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http://www.ohp.com/Products/discus_tablets.php
Formulations Formulations
Active ingredientActive ingredient - the chemical that control - the chemical that control the target pestthe target pest
may be sold in several formulationsmay be sold in several formulations
Inert (inactive) ingredientsInert (inactive) ingredients - used to dilute - used to dilute pesticidepesticide
LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS
Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)
one or more petroleum-based solventsone or more petroleum-based solvents liquid active ingredientliquid active ingredient An added adjuvent allows petroleum to An added adjuvent allows petroleum to
mix with water mix with water EmulsionEmulsion
Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)
AdvantagesAdvantages requires little agitationrequires little agitation non-abrasivenon-abrasive non-plugging of screens and nozzlesnon-plugging of screens and nozzles
Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages highly concentratedhighly concentrated easy absorption through skineasy absorption through skin corrosive, can deteriorate hoses, gaskets corrosive, can deteriorate hoses, gaskets
and painted and painted
Ready-to-use (RTU)Ready-to-use (RTU)
already mixed and ready to applyalready mixed and ready to apply over the counter productsover the counter products low active ingredientslow active ingredients
Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)
approximately 100 percent active ingredientapproximately 100 percent active ingredient little or no dilutionlittle or no dilution used in ag, forestry, and mosquito controlused in ag, forestry, and mosquito control
Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)
Active ingredient is an insoluble solidActive ingredient is an insoluble solid Powder (active ingredient) mixed with liquid Powder (active ingredient) mixed with liquid
(inert ingredient)(inert ingredient)
Forms a suspensionForms a suspension
Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)
AdvantageAdvantage seldom clog nozzlesseldom clog nozzles easy handlingeasy handling
Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages requires agitationrequires agitation residualresidual
Aerosols (A)Aerosols (A)
contain low % of a.i.contain low % of a.i. ready-to-use-aerosolready-to-use-aerosol
self-contained units, spray cansself-contained units, spray cans
fog - used in mosquito controlfog - used in mosquito control
Invert EmulsionsInvert Emulsions
water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrieroil carrier
large dropletslarge droplets used in rights-of-way (roadsides)used in rights-of-way (roadsides)
DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS
Dust (D)Dust (D)
ready to useready to use low % of a.i. (0.5% low % of a.i. (0.5%
to 10%)to 10%) used dryused dry easy drift potentialeasy drift potential often small area often small area
use, indoor use, or use, indoor use, or seed treatmentseed treatment
Dust (D)Dust (D)
AdvantagesAdvantages ready to useready to use simple equipmentsimple equipment
use duster for adequate coverageuse duster for adequate coverage
Dust (D)Dust (D)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages easy drifteasy drift does not stick to surfaces welldoes not stick to surfaces well even distribution difficulteven distribution difficult
Baits (B)Baits (B)
a.i. mixed with food or attractive a.i. mixed with food or attractive substancesubstance
low a.i.low a.i. pest killed when consuming foodpest killed when consuming food
Baits (B)Baits (B)
AdvantagesAdvantages ready to useready to use pest goes to pest goes to
baitbait
Baits (B)Baits (B)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages attractive to children and petsattractive to children and pets can attract wildlifecan attract wildlife dead pest cause odordead pest cause odor
Granules (G)Granules (G)
similar to dust, large dispersible particlessimilar to dust, large dispersible particles a.i. is low %a.i. is low %
Granules (G)Granules (G)
AdvantagesAdvantages drift lowdrift low
Granules (G)Granules (G)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages do not stick to foliagedo not stick to foliage may need watered inmay need watered in
Pellets (P)Pellets (P)
similar to G but uniform in sizesimilar to G but uniform in size
Wettable Powders (WP or W)Wettable Powders (WP or W)
look just like dustslook just like dusts mixed with water mixed with water
suspensionsuspension
do not dissolve, needs to be continuously do not dissolve, needs to be continuously agitatedagitated
Wettable Powders (WP or W)Wettable Powders (WP or W)
DisadvantageDisadvantage inhalation hazardinhalation hazard require good agitationrequire good agitation abrasiveabrasive difficult to mixdifficult to mix clog potentialclog potential residualresidual
Soluble powders (SP or WSP)Soluble powders (SP or WSP)
similar to WP, but dissolve in water - similar to WP, but dissolve in water - solutionsolution
little agitation neededlittle agitation needed
Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)
pesticides pesticides surrounded by surrounded by plastic coatingplastic coating
mixed with mixed with water and water and applied as applied as sprayspray
Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)
AdvantagesAdvantages encapsulation will release pesticide over encapsulation will release pesticide over
timetime good safety and ease of usegood safety and ease of use
Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)
DisadvantagesDisadvantages constant agitationconstant agitation attractive to bees (pick up and take back attractive to bees (pick up and take back
to hive…pollen?)to hive…pollen?)
Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG or DF)Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG or DF)
similar to WP, but similar to WP, but granulesgranules
mixed with water, mixed with water, granules break granules break apart apart
no inhalation no inhalation easy to handleeasy to handle
FumigantsFumigants
FumigantsFumigants
poisonous gasespoisonous gases used in structural pest control and grain used in structural pest control and grain
storagestorage
FumigantsFumigants
AdvantagesAdvantages one treatment will kill everything - insect one treatment will kill everything - insect
and diseaseand disease penetrates everythingpenetrates everything
FumigantsFumigants
DisadvantagesDisadvantages target site must be enclosedtarget site must be enclosed highly toxichighly toxic specialized equipmentspecialized equipment
ADJUVANTSADJUVANTS
Formulation ADJUVANTSFormulation ADJUVANTS
Formulation adjuvantFormulation adjuvant may be may be incorporated into productincorporated into product
Improve storage and/or compatibilityImprove storage and/or compatibility
Formulation ADJUVANTSFormulation ADJUVANTSFormulation adjuvantFormulation adjuvant EmulsifiersEmulsifiers: enable mixing of water-: enable mixing of water-
insoluble productsinsoluble products Buffering agentBuffering agent: control pH of solution: control pH of solution AntifoamingAntifoaming: reduce foam during mixing: reduce foam during mixing
Spray ADJUVANTSSpray ADJUVANTSSpray adjuvantSpray adjuvant increases efficacy increases efficacy SurfactantSurfactant is a ‘surface-active agent’ is a ‘surface-active agent’
Reduces surface tensionReduces surface tension Improves absorptive capabilityImproves absorptive capability
Spray ADJUVANTSSpray ADJUVANTS
StickersStickers: increase : increase adhesive natureadhesive nature
Spreader-stickerSpreader-sticker: : combined with combined with surfactantsurfactant