NS1, J953

Specialising in Indian, lEnglisb, Groceries, Condiments,Hair oils, Spices, Fancy goods, and everything for tho

"INDIAN HOME."

Try OUf Famous. "India Mix Masala."

High Class Indian Confectionery Always in Stock.

Phone 35-4771.

30b 17th Street, VlfededoJfpJohannesburg.

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A. KADER & Co., (PTY) LTDoWHOLESALE 'FRUIT MERCHANTS

P. O. Box 251. DURBAN.

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L. MISTRY51 BREE STREET, BURGERSDORP, J'SURG.

PHONE 33-4691. BOX 2526.'----------_---: -~=========~

(PTY) LTD.MANUFAcrtJRERS OF LADIES' &. GIRIS'STRAW &. FELT HATS

WHOLFSALE MERCHANTS &. DIRECF IMPORTERS

HOUSE FOR KEEN CASH PRICES33 West Street. JOHANNESBURG.

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PHONE 33-6575. - P. O. BOX ~6BO.THE NEW DIL-KHU8H SWEET MART,3-t President St.. Corner Diagonal Street.

JOHAN NESBURG.

PHONE

MASTER33-2651

BROS.

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JHAVER HIRA & COD~ ~r~~ ~iPhone: 24992 118 Victoria Street,

DURBAN.

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.p8 IN. I A" '0 ' I N ION

Manufacturing Jewellers and General Deollers

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C. C. PALSANIAGENERAL AG£l',;'T

BadDe$t, Estate, F1Da.Dcls.I, JDSWlUIce and IlDlII18raU/)Q eoiuultaDt.Sworu 'IBDstator.

I . Wbere.-er there LJ m puticul&r Life A..ursace Prabl:'" :I Sun Ufo ofC:la"d.. PII.:I .r.a solve it.

2. Pra01pt settle01eat or c1>J01S i.I .. maxim of the Comp"ay's l>bDagement.3. Duriog 1951 the Compr.ny plid over £31,000 000 to annultanu, poUcy

botders and their famiUet. . .•ne StruUfe or Cuada b • Leaderlll World Wlcb ~oe.

CAPETOWNPhone 323901

100 Sir Lowry Road,P.O. Box 4624.

22 ct Jewellery made to order in latest designs

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106 Prince Edward Street, Durban.

KIl,furb.. Cilndltl me~rl.' HumberOople. of Kalturba GllDdhl Memo~al Nnmber can bl had

a' thlJl oIDoo at 11. 3d. Including pottagl.

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ARRIVALS OF GUJARATIBOOKS AT HAND

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FUm IndIa MonthlyLile Aller DeathElementarJ' Tescbllllt1 Ot HIlIdollmLIIlM at Truth (Hlndo Bible)

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GIHWALA STORE I

(Established 1945)

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All kinde ot UU8IOAL INSTRUMENTS REPAIREDat onr 11I1drefll.

BHARAT MUSIC SALOONAND BOOKSELLERS

Phone: 26070

286 'Grey Street, Corner Lorne & Grey Street,DURBAN.

2 Aspeling St:ree1:.

CAPET_OWN.