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BFARMC Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
CLWUP Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan
Cm centimeters
CPUE Catch per unit effort
CTI Coral Triangle Initiative
EBFM Ecosystem-based Fishery Management
ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network
FSA(S) Fish Spawning Aggregation (Sites)
LGU Local Government Unit
LRFF(T) Live Reef Fish Food (Trade)
MAO Municipal Agriculture Office
MFARMC Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
MPA Marine Protected Area
MT Metric Ton
PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
PNP Philippine National Police
SCRFA Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations
SPAGS Spawning Population Aggregation Sites
SWM Solid Waste Management
WPU Western Palawan University
WWF World-Wide Fund for Nature
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Palawan as LRFF Area
Araceli as LRFF Area
Fish Catch and LRFF
Sustainability Status of Mariculture
Income from LRFF
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PCSD Regulations on LRFF
Provincial Regulations on LRFF
REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARACELI ON LRFF
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Issues on Growth Mechanism
Issues on Control Mechanism
Issues on Maintenance Mechanism
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Current Actions on Growth Mechanism
Current Actions on Control Mechanism
Current Actions on Maintenance Mechanism
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Planned Actions on Growth Mechanism
Planned Actions on Control Mechanism
Planned Actions on Maintenance Mechanism
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The rapid depletion of the fisheries in the Philippines can be clearly seen in the live reef fish food trade (LRFFT). This is a result of overfishing and destructive methods used to meet the incessantly increasing demand amid dwindling supplies. Groupers, especially the leopard coral grouper, compose a large portion of the LRFF trade. Due to the biology of the leopard coral grouper, depletion can be very fast. It is relatively uncommon, long-lived, late-maturing and most fish are females as juveniles first develop into females which then change sex to males. Since larger fish (males) are more heavily fished than smaller fish in a fishery, most fish in the trade are females and juveniles. The juveniles are caught to stock the cages and ponds or to go to the market before they reach egg-bearing age. In some areas, reproductive fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) are targeted since fish are particularly easy and efficient to catch when they are gathered so spawn. This is because aggregations are predictable in time and space (Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., 2008; www.scrfa.org). It is estimated that one to two years of heavy and unregulated collection can deplete an average reef area leaving behind destroyed ecosystems, especially if aggregations are targeted.
The LRFFT is a multi-million trade estimated to have a total retail value of $810 million in 2002 for the Asia-Pacific area (Sadovy et al, 2003). It earns not only for restaurants and traders but
and 2002 indicates where the LRFFT is heading. The prospect of the trade is bleak unless the way the resource is being managed is improved. Moreover, the loss of groupers being exported for the trade could ultimately pose a threat to food availability (food security) if long-term negative ecosystem and fishery impacts result from the fishing methods and volumes of fish being extracted.
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Although past LRFF harvest in the Philippines shows robust growth, there is no recent or systematically collected data to establish the current trend and there has been no data management effort (Mamauag, 2004). It is however established that catch size and the mean body size of the catch is declining (Bentley, 1999). As one example, the average body size in Coron of leopard coral grouper decreased from 31.5 cm in 1998 to 30.1 cm in 2000 (Mamauag.
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2004). Since the species becomes sexually mature at an average length of about 35 cm, this means that the fishery includes many juveniles (taken mainly for grow-out) and this can lead to loss of reproductive biomass and recruitment overfishing. Moreover, businesses in Coron have experienced reduced catches resulting in interest in live grouper spreading to Araceli and elsewhere. The coral reef is a common resource but in WWF survey on May 2009, Araceli has around 50 persons involved in LRFFT half of them were into trading.
Palawan as LRFF Area
Palawan is among 36 areas in the country considered as well-established sources of LRFF. Around 16 of its 23 municipalities are documented as LRFF sources. Five are both harvest area and transfer points. These are Balabac, Coron, Magsaysay, San Vicente and Araceli. Although Palawan has an international airport in Puerto Princesa City, a city ordinance that bans the collection and shipment of certain LRFF species effectively prevents transshipment.
The LRFF registered shipment volume in Palawan increased from 305.19 metric tons (MT) in 2003 to 700.36 MT in 2008 or by 29 percent per year (PCSD, 2009). The unregistered shipment volume cannot be estimated but is known to exist. The export value between 2003 and 2008 correspondingly rose from 0.55 to 1.26 Billion Pesos. This increase occurred amid deteriorating reef conditions and increasing overfishing. In 2008, only 13.3 percent of the reef of the province is in excellent or good condition while its LRFF is reported to be overfished by 567.74 -660.14 MT (PCSD, 2009).
A survey of seven municipalities in Palawan counted a total of 1,595 LRFF producers or 228 producers per municipality (Province and Municipalities of Palawan, 2009). PCSD registered only 58 producers in 2008. A producer has one to three cages. A cage covers an average of 21 square meters and the seven municipalities have an average density of 470 cages per hectare. It varies by municipality with a range from 65 to 1557 cages per hectare.
Based on the PCSD accreditation record, the number of traders in Palawan increased from 83 in 2004 to 112 in 2008 or at the annual rate of 11.7 percent. The increase of the number of carriers and producers was only 2.8 and 0.5 percent annually, respectively during the same period. But since many industry players are not accredited, their number and the annual increase must be much higher.
Araceli as a LRFF Area
The small number of LRFF producers in Araceli indicates that the industry is not yet as developed as in the other municipalities in Palawan. Its relatively isolated location, basic transportation facilities and weather-dependent access from trans-shipment points of Taytay and Roxas naturally restricts the growth of the industry. But these factors do not completely protect
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its expansive coral reef area (Map 1). LRFF fishers mainly from the municipality of Taytay routinely encroach into its reef areas. The most vulnerable is the Hart Reef which is along its municipal boundary with Taytay and located quite far from Arace
Reefs and Fisheries Status
The assessment of the coral reefs in four sites in Araceli done on April 2010 shows that their condition is on average considered fair (Table 1). But such condition varies by site. In two sample sites, it is poor but fair in the other two. None of the sites was rated good or excellent in coral cover. The sites with poor coral cover have portions of dead coral reefs which seemed to have been there for some time.
MAP 1 Mariculture Area and Coral Reefs in the Municipality of Araceli, Palawan: 2010
Table 1 Percent Coral Cover in Four Selected Sites in Araceli, Palawan: 2010
Station Hard Corals Soft Coral Total Coral Cover
Langoy (Deep) 4.55 + 0.92 15.84 + 0.33 20.39 (Poor).
Mantulali 22.75 + 3.04 20.07 + 0.46 42.82 (Fair )
Langoy (Shallow) 36.11 + 7.23 1.65 + 2.33 37.76 (Fair)
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Pier (Shallow) 12.39 + 0.13 1.93 +1.74 14.32 (Poor)
Average 28.8 (Fair)
Source: Gonzales B. and Others. 2010. Reef Fish and Benthic Life-form Assessment in Shores of Araceli, Palawan. Unpublished Report. Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. Puerto Princesa City. August
A sampling made on July 2010 in three sites of Hart Reef at seven meters depth shows a coral cover averaging from 30 to 40 percent (Martillano, 2010). Hard corals account from 50 to 60 percent of the cover. Porites and table.corals are the most abundant Rubles and bleached corals were found but so were newly developed corals. Strong current and excellent water quality indicate that the area supports relatively fast recovery of degraded portions of the reef. .
The fish density and biomass were also assessed in four sites (Gonzales, B, 2010). It was found out that the site (Langoy Shallow) with poor coral cover has also low fish density. But Langoy deep had relatively high fish density and biomass in spite of the poor coral cover. Mantualali had both fair coral cover and high fish density. The survey in the Hart Reef 34 fish species belonging to 21 genera and 13 families were noted. Groupers (Serranidae) were the dominant family although these were largely undersize (5 to 30 cm). Such abundance is further seen in the three-month (March-May 2010) result of community-based fish catch monitoring using fish landing survey.
The result is from six of the 13 barangays covered by the fish landing survey. It shows an average fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 1.43 kg per fisher per hour of actual fishing (Table 1). The use of barricade has the highest CPUE at 9.58 kg per fisher per hour of actual fishing while the scoop net has the lowest at 0.15 kilogram. Octopus composes 25 percent of the total catch in three-month period. Groupers comprise only 4 percent. The collection of grouper is most intense from March to April or the transition period from the northeast to the south east
industry gave it score of 2.9 in the range where 1.0 is the lowest score and 5.0 is the highest (Creencia-Alcantara, L. 2009).
Table 2 Catch Per Unit Effort in the Municipality of Araceli, Palawan: March-May 2010
Gear March April May Average
Fish corral 0.29 0.61 No data 0.45
Octopus luring device 1.04 0.92 0.85 0.94
Bottom set gillnet 0.95 1.96 3.02 1.98
Troll line No data No data 3.75 3.75
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Multiple handline 2.02 0.75 No data 1.38
Simple handline 1.07 1.26 0.49 0.94
Fish pot 0.40 No data 0.89 0,64
Multiple longline 0.50 0.73 1.51 0.91
Surface gillnet 0.57 0.88 1.70 1.05
Simple handline (drift) No data 1.38 No data 1.38
Spear fishing (skin dive) 0.87 0.81 0.57 0.75
Gleaning No data 0.27 0.61 0.44
Filter net 1.73 0.75 0.75 1.07
Scoop net 0.15 No data No data 0.15
Push net No data 0.25 0.60 0.42
Crab pot 0,27 0.16 0.23 0.22
Barricade No data 6.67 12.50 9.58
Fyke net No data 3.33 No data 3.33
Average 0.83 1.38 2..1 1.43
Source: Palla H. and B. Gonzales. 2010. Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring in Araceli Palawan. Unpublished Report. Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. Puerto Princesa City. August.
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Income from LRFF
Although LRFFT supports only a few households in Araceli, it has kept them out of poverty. An average household in Araceli engaged in LRFF production earns P252,354 per year (Cola and others, 2009). This is more than three times the poverty threshold for the province of Palawan at
LRFF. Although on average, each household has three income sources and uses three to four fishing methods, its dependence on LRFF is still highly significant. The municipal government does not earn much from LRFF.
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THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE (REPUBLIC ACT 8550) PROHIBITS THE EXPORTATION OF LRFF WHICH IS NOT HATCHED OR PROPAGATED IN ACCREDITED PONDS MAKING THE LFFF TRADE IN ARACELI ILLEGAL (PROVINCE AND MUNICIPALITIES OF PALAWAN, 2009). BUT USING THE MANDATE OF THE ACT PROVIDING FOR THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR PALAWAN (REPUBLIC ACT 7611), THE PCSD PROMULGATED AND IS EXECUTING LAWS GOVERNING THE LRFFT. THE PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS HAVE DONE THE SAME USING THE MANDATE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (REPUBLIC ACT 7160).
PCSD Regulations on LRFF %
As a special area for biodiversity, Palawan is geographically zoned by degree of protection requirement under a system called Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN). The ECAN includes measures intended to protect species in areas under certain management zone. To carry out these measures, PCSD regulates the harvesting and trade of LRFF. It has one administrative order and two resolutions. Administrative Order 2000-05 and Resolution 2003-09 require persons or groups involved in LRFFT to be accredited by PCSD to engage in its component activities. Resolution 2007-340 set quota of LRFF production for the province. This resolution which contradicts the Section 61 of the Philippine Fisheries Code is currently under review. The PCSD administrative orders and resolution are considered national laws because the PCSD is a national entity.
PCSD Regulations on LRFF %
As a special area for biodiversity, Palawan is geographically zoned by degree of protection requirement under a system called Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN). The ECAN includes measures intended to protect species in areas under certain protective management. To carry out these measures, PCSD regulates the harvesting and trade of LRFF. It has one administrative order and two resolutions. Administrative Order 2000-05 and Resolution 2003-09 require persons or groups involved in LRFFT to be accredited by PCSD to engage in its component activities. Resolution 2007-340 set quota of LRFF production for the province. This resolution which contradicts the Section 61 of the Philippine Fisheries Code is currently under review. The PCSD administrative orders and resolution are considered national laws because the PCSD is a national entity.
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Provincial Regulations on LRFF
THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF PALAWAN SUPPORTS THE NATIONAL LAWS THROUGH ITS FOUR ORDINANCES ON LRFF. PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE 941 REQUIRES THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) TO OPERATE SANCTUARIES PREFERABLY IN LRFF SPAWNING AGGREGATION AREAS AND AN OPEN-CLOSE SEASON FOR LRFF HARVESTING. PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1993-02 BANS THE GATHERING, BUYING, SELLING, AND SHIPMENT OF LIVE FISH IN PALAWAN. THESE ORDINANCES ARE GENERALLY CONSISTENT WITH THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE. BUT TWO SUCCEEDING ORDINANCES (PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1994-29 AND PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1998-332) LIFTED THE BAN ON SOME SPECIES INCLUDING THE NAPOLEON WRASSE BUT THE BAN WAS LATER REINSTATED UNDER PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES NO 2006-941 AND 2006-946. +
REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARACELI ON LRFF %
The Philippine Fisheries Code and the Local Government Code give power over municipal within two
lines drawn perpendicularly to the general coast lines from points where the boundary lines of the municipality and city touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the general
LRFF are normally collected in this part of the sea.
Araceli has seven ordinances, one executive order (EO) and a barangay ordinance relevant to LRFFT (Table 3). One is Ordinance No. 62 series 2008 Regulating the Catching, Carrying, and Trading of Live Fish in the Municipality Adopting PCSD Administrative Order No 3 Series of 1999 in the Issuance of Permit and License Therefore and for Other Purposes. Three prohibits the use
enforcement group and revenue generation. These ordinances show that the municipal government has always has the intent to manage its fishery resources in a more sustainable manner. This plan for more sustainable LRFF si built on that intent
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The five-year (2009-2013) Palawan LRFF Trade Sustainability Framework Plan aims to take initial steps to improve the management of the LRFFT to attain greater resource sustainability, equity of benefits, inclusiveness in decision-making and address poverty reduction (Province and Municipalities of Palawan, 2009). The plan contains tasks to be undertaken by the provincial government and government of municipalities with thriving LRFF production. At the provincial level, the tasks are policy review and formulation, conducting technical studies, spatial planning, enforcement, application of innovative production technology and permitting. Ten municipalities
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made their own plan within the framework of the provincial plan and to support its proposed actions but Araceli was not one of them.1
Table 3 Municipal Ordinances of Araceli Relevant to LRFFT: September 2010
Ordinance/Executive Order Number
Series of Title of Ordinance
42 1996 An ordinance penalizing the use of prohibited and other deleterious method of fishing within Municipal water of Araceli, Palawan
139 2009 An ordinance prescribing additional penalties for fishing in the Municipal water of Araceli, Palawan with used of compressor as breathing apparatus.
62 2008 An ordinance regulating the catching, carrying, trading of live fish in the municipality, adopting PCSD administrative order No. 3 series of 1999 in issuance of permit & license therefore and other purposes.
Bgy. Ord. 05 2008 An ordinance establishing of fish sanctuary for breading of fish and crabs at Barangay Dalayawan, Araceli, Palawan
35 1994 An ordinance providing for the creation of Bantay Dagat Araceli Chapter in the municipality of Araceli, Province of Palawan.
EO No. 7 2004 Creating, Organizing and activating the Municipal Chapter of Bantay Dagat in the Municipality of Araceli Province of Palawan.
52 1998 An ordinance prescribing the rate of fee for the issuance of auxiliary invoices in fees and fishery products pursuant of section 15 of R.A 8550.
98 2005 An ordinance adopting into to R.A 8550 other known as Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 in the Municipality of Araceli, Palawan.
102 2005 An Ordinance adopting into to Provincial Ordinance 854 Series of 2005 banning of entry of sodium cyanide either it raw or process form in the Province
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%@%The municipalities are Aborlan, Bataraza, Brookes Point, Coron, Culion.Quezon, Rizal, Roxas, San Vicente and
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of Palawan providing exemption and penalties or violation therefore for other purposes.
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The plan aims to improve the sustainability of LRFF production in Araceli by attaining the following objectives from 2010 to 2015:
Improved fishery resources by reestablishing healthy populations of targeted species and the integrity of marine ecosystems through more effective management system, and in consideration of on-going climate change;
Increased income of households and the municipal government from its fishery resources while ensuring their long-term sustainability though better management of resources;
Establish the municipality as a producer of high quality and sustainably-sourced LRFF. %!
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sustainability plan. The fist step was to describe the Coral Triangle on which broad context the plan is being formulated. The ecological, economic and legal status of LRFF production using the latest available research-based information was subsequently discussed. The implication of climate change on the coastal resources of Araceli was included in the discussion. The stakeholders validated the research-based information and reflected on the implications of climate change on LRFFT in their municipality. Based on the validated information and their own experience in the LRFF industry, the stakeholders set the sustainability standards, identified the issues that must be addressed in the next ten years and the required actions to attain greater sustainability and profitability in LRFF operations.
Ninety-five persons participated in the meeting (Table 4). Around 47 percent were from government offices mostly as municipal government representatives. Personnel of the PCSD and the Philippine National Police (PNP) were also part of the group. The LRFF traders constituted 24 percent. The producers comprised 23 percent. Around 21 percent of the participants were women.
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Table 4 Participants of the Araceli LRFF Sustainability Planning Meeting by Affiliation and Gender: 10 August 2010
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The conditions of the LRFFT in Araceli were analyzed and management actions were crafted using ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM) as a framework. This framework aims to conserve biological diversity through improved management of the fish stocks and fish habitats that support them (Arcamo, S and Others. 2007). It assumes that the decline in catch rates and fish yields reflects the loss of biodiversity. Attaining this aim requires effecting change in behaviour from destructive exploitation practices to more sustainable resource use and exploitation patterns. Three interrelated mechanisms are used to attain this and are described below:
Growth Mechanisms: enhance fisheries production and marine ecosystem integrity through the use of fish sanctuaries, management zones, and environmentally-friendly economic development and revenue-generating mechanisms.
Control Mechanisms: allocate access to fisheries and coastal resources through restrictions on fishing gear, size limits and seasons, establishment of licensing and registration systems, and enhanced fisheries enforcement.
Maintenance Mechanisms: improve institutional capacity for fisheries and coastal resources management (CRM) through ecosystem-based fisheries management clustering of LGUs into viable management units, integration of population and reproductive health programs, efficient market-based incentives for sustainable fisheries, and public-private partnerships.
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Affiliation Men Women Total
Government 33 14 47
Traders 19 5 24
Producers 21 2 23
Total 73 21 94
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For the LRFF industry in Araceli to attain ecological and economic sustainability, the stakeholders set the standards that need to be maintained. The standards were agreed by consensus based on the information on the status of the LRFF industry in the municipality, and from experiences elsewhere. They also considered their capacity to meet these standards. These standards were developed to constitute the three EBFM mechanisms.
use zoning and MPA operation. On control mechanisms, the standards set were as follows: comprehensive fisheries ordinance, institution of closed fishing season, setting of fish catch for LRFF based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY), and operation of an effective enforcement system. The maintenance mechanisms was licensing and rentals for fishing operation
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Attaining the sustainability standards is held back by a number of issues. The stakeholders identified the issues that must be addressed in the next five years to make the EBFM mechanisms functional enough to make LRFF sustainable. The issues are concentrated on the control mechanism.
Issues on Growth Mechanisms
The current MPA area is very small in proportion to the total municipal waters. It is not enough as a breeding and nursery area for lobsters and LRFF. There is a need to allocate more areas as MPA but as part of water use zoning plan. The formulation of such plan is needed to balance the need for MPA and fishing grounds. There is also a need to contain mariculture (sea weed farming and fish cages) to suitable areas. The need for this area is particularly felt in Barangays San Jose de Oro and Osmena.
Issues on Control Mechanisms
jurisdiction of PCSD. The municipality needs a Fishery Code which will regulate the entire fishing operation in its municipal waters. The absence of such code is one factor behind the low level of enforcement which is still anchored on national laws. The result is the use of cyanide in LRFFT fishing and muriatic acid in abalone collection, widespread harvesting of juveniles, routine encroachment of outside fishers including commercial operators and use of the municipality as landing ;point of illegally caught fish from other municipalities. The encroachers are usually from
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the adjacent municipality of Taytay but they also come from as far as Cuyo Island and Cebu. They do not only take fish from municipal waters but they also destroy the apparatus in seaweed farms.
Enforcement in Araceli also has administrative and logistical challenges. The police force has no
(Bantay Dagat). The shortcomings of the current method of cyanide detection in fish make it harder to pinpoint the users of the chemical. Besides the detection instrument is not available in the municipality. The municipality has critical reefs located far from the main island and their effective enforcement requires more sophisticated transport equipment. Travelling to Hart Reef on a regular pump boat can take around three hours. Further, the enforcement system has to overcome the constraints of the social value which puts the welfare of relatives above the law and the common good.
The PSCD currently operates an LRFFT licensing and accreditation system. But its financial and logistical requirements reportedly favor the big operators at the expense of the small ones. But even the big operators find the process a hurdle. The 2008 the moratorium imposed by the PCSD on caging further limits the number of permit holders. But many traders in the municipality operate without any permit or using permits valid in another municipality. The municipal government and barangay could serve as gate keepers of resources. But even outsiders could reportedly get a fishing permit from the municipal government and clearance from the barangay captain.
Issues on Maintenance Mechanisms
The overlap of municipal boundaries with Taytay in Cadbucao area needs to be settled t before an inter-municipality collaboration on fisheries management can commence. Internally, the barangay captains need to recognize the authority of Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
has to increase. The municipality can also expand its revenue stream by fixing the payment for auxiliary receipts. Trading without auxiliary receipts and certificate of origin were reported in at least four barangays (Maduldulon, Calandagan, Taluto and Poblacion).
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Araceli needs to improve the system of its fisheries management and the manner it is being carried out. But there are current actions on which future actions can be built. These current actions partially support the operation of the three EBFM mechanisms.
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Current Actions on Growth Mechanisms
The municipality has a zoning plan. The construction and installation of structures require clearance from the Municipal Planning and Development Office. The barangays have a development plan which may include zoning of its coastal area. But the implementation of zoning requirements at the barangay level may be difficult. The only MPA in the municipality is in Barangay Dalayawan. It is reportedly zoned into management areas and the municipality has a fish warden to watch over it. The areas suitable for mariculture have also been identified but are not mapped.
Current Actions on Control Mechanisms
The municipality has three ordinances governing its fisheries. It is currently reviewing all its ordinances to know the aspects that still need to be covered. To prevent illegal fishing, the
not active in many. In some barangays, the BFARMC is more active in enforcement. These enforcement groups randomly patrol their area of responsibility although more should be done if the encroachers are to be driven away. Even the Hart Reef is sporadically patrolled. On the use of cyanide, the PCSD has new guidelines providing for the suspension of permit once a LRTFF trader has three samples that would turn out positive in the detection test. But the questions raised on the effectiveness of the technology raised doubts on its results. The certification of origin and catch documentation can be used trace cyanide-caught fish
The municipal government has a registration for boats and fishers. Around 90 percent of the fishers were reportedly registered. Due to an ordinance giving residents preferential use of municipal waters, the municipal government revoked the permits issued to non-residents. Outsiders caught fishing in municipal waters are charged P2,500 per person. The municipality government will soon implement its color coding system for boats to easily spot the encroaching boats on non-residents.
Current Actions on Maintenance Mechanisms
The only action for maintenance mechanism is the monitoring on auxiliary receipts and certificate or origin by the Municipal Agriculture Office.
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The stakeholders put forward planned actions that they will pursue from 2010 to 2015 to make LRFFT more sustainable (Table 5). While several institutions will be involved in carrying these out, the municipal government will be the lead implementer being in-charge of municipal waters. It will serve as the linchpin in multi-stakeholder implementation providing coordination for the synchronization of activities. .
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Table 5 Actions and Schedule of Implementation of the Araceli LRFF Sustainablity Plan: 2010-2020
Actions Year
11 12 13 14 15
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Update the municipal waters zoning plan allocating suitable areas for MPA mariculture and navigation
----
Allocate area for fish sanctuary in each barangay in the water use plan ----
Identify spawning areas and zone these as MPA ---- ----
Declare Mantulali Island (Cynthia Rock) and Cambary Island as MPA ---- ----
Allocate 30 percent of Hart Reef as MPA ---- ----
Zoning of MPA into core and multiple use zones ---- ----
Raise funds from fish traders and catchers to fund MPA buoys ---- ---- ---- ----
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Promulgate a municipal fisheries code ----
Delineate boundaries of municipal waters to ease arrest of encroachers ---- ----
Conduct a refresher course for citizens enforcement groups including ----
Provide honorarium for citizens enforcement groups ----
Implement the color coding of boats ----
Increase the frequency of patrolling ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Install a reporting system ----
Collaborate with national agencies on the patrolling of Hart Reef ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Use the contribution of traders for enforcement ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
laws ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Conduct research the on the need and application of closed season ----
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Identify the illegal fishers and their source of cyanide ----
Conduct education campaign in hotspots of illegal fishing ---- ---- ----
Inventory the number and location of small and commercial LRFF cages ----
Transfer LRFFT permitting from PCSD to the municipal government ----
Prepare a resolution at all levels for PCSD to lift moratorium on granting LRFF caging permit
----
Require mariculture operators to obtain barangay clearance ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Revise the permitting system to hasten the process ----
Provide specific definition of small scale and marginalized cagers ----
Install and frequently update the data base for fishers and provide identification card for registered fishers
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Improve the monitoring of the use of fishing permit through the MAO
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Build the capacity BFARC to keep non-residents out from their barangay ---- ----
Orient the barangays on the role of BFARMC and on relevant fishery laws ---- ----
Settle with the municipality of Taytay the issue of of overlapping boundary ----
Deputize the barangay to collect auxiliary receipts for the municipal treasurer ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Involve the traders in educating the fishers on non-destructive fishing ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Conduct regular community meetings on LRFFT and coastal management ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Planned Actions for Growth Mechanisms
The basic action planned to enhance the growth mechanism for the municipal fisheries of Araceli is the updating of its water use zoning plan (Table 5). The plan must allocate suitable areas for MPA, mariculture and navigation not only to avoid conflict among users but also to strike a sharper balance between its economic and ecological needs. For MPA, it is planned that it will cover areas identified to have SPAGS. It will also cover the Mantulali and Cambary Islands as well as 30 percent of the Hart Reef. Each barangay will have its own fish sanctuary which it will manage on its own. The larger MPA will be zoned by degree of restriction in use (e.g, core zone and sustainable use zone). The fish traders will contribute funds for the purchase of buoys to mark MPA boundaries. These activities will mostly start on 2011. The contribution of the traders as a continuing activity w
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Planned Actions for Control Mechanisms
The two control mechanisms that the municipality will further develop are its enforcement and permitting systems. For enforcement, the first task is to promulgate a municipal fisheries code. A municipal resolution to delineate the boundary of municipal waters will also be done. Its delineation is considered important to ease the arrest of encroachersenforcement group will be strengthened. One step to retrain them including on the conduct of
The system will be improved by color coding the boats owned by municipal residents. A reporting system that will organize communities into ground detectives who would report to authorities illegal activities through short messaging system (SMS) will also be installed. For areas far from the main island such as the Hart Reef, a collaborative arrangement will be made with national government agencies. The enhanced system will increase the frequency of patrolling. Further, the illegal fishers and their source of cyanide will be identified for closer monitoring.
A set of activities will support enforcement. The hotspots for illegal fishing will be targeted for onitored more intently. Research
on the need and application of closed season will be done. The traders will contribute to finance the conduct of law enforcement activities.
On the permitting system, the first task is to inventory the number and location of small and commercial LRFF cages. A resolution will be made at the barangay and municipal levels for PCSD to lift moratorium on granting LRFF caging permit. Then a municipal resolution will be filed requesting the transfer of LRFFT permitting and accreditation from PCSD to the municipal government small scale and marginalized cagersthrough a set of criteria to avoid confusion and find ways to improve their access to coastal resources. Mariculture operators will be required to obtain barangay clearance.
The existing municipal fishing and boat licensing system will be revised to hasten the process. This will include the installation and frequent update of the data base for fishers. They will be also provided with identification card to facilitate the control of the entry of outside fishers. The Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) will improve the monitoring of the use of fishing permit.
Planned Actions for Maintenance Mechanisms
The capacity of the municipal government and its stakeholders and constituency to carry out the management activities will be upgraded. At the barangay level, the BFARC will be oriented on its role and on relevant fishery laws. They will be also trained to keep out non-resident fishers from their barangay. The barangay officials may be deputized to collect auxiliary receipts for the municipal treasurer to increase efficiency. To raise the level of the involvement of everybody in coastal management regular community meetings will be conducted. At the municipal level, the issue of overlapping boundary will be settled with the municipality of Taytay to pave the way for inter-municipality collaboration. The traders for their part will educate the fishers on non-
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destructive fishing since they are usually affected when an illegally caught fish find its way into their supply.
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Araceli has big gaps to be plug to make LRFFT operation more ecologically and economically sustainable. The actions contained in this plan merely constitute the first steps towards attaining full sustainability. The effort needed to implement the plan has serious challenges where outside assistance may be helpful. These challenges are as follows:
Reconciling and dovetailing municipal actions with those of the PCSD and the province on one hand and with the other municipalities on the other.
Limited municipal resources to obtain technical information that will serve as strong basis for policies and decisions including water use planning and MPA establishment.
Technical shortcomings of the MAO in research and development and in overseeing enforcement,
Conflict between the national and local laws which inject unpredictability on the policy environment and sowing confusion among stakeholders;
Funding for enforcement and for obtaining needed information, as well as for improved permitting system. .
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CONCLUDING NOTES
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Arcamo, S and Others. 2007. Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest. Final Midterm Evaluation Report. United States Agency for International Development. Manila. February
Bentley, N. 1999. Fishing for Solutions: Can the Live Trade in Wild Groupers and Wrasses fro Southeast Asia be Managed?. Pataling Jaya, Malysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
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Creencia-Alcantara, L. 2009. Mariculture Sustainability in Aracel.i. Unpublished Report Prepared Western Philippines University for the Coral Triangle Support Program. Quezon City: WWF-Philippines. September
Galidez, B.and H. Palla, 2009, Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring. Unpublished Report Prepared by Western Philippines University for the Coral Triangle Support Program. Quezon City: WWF-Philippines
Mamauag, S. 2004. The Live Reef Food Fish in the Philippines. In: DA-BFAR. In Turbulent Seas. The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Cebu City: Coastal Resource Management Project.
Martillano, M. 2010. Notes on Hart Reef Scoping. Unpublished Report. Puerto Princesa City: WWF-Philippines. July
Palla H. and B. Gonzales. 2010. Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring in Araceli Palawan. Unpublished Report. Puerto Princesa City: Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. August.
Province and Municipalities of Palawan, WWF-Philippines, Palawan Council for Sustainable Development and Palawan State University. 2009. Palawan Live Reef Fish for Food: Sustainability Framework Plan 2009-2013. (Draft) February.
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD). 2009. Status of the Live Reef Food Fish Trade in Palawan: Is it Sustainable?. Presentation in the Palawan Live Reef Food Fish Trade Summit. Puerto Princesa City: 23 February
Sadovy, Y.J. et al. 2003. While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade. Asian Development Bank.
Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y, Cornish, A., Domeier, M, Colin, P., Russell, M. & Lindeman, K. 2008. A Global Baseline for Spawning Aggregations of Reef Fishes Conservation Biology. 22(5):1233-124
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BFARMC Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
CLWUP Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan
Cm centimeters
CPUE Catch per unit effort
CTI Coral Triangle Initiative
EBFM Ecosystem-based Fishery Management
ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network
FSA(S) Fish Spawning Aggregation (Sites)
LGU Local Government Unit
LRFF(T) Live Reef Fish Food (Trade)
MAO Municipal Agriculture Office
MFARMC Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
MPA Marine Protected Area
MT Metric Ton
PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
PNP Philippine National Police
SCRFA Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations
SPAGS Spawning Population Aggregation Sites
SWM Solid Waste Management
WPU Western Palawan University
WWF World-Wide Fund for Nature
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Palawan as LRFF Area
Quezon as LRFF Area
Fish Catch and LRFF
Sustainability Status of Mariculture
Income from LRFF
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PCSD Regulations on LRFF
Provincial Regulations on LRFF
REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF QUEZON ON LRFF
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Growth Mechanisms
Control Mechanisms
Maintenance Mechanisms
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Control Mechanisms
Maintenance Mechanisms
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The rapid depletion of the fisheries in the Philippines can be clearly seen in the live reef fish food trade (LRFFT). This is a result of overfishing and destructive methods used to meet the incessantly increasing demand amid dwindling supplies. Groupers, especially the leopard coral grouper, compose a large portion of the LRFF trade. Due to the biology of the leopard coral grouper, depletion can be very fast. It is relatively uncommon, long-lived, late-maturing and most fish are as juveniles first develop into females which then change sex to males. Since larger fish (males) are more heavily fished than smaller fish in a fishery, most fish in the trade are females and juveniles. The juveniles are caught to stock the cages and pens or to go to the market before they reach egg-bearing age. In some areas, reproductive fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) are targeted since fish are particularly easy and efficient to catch when they are gathered to spawn. This is because aggregations are predictable in time and space (Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., 2008; www.scrfa.org). It is estimated that one to two years of heavy and unregulated collection can deplete an average reef area leaving behind destroyed ecosystems, especially if aggregations are targeted.
The LRFFT is a multi-million trade estimated to have a total retail value of $810 million in 2002 for the Asia-Pacific area (Sadovy et al, 2003). It earns not only for restaurants and traders but
and 2002 indicates where the LRFFT is heading. The prospect of the trade is bleak unless the way the resource is being managed is improved. Moreover, the loss of groupers being exported for the trade could ultimately pose a threat to food availability (food security) if long-term negative ecosystem and fishery impacts result from the fishing methods and volumes of fish being extracted.
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Although past LRFF harvest in the Philippines shows robust growth, there is no recent or systematically collected data to establish the current trend and there has been no data management effort (Mamauag, 2004). It is however established that catch size and the mean body size of the catch is declining (Bentley, 1999). As one example, the average body size in Coron of leopard coral grouper decreased from 31.5 cm in 1998 to 30.1 cm in 2000 (Mamauag. 2004). Since the species becomes sexually mature at an average length of about 35 cm, this
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means that the fishery includes many juveniles (taken mainly for grow-out) and this can lead to loss of reproductive biomass and recruitment overfishing. Moreover, businesses in Coron have experienced reduced catches resulting in interest in live grouper spreading to mainland Palawan including the municipality of Quezon.
Palawan as LRFF Area
Palawan is among 36 areas in the country considered as well-established sources of LRFF. Around 16 of its 23 municipalities are documented as LRFF sources. Five are both harvest area and transfer points. These are Balabac, Coron, Magsaysay, San Vicente and Quezon. Although Palawan has an international airport in Puerto Princesa City, a city ordinance that bans the collection and shipment of certain LRFF species effectively prevents transshipment.
The LRFF registered shipment volume in Palawan increased from 305.19 metric tons (MT) in 2003 to 700.36 MT in 2008 or by 29 percent per year (PCSD, 2009). The unregistered shipment volume cannot be estimated but is known to exist. The export value between 2003 and 2008 correspondingly rose from 0.55 to 1.26 Billion Pesos. This increase occurred amid deteriorating reef conditions and increasing overfishing. In 2008, only 13.3 percent of the reef of the province is in excellent or good condition while its LRFF is reported to be overfished by 567.74 -660.14 MT (PCSD, 2009).
A survey of seven municipalities in Palawan counted a total of 1,595 LRFF producers or 228 producers per municipality (Province and Municipalities of Palawan, 2009). PCSD registered only 58 producers in 2008. A producer has one to three cages. A cage covers an average of 21 square meters and the seven municipalities have an average density of 470 cages per hectare. It varies by municipality with a range from 65 to 1557 cages per hectare.
Based on the PCSD accreditation record, the number of traders in Palawan increased from 83 in 2004 to 112 in 2008 or at the annual rate of 11.7 percent. The increase of the number of carriers and producers was only 2.8 and 0.5 percent annually, respectively during the same period. But since many industry players are not accredited, their number and the annual increase must be much higher.
Quezon as a LRFF Area
A WWF survey on May 2009 in Quezon counted 250 persons involved in LRFFT (Cola, R. 2009). They composed around 16 percent of the total number of LRFF fishers identified in the 10 municipalities of Palawan during the survey. But in WWF survey on July 2010, there were 105 fishers, three cagers and six traders and shippers or a total of 114 persons involved in LRFFT (Matillano, 2010). The fishers and cagers constitute around 9 percent of the total fishers in Quezon. The total area used for cages is 782.6 square meters or around 261 per cager.
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The high number of persons involved in LRFFT in Quezon indicates a highly developed industry. Quezon itself is a trans-shipment point having an operational airstrip (Map 1). But due to distance from Manila, the cargo planes need to carry a larger volume of LRFF to maintain their margin under higher fuel cost. If the producers in Quezon do not have such volume, they bring the LRFF to Roxas where it is pooled with the load of producers from other parts of Palawan to have the desired volume for air shipment. The mainland location of Quezon and relatively good roads that connect it to Roxas bring it close to the market.
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!MAP 1 Mariculture Area and Coral Reefs in the Municipality of Quezon, Palawan: 2009
While it can respond to market demand more rapidly due to its proximity, it also makes its natural resources, including LRFF, more vulnerable to intense pressure. Without better management to regulate the pressure, the sustainability of its natural resources is in doubt. The status of its coral reefs and fisheries indicates their already fragile state. Urgent actions are needed to ensure that in the near future these resources can still be relied upon to support not only the LRFF industry but also the municipal economy of Quezon.
Reefs and Fisheries Status
An assessment of the coral reefs in five sites in Quezon on July 2010 shows that their average condition is already poor (Table 1). The coral reefs in three of the five sites were rated poor and in two were rated fair. None of the sites has good or excellent coral cover. One site (Berong Shallow) was found to be vulnerable to erosion indicating that it is not only the deleterious water-based activities that destroy the reefs (Gonzales and Others, 2010) Land-based activities have
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adversely affect reefs as well. Bleaching of corals was observed in some reefs adding to the percentage of dead corals. A warmer water temperature and the exposure to cyanide could be the causes of bleaching.
Table 1 Percent Coral Cover in Four Selected Sites in Quezon, Palawan: 2010
Station Hard Corals (%) Soft Coral (%) Total Coral Cover (%
Calumpang 18.34 0.85 19.2 (Poor)
Isugod 30.15 0.30 30.4 (Fair)
Sidanao 9.70 0.60 10.3 (Poor)
Berong Shallow 27.45 2.20 29.6 (Fair)
Berong Deep 18.95 1.40 20.4 (Poor)
Average 22.0 (Poor)
Source: Gonzales B. and Others. 2010. Reef Fish and Benthic Life-form Assessment in Shores of Quezon, Palawan. Unpublished Report. Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. Puerto Princesa City. August
The state of the corals in Quezon can be considered alarming because its near-shore area is known to be a rich fishing ground providing fish to its population and to other municipalities in Palawan (Gonzales and Others, 2010). It was noted during the survey that the site with fair coral cover (Berong Shallow) has also high fish assemblage. The dependence of municipality on its fisheries is seen in one-month result of community- based fish catch monitoring done on June 2010. It shows a total one-month fish catch of 292.9 metric tons. The average fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 1.71 kg per fisher per hour of actual fishing (Table 1). The bag net has the highest CPUE at 6.0 kg per fisher per hour. The catch through this gear composed 80 percent of the total catch of the municipality. But it benefits less number of fishers because its users compose only 18 percent. Around 35 percent of the fishers in the municipality use a simple hand-line. Groupers comprise only 2 percent of the total catch.
Table 2 Catch Per Unit Effort in the Municipality of Quezon, Palawan: March-May 2010
Gear Catch Per Unit Effort (kilogram per fisher per hour of actual fishing)
Bagnet 6.04 Bottom set gillnet 2.02 Drift gillnet 0.57
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Modified muro ami 1.45 Multiple hook & line 0.97 Simple handline 0.50 Spear fishing (skin dive) 0.14 Spear fishing (compressor) 0.28 Stationary lift net 3.21 Surface gillnet 1.87 Average 1.71
Source: Palla H. and B. Gonzales. 2010. Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring in Quezon Palawan. Unpublished Report. Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. Puerto Princesa City. August.
But the coastal waters of the municipality do not only provide products from the wild stock. It has 327 seaweeds farmers and 150 fishpond owners (Matillano, 2010). Together with the cagers,
The seaweed farmers and cagers are also at the receiving end of the waste water from the fishponds. The multiple uses of the municipal waters indicate that any improvement in management aimed at producing a more sustainable LRFFT will redound to other coastal resources and its users. LRFF industry gave it a score of 2.7 in the range where 1.0 is the lowest score and 5.0 is the highest (Creencia-Alcantara, L. 2009).
Income from LRFF
An average household in Quezon engaged in LRFF production earns P506,080 per year (Cola and others, 2009). This is about six times the poverty threshold for the province of Palawan at
from LRFF. Around 36 percent is from non-fishing income sources (e.g., remittances, farming and business) and the rest is from fishing activities other than on LRFF. Although on average, each household has two to three income sources and uses three to four fishing methods, its dependence on LRFF is still highly significant. The municipal government also earns much from LRFF.
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THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE (REPUBLIC ACT 8550) PROHIBITS THE EXPORTATION OF LRFF WHICH IS NOT HATCHED OR PROPAGATED IN ACCREDITED PONDS MAKING THE LFFF TRADE IN QUEZON ILLEGAL (PROVINCE AND MUNICIPALITIES OF PALAWAN, 2009). BUT USING THE MANDATE OF THE ACT PROVIDING FOR THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR PALAWAN (REPUBLIC ACT 7611), THE PCSD PROMULGATED AND IS EXECUTING LAWS GOVERNING THE LRFFT. THE PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS HAVE DONE THE SAME USING THE MANDATE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE (REPUBLIC ACT 7160).
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PCSD Regulations on LRFF %
As a special area for biodiversity, Palawan is geographically zoned by degree of protection requirement under a system called Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN). The ECAN includes measures intended to protect species in areas under certain management zone. To carry out these measures, PCSD regulates the harvesting and trade of LRFF. It has one administrative order and two resolutions. Administrative Order 2000-05 and Resolution 2003-09 require persons or groups involved in LRFFT to be accredited by PCSD to engage in its component activities. Resolution 2007-340 set quota of LRFF production for the province. This resolution which contradicts the Section 61 of the Philippine Fisheries Code is currently under review. The PCSD administrative orders and resolution are considered national laws because the PCSD is a national entity.
PCSD Regulations on LRFF %
As a special area for biodiversity, Palawan is geographically zoned by degree of protection requirement under a system called Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN). The ECAN includes measures intended to protect species in areas under certain protective management. To carry out these measures, PCSD regulates the harvesting and trade of LRFF. It has one administrative order and two resolutions. Administrative Order 2000-05 and Resolution 2003-09 require persons or groups involved in LRFFT to be accredited by PCSD to engage in its component activities. Resolution 2007-340 set quota of LRFF production for the province. This resolution which contradicts the Section 61 of the Philippine Fisheries Code is currently under review. The PCSD administrative orders and resolution are considered national laws because the PCSD is a national entity.
Provincial Regulations on LRFF
THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF PALAWAN SUPPORTS THE NATIONAL LAWS THROUGH ITS FOUR ORDINANCES ON LRFF. PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE 941 REQUIRES THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) TO OPERATE SANCTUARIES PREFERABLY IN LRFF SPAWNING AGGREGATION AREAS AND AN OPEN-CLOSE SEASON FOR LRFF HARVESTING. PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1993-02 BANS THE GATHERING, BUYING, SELLING, AND SHIPMENT OF LIVE FISH IN PALAWAN. THESE ORDINANCES ARE GENERALLY CONSISTENT WITH THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE. BUT TWO SUCCEEDING ORDINANCES (PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1994-29 AND PROVINCIAL ORDINANCE NO. 1998-332) LIFTED THE BAN ON SOME SPECIES INCLUDING THE NAPOLEON WRASSE BUT THE BAN WAS LATER REINSTATED UNDER PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES NO 2006-941 AND 2006-946.
REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF QUEZON ON LRFF %
The Philippine Fisheries Code and the Local Government Code give power over municipal within two
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lines drawn perpendicularly to the general coast lines from points where the boundary lines of the municipality and city touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the general
LRFF are normally collected in this part of the sea.
Quezon has eight ordinances relevant to LRFFT (Table 3). Three are specifically on LRFFT. One regulates the catching, trading and shipment of LRFF and another amends its provision. An ordinance also establishes a mari-culture park,. The other ordinances are on coastal resource management and boat registration. These ordinances indicate that the municipal government recognizes that the industry must be managed and that common resources used for private ends must be sustainable. It also shows that LRFFT management has began the function of sustainability plan is to build on it and fine-tune its strategies.
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The five-year (2009-2013) Palawan LRFF Trade Sustainability Framework Plan aims to take initial steps to improve the management of the LRFFT to attain greater resource sustainability, equity of benefits, inclusiveness in decision-making and address poverty reduction (Province and Municipalities of Palawan, 2009). The plan contains tasks to be undertaken by the provincial government and government of municipalities with thriving LRFF production. At the provincial level, the tasks are policy review and formulation, conducting technical studies, spatial planning, enforcement, application of innovative production technology and permitting. Ten municipalities made their own plan within the framework of the provincial plan and to support its proposed actions.2
Table 3 Municipal Ordinances of Quezon Relevant to LRFFT: September 2010
Number . Title
2006 066 054 of the municipality of Quezon, province of Palawan otherwise known
2007 management areas and identifying coastal zones within the municipal waters of Quezon, Palawan
2007 067 non-motorized fishing vessels three (3) gross tonnage and below operating within the municipality waters of Quezon, province of Palawan, prescribing
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%>%The municipalities are Aborlan, Bataraza, Brookes Point, Coron, Culion,.Quezon, Rizal, Roxas, San Vicente and
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corresponding fees and imposing penalties for non-registration thereof and
2007-068 regulating the Live Reef industry within the juridical limits of the municipality of Quezon, province of Palawan, providing certain conditions for the catching, trading and shipment of Live Fish within and out of the municipality, imposing regulatory fees and penalties for violation thereof and
2008 075 zones within the municipal waters of Quezon, Palawan and providing penalties therefore and for other purp
2008 078 -C of ordinance No. 2007-providing for the guidelines in the registration of motorized and non-motorized fishing vessels three (3) gross tonnage and below operating within the municipal waters of Quezon, province of Palawan, prescribing corresponding fees and imposing penalties for non-registration thereof and for other purposes.
2008 079
-A-1 of Ordinance No. 2007 An ordinance regulating the Live Reef Fish industry within the juridical limits of the municipality of Quezon, province of Palawan, providing certain conditions for the catching, trading and shipment of Live Fish within and out of the municipality, imposing regulatory fees and penalties for violation thereof and for other purposes
2008 082 resource management areas of the municipality of Quezon, province of Palawan, further declaring the entire coastal resource area as tourism
Quezon made a plan with four other municipalities (Aborlan, Bataraza, Brookes Point and Rizal) located south of Palawan. The plan contained 46 actions with enforcement as the centerpiece. Composite teams have to be organized, trained and equipped and community and inter-municipality support must be galvanized. Incentives would be provided to the law abiding and punishment for the law breakers.
The five municipalities planned to enhance their policy environment for sustainable LRFF through 10 actions. Temporal and spatial closures, use of economic instruments (e.g., bidding of fish cage areas) and provision of opportunities for more equitable access to fishery resources are part of the policy agenda. The revision of the current policy on permitting system by
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devolving accreditation to the municipality and setting-up a one-stop shop for three-year accreditation with annual payment was also planned. They are also looking at the application of full-cycle technology and training of fishers on more environmentally-sound methods to improve LRFF production.
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The plan aims to improve the sustainability of LRFF production in Quezon by attaining the following objectives from 2010 to 2015:
Improved fishery resources by reestablishing healthy populations of targeted species and the integrity of marine ecosystems through more effective management system, and in consideration of on-going climate change;
Increased income of households and the municipal government from its fishery resources while ensuring their long-term sustainability though better management of resources;
Establish the municipality as a producer of high quality and sustainably-sourced LRFF. %
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sustainability plan. The first step was to describe the Coral Triangle on which broad context the plan was being formulated. The ecological, economic and legal status of LRFF production using the latest available research-based information was subsequently discussed. The implication of climate change on the coastal resources of Quezon was included in the discussion. The stakeholders validated the research-based information and reflected on the implications of climate change on LRFFT in their municipality. Based on the validated information and their own experience in the LRFF industry, the stakeholders set the sustainability standards, identified the issues that must be addressed in the next ten years and the required actions to attain greater sustainability and profitability in LRFF operations.
Forty-eight persons participated in the meeting (Table 4). Around 47 percent were from government offices mostly as municipal and barangay government representatives. Personnel of the PCSD were also part of the group. The LRFF traders constituted 10 percent. The producers comprised 15 percent. Around 38 percent of the participants were women.
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Table 4 Participants of the Quezon LRFF Sustainability Planning Meeting by Affiliation and Gender: 13 August 2010.
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The conditions of the LRFFT in Quezon were analyzed and management actions were crafted using ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM) as a framework. This framework aims to conserve biological diversity through improved management of the fish stocks and fish habitats that support them (Arcamo, S and Others. 2007). It assumes that the decline in catch rates and fish yields reflects the loss of biodiversity. Attaining this aim requires effecting change in behaviour from destructive exploitation practices to more sustainable resource use and exploitation patterns. Three interrelated mechanisms are used to attain this and are described below: %
Growth Mechanisms: enhance fisheries production and marine ecosystem integrity through the use of fish sanctuaries, management zones, and environmentally-friendly economic development and revenue-generating mechanisms.
Control Mechanisms: allocate access to fisheries and coastal resources through restrictions on fishing gear, size limits and seasons, establishment of licensing and registration systems, and enhanced fisheries enforcement.
Maintenance Mechanisms: improve institutional capacity for fisheries and coastal resources management (CRM) through ecosystem-based fisheries management clustering of LGUs into viable management units, integration of population and reproductive health programs, efficient market-based incentives for sustainable fisheries, and public-private partnerships.
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Affiliation Men Women Total
Government 24 12 36
Traders 3 2 5
Producers 3 4 7
Total 30 18 48
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For the LRFF industry in Quezon to attain ecological and economic sustainability, the stakeholders set the standards that need to be maintained. The standards were agreed by consensus based on the information on the status of the LRFF industry in the municipality, and from experiences elsewhere. They also considered their capacity to meet these standards. These standards were developed to constitute the three EBFM mechanisms.
A total of 11 standards were set. Five interrelated sustainability standards were set to enhance
MPA, and abundant juveniles. On control mechanisms, the standards set were as follows: harvesting within the maximum sustainable yield (MSY), appropriate laws, licensing and resource use payment as well as enforcement. The standards on maintenance mechanisms were continuous monitoring of resource status and employment of sustainable practices.
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Attaining the sustainability standards is held back by a number of issues. The stakeholders identified the issues that must be addressed in the next five years to make the EBFM mechanisms functional enough to make LRFF sustainable. The issues are concentrated on the control mechanism.
Issues on Growth Mechanisms
current management of all types of ecosystems. In the upland area, mining, logging and slash and burn farming have intensified siltation that smothers the coral reef. In the lowland, the expansion of rice and animal production as well as human settlements has generated organic and chemical waste that find their way to the sea. In the coastal zone, mangroves are cut and burned into charcoal or cleared for fishpond. The waste water from the fishponds is dumped into the sea. Gravel and sand are quarried along the coasts and in the riverbeds.
Adding to the adverse impacts of land-based activities on the coastal waters are the damaging fishing practices. The toll of all these pressures is increasingly seen in the coral reefs. Their status has noticeably deteriorated. The impact of climate change is expected to worsen their status. The availability of LRFF juveniles is not yet acute but protective measures are needed.
The municipality has MPA (Double Island and Tamlangon) but management is poor. The MPA management plan made in 2007 has not been adopted and implemented. Compressors are openly used within MPA to harvest lobsters. More MPA should be developed but the demarcation of the proposed fish sanctuary in Lipuun Point did not proceed. The municipal
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waters should be zoned to regulate better access to its resources and set aside proportional area for MPA.
Issues on Control Mechanisms
mechanisms. There is a need to review and improve the municipal ordinances so that these would be made more appropriate to current needs to make for LRFFT sustainable. Maximum sustainable yield should be the basis in regulating extraction rate. One regulatory tool to be improved is the licensing system which processing time is deemed too long. There is also the complication over the PCSD policies which the stakeholders felt have not undergone enough consultation.
Enforcement is very weak and reportedly favors the bigger fishers at the expense of the small ones. The use of illegal methods (cyanide; compressor; dynamite; stone/cellophane) is rampant and increasing. Even encroachers which number is also growing use the same methods. Among the encroachers are commercial fishers using active gears. Juveniles are harvested without any restriction. There is no control implemented to check on the size, quality, source or legality of the landed fish catch. Only half of the municipal fishers are registered. But even the regulatory mechanism of the registration system is not working well to prevent encroachment.
Issues on Maintenance Mechanisms
The municipality needs to strengthen its institutional capacity for fisheries management. The initial steps are to appoint a municipal fishery officer and evaluate the performance of the Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (MFARMC). The MFARMC may need an office to facilitate the performance of its function as policy recommendatory body and support to the municipal government in fishery management. There is a need for continuous monitoring of the status and extraction of its natural resource including LRFF to ensure that sustainable practices are done.
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Quezon needs to improve the system of its fisheries management and the manner it is being carried out. But there are current actions on which future actions can be built. These current actions partially support the operation of the three EBFM mechanisms.
Current Actions on Growth Mechanisms
To protect its upland area from illegal logging, the municipality organized a forest warden group (Bantay Gubat). In the lowland, a landfill is being constructed and will be operational by September 2010. The landfill should improve the management of municipal solid waste and
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reduce the amount dumped into the sea. Under the Office of the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO), coastal cleanup operation is conducted yearly in the town center yielding five trucks of garbage every time. It involves the fishing industry, academe and other sectors.
In the coastal area, cleared mangrove areas are replanted as an initiative of PCSD. On the existing MPA, buoys are already purchased as markers. Their draft management plan is awaiting implementation. The establishment of the mariculture park has also secured an area for LRFF culture and seaweeds farming.
Current Actions on Control Mechanisms
suffice if fully implemented. But others think these ordinances must be made more stringent. For instance, the penalty for illegal activities is considered too low. Some aspects of these ordinances are difficult to implement such as the ban on compressors.
citizens enforcement group (Bantay Dagat) has already a boat and five regular staff. Some barangays have allocation for the enforcement team. Patrols are being done and arrests have been made on illegal activities. There are community members who have taken the initiative to report illegal activities to authorities. Traders also examine the fish they receive from fishers to ensure that these are legally caught.
barangays have a permitting system but its complementation with the municipal system has to be worked out.
Current Actions on Maintenance Mechanisms
The municipality has a working MAO, MFARMC and BFARMC. But their operation has to improve particularly in the aspect of enforcement. The traders has a monthly report which must be regularly collected, consolidated and examined so that trends can be established and used for decision-making.
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The stakeholders put forward planned actions that they will pursue from 2010 to 2015 to make LRFFT more sustainable (Table 4). While several institutions will be involved in carrying these
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out, the municipal government will be the lead implementer being in-charge of municipal waters. It will serve as the linchpin in multi-stakeholder implementation providing coordination for the synchronization of activities. .
Planned Actions for Growth Mechanisms
The actions planned to enhance the growth mechanism for the municipal fisheries of Quezon spans from the upland to the reef area. In the upland, mining operators will be required to contain their tailings and prohibit its dumping to the water bodies that bring it to the sea (Table 5). In the lowland, raising animals will be restricted to certain zones to prevent the current practice of direct dumping of animal waste into the sea. In human settlements, the landfill will be put into operation and a sewage system will be installed.
In the coastal zones, the on-going relocation of informal settlers will be continued. The conflict over the tenure of mangrove areas which were converted into fishponds will be investigated and settled. Existing fishpond owners will be required to use environmentally friendly feeds. Mangroves nurseries will be established to provide seedlings for the replanting of logged-over areas.
In the municipal waters, a water use plan will be prepared. Part of the plan is to set aside areas for MPA and expand the existing ones. The boundaries of the MPA will be delineated and marked with buoys. The management plan of the existing MPA will be updated and adapted. For new MPA, a plan will be prepared. Trained and equipped warden as well as supportive communities will protect the MPA. For the area declared as mariculture park, management will be improved. Hatcheries will be established to supply the fingerlings to cagers. To reduce the dependence of the LRFFT industry on groupers, more species will be introduced for caging.
Planned Actions for Control Mechanisms
The strengthening of the control mechanisms will start with the promulgation of ordinances to complement the existing ones. The policy agenda include the following: (1) use of hook and line as a requirement in catching LRFF, (2) ban of outsiders in municipal waters; (3) limit the sale of LRFF juveniles to municipal residents; (4) increase penalty of illegal fishing and (5) ban the production, transport and selling of charcoal made from mangrove. A study will be made on LRFF life-cycle to establish the rationale of close season. The study will be made on the two sea boards: China Sea and Sulu Sea. It has been casually observed that groupers hatch their eggs during new moon. If the study will confirm this, an ordinance for a seven day close season must be promulgated.
The stronger set of ordinances will be enforced more intently. The municipal enforcement system will be restructured. Land and water-based enforcement (Bantay Quezon) will be integrated and
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expanded down to the barangays. All environmental offenses not just illegal resource extraction but also illegal waste disposal will be covered by the enforcement group. A quick response unit will be organized to investigate ground level reports.
The enforcement personnel will be trained and equipped. The LRFF traders will contribute to the provision of equipment including a patrol boat and financial support for operation. The illegal fishers will be identified and recruited to fishing cooperatives to dissuade them from illegal activities. Alternative livelihood and skill training will be offered to them. The traders will be provided with technology if available to detect illegally caught fish. They will also enlist the fishers supplying them with LRFF to report violations.
The fishers registration will be updated yearly through the BFARMC. The process of registration will be rationalized to cut the time required. The current process discourages fishers from registering. Request will be made to PCSD to conduct more consultations on its policies. This is aimed to avoid resentment against PCSD which policies have been frequently questioned by LRFF fishers and traders.
Table 5 Actions and Schedule of Implementation of the Quezon LRFF Sustainability Plan: 2010-2020
Actions Year
11 12 13 14 15
Growth Mechanisms
Require mining operators to contain tailings and ban its disposal water bodies -- --
Provide zone where livestock and poultry can be raised -- -- -- -- --
Operate the land fill -- -- -- -- --
Install a sewage system. -- --
Relocate informal coastal settlers -- -- --
Clarify the tenure of fishponds in mangrove areas --
Require fishpond owners to use environment-friendly feeds
Replant mangroves and establish mangrove nurseries --
Prepare a water use zoning plan for municipal waters -- --
Declare more MPA sites and expand the existing ones --
Delineate MPA and install marker buoys on delineated boundaries -- --
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Update and adopt plan for existing MPA and formulate for new ones -- --
Provide MPA with trained and equipped wardens and supportive communities -- -- -- -- --
Monitor the performance of MPA -- -- -- -- --
Improve the management of mariculture parks -- -- -- -- --
Establish hatcheries and diversify mariculture species -- -- -- --
Control Mechanisms
Promulgate ordinances on: (i) use of hook and line in catching LRFF, (ii) ban outsiders in municipal waters; (iii) limit sale of juveniles to municipal residents; (iv) increase penalty of illegal fishing (v) ban charcoal from mangrove
--
Conduct a study on LRFF life-cycle to establish the rationale of close season;
Restructure municipal enforcement by integrating land and water-based enforcement (Bantay Quezon), expanding it to the barangay level, installing a quick response unit and covering indiscriminate waste disposal as an offense.
--
Provide more logistical support and training to enforcement groups -- --
Provide venues for traders to contribute to enforcement (e.g., boats and money) -- --
Recruit illegal fishers to fishing cooperatives to dissuade them from illegal activities -- --
Provide alternative livelihoods to fishers and train them on the skills required -- -- -- --
Provide traders with technology to detect illegally caught fish -- -- -- --
Update the census and registration fishers yearly through the BFARMC -- -- -- -- --
Rationalize the process of registration and licensing to hasten the process --
Request PCSD to conduct more consultations on its policies --
Maintenance Mechanism
Hire fishery personnel for the MAO to monitor compliance to laws --
Strengthen BFARMC by including traders and providing honorarium to members --
Set a limit of the number of traders who will be given license --
Organize traders and give them representation in government bodies, venues to lobby for stronger enforcement and chance to visit successful mariculture areas
-- --
Educate fishers on environmentally-friendly practices -- -- -- -- --
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Conduct information campaign against buying illegally caught fish -- -- -- -- --
Collect production reports to monitor resource use. -- -- -- -- --
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Planned Actions for Maintenance Mechanisms
Fishery personnel will be hired to strengthen the capacity of the municipal government. These personnel will enable the MAO to monitor more intently compliance to ordinances. At the barangay level, the BFARMC will be strengthened by giving the traders representation and providing honorarium to council members.
At the ranks of the traders, a limit will be set on their number through licensing. They will be organized into a formal group and it will be given representation in government bodies. Through this representation, the traders can easily lobby in the municipal government for stronger enforcement and provide support to conservation activities. The traders will visit successful mariculture to gain lessons to improve their technology and conservation practices.
On the part of the fishers, they will be educated on environmentally-friendly practices (e.g., use of plastic bags and proper waste disposal). The consumers will also be strengthened through information campaign against buying illegally caught fish. A data-base will be constituted from the production reports of the traders to monitor resource use.
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Quezon has big gaps to be plug to make LRFFT operation more ecologically and economically sustainable. The actions contained in this plan merely constitute the first steps towards attaining full sustainability. The effort needed to implement the plan has serious challenges where outside assistance may be helpful. These challenges are as follows:
Reconciling and dovetailing municipal actions with those of the PCSD and the province on one hand and with the other municipalities on the other.
Limited municipal resources to obtain technical information that will serve as strong basis for policies and decisions including water use planning and MPA establishment.
Technical shortcomings of the MAO in research and development and in overseeing enforcement.
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Conflict between the national and local laws which inject unpredictability on the policy environment and sowing confusion among stakeholders;
Funding for enforcement and for obtaining needed information, as well as for improved permitting system. .
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98:898358;!!
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Bentley, N. 1999. Fishing for Solutions: Can the Live Trade in Wild Groupers and Wrasses fro Southeast Asia be Managed?. Pataling Jaya, Malysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
Cola, R.M and Others. 2009. Income Profile of LRFF Fishers in Palawan. Unpublished Report Prepared for Coral Triangle Support Program. Quezon City: WWF-Philippines. July
Creencia-Alcantara, L. 2009. Mariculture Sustainability in Aracel.i. Unpublished Report Prepared Western Philippines University for the Coral Triangle Support Program. Quezon City: WWF-Philippines. September
Galindez, B.and H. Palla, 2009, Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring. Unpublished Report Prepared by Western Philippines University for the Coral Triangle Support Program. Quezon City: WWF-Philippines
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Mamauag, S. 2004. The Live Reef Food Fish in the Philippines. In: DA-BFAR. In Turbulent Seas. The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Cebu City: Coastal Resource Management Project.
Matillano, M. 2010. Report. Puerto Princesa City: WWF-Philippines. July
Palla H. and B. Gonzales. 2010. Community-based Fish Catch Monitoring in Quezon Palawan. Unpublished Report. Puerto Princesa City: Western Philippines University and WWF-Philippines. August.
Province and Municipalities of Palawan, WWF-Philippines, Palawan Council for Sustainable Development and Palawan State University. 2009. Palawan Live Reef Fish for Food: Sustainability Framework Plan 2009-2013. (Draft) February.
Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD). 2009. Status of the Live Reef Food Fish Trade in Palawan: Is it Sustainable?. Presentation in the Palawan Live Reef Food Fish Trade Summit. Puerto Princesa City: 23 February
Sadovy, Y.J. et al. 2003. While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade. Asian Development Bank.
Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y, Cornish, A., Domeier, M, Colin, P., Russell, M. & Lindeman, K. 2008. A Global Baseline for Spawning Aggregations of Reef Fishes Conservation Biology. 22(5):1233-1244.
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1. LRF fishing is a men-dominated activity as reflected in 99 percent of the fisher-respondents. But women are also engaged in the activity. They compose one percent of the fisher-respondents in Palawan and three percent in Tawi-Tawi.
2. An average fisher-respondent spent an average of 6.4 years in school in Palawan and 8.1 years in Tawi-Tawi. This length of education translates to Grade 6 in Palawan and Second Year High School in Tawi-Tawi. This means that certain level of literacy and numeracy is required in LRFF activity that seems to exclude those of lesser education. The municipal variation in educational attainment is slight.
3. The fisher-Palawan and 1.4 in Tawi-Tawi. Given this arrangement, they are not generally solely dependent on LRFF. Due to more limited opportunities there are more fisher-respondents in Tawi-Tawi who depend wholly on LRFF for a living than in Palawan.
4. Even in marine extraction activities, the fisher-respondents are not solely dependent on LRFF. They are engaged in an average of 2.7 types of activities in Palawan and 2.1 in Tawi-Tawi. Apart from LRF fishing, 97 percent in Palawan are into hook and line fishing while 55 percent in Tawi-Tawi are into seaweed farming.
5. LRF fishing contributes 74 pcent of the fishing income in Palawan and only 14 percent in Tawi-Tawi. The municipal variation in Palawan is very wide with the LRF fishing contributing almost 100 percent of the fishing income in El Nido but only 8 percent in Cagayancillo. In Tawi-Tawi, the municipal variation is negligible.
6. The fisher-respondents in Tawi-Tawi engage more frequently in LRF fishing than those in Palawan (10 versus 7 times) but the former earn less from their engagement The peak season of LRFF extraction in Palawan is during the southeast mons0on while it is during the northeast monsoon in Tawi-Tawi.
7. The average household income in Palawan is 464,516 pesos in 2008 while it is 79,444 in Tawi-Tawi. The average for Palawan is almost six times the income considered poverty threshold for Palawan. But average of Tawi-Tawi is below the provincial poverty threshold.
8. The average income from LRFF is 284,591 pesos in 2008 for Palawan and 9,469 pesos for Tawi-Tawi. The contribution of LRFF to the average total household income in Palawan is 51 percent and 12 percent for Tawi-Tawi. The variation of the income from LRFF and its percentage share in the total household income widely varies among Palawan municipalities.
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9. Salaries and wages are the biggest non-fishing contributor to household income in Palawan. It amounts to 31 percent of the total but only 19 percent of the fisher-
with more educated members. The most common non-fishing income source is livestock and poultry supporting 65 percent of the households in Palawan and 10 percent in Tawi-Tawi, But its production is at subsistence level. The biggest non-fishing contributor to household income in Tawi-Tawi is business operation.
10. An average trader has been in the business for 2.2 years in Palawan with an average shipment of 3,380 kilograms in 2008. Those in Tawi-Tawi are in the business longer at 5.5 years but with lower shipment volume of 275 kilograms in 2008.
11. The usual route of the Palawan shipment is though transshipment points within the province and taken mostly to either Manila or Cebu where the LRFF is subsequently flown to Hong Kong or Taiwan. In Tawi-Tawi, the LRFF is bought on site by dealers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea or shipped to Simporma Malaysia as the transshipment point. The intensity of shipment generally coincides with the reported intensity of LRFF collection by fishers.
12. Among the fishers in Palawan, the most severe problems in LRFF operation are the unpredictability of the weather and use of deleterious fishing methods which undermines resource sustainability. The traders share their concern over use of these methods in addition to the unstable price of the LRFF. In Tawi-Tawi , the concern of the fishers and traders centers on the difficult access to capital and the national law banning LRFF.
13. The increase of the production of LRFF and the income derived from it is apparently a result of interplay of factors and not just on the health of the ecosystem. These include ease in shipment, exposure to the variability of the weather, regional commodity pricing fluctuation and availability and profitability of other livelihood sources. These factors have strong bearing on the program goal to increase the income of the government and fishers from LRFF by 2013.
14. The LRF fishers use a wide variety of terrestrial and marine ecosystems to generate income using multiple livelihood sources. Increasing their household income does not apparently rest on the health of one ecosystem such as the coral reef. A more comprehensive approach to make all their livelihood sources more sustainable and productive is required to attain this.
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The $810 million regional trade of live food reef fish (LRFF) is a valuable source of income of fishers, traders, shippers, dealers, restaurants and hotels and the government (Sadovy et al, 2003). Of its beneficiaries, the fishers are among those who get the smallest share of the total
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value of the LRFF.1 But the fishers usually get most of the blame of the environmental consequences of the trade. A picture of a cyanide-wielding marauder of the coastal waters mindlessly wrecking havoc in the coral reefs in pursuit of profit is associated with them. But yet no study has been done on the household economy of these fishers where the LRF fishing is just one component. Knowledge of their household economy can deepen the current understanding of their extraction behavior where immediate private benefit is seemingly pursued at the expense of long-term resource sustainability and public interest. It can also contribute to generating options in managing better the production side of LRFF trade.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study is conducted as part of the Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management (EBFM) Component of the USAID-funded Coral Triangle Support Program (CTSP). It is one of the
1 One of the goals of the EBFM Component is that bL%>M@7H% 4;$3$%K<CC%5$%"%>M%E$3G$14% <1G3$"6$% <1%G"6;% <1G&D$%&'% C&G"C%#&2$31D$14%"1J%'<6;$36%'3&D%C<2$%3$$'%'<6;%43"J$A%X;$%
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METHODOLOGY
The study covers 10 municipalities of Palawan and two in Tawi-Tawi (Table 1). These municipalities are pre-identified as program sites. The Palawan municipalities are estimated to have about 1583 LRF fishers and 374 compose the sample size. It is estimated to have a maximum sampling error of 6 percent computed with a desired reliability of 95 percent. Tawi-Tawi has larger maximum sampling error. With 230 as the estimated number of LRF fishers, the sample size of 44 has a maximum sampling error of about 13 percent. The larger sampling error in Tawi-Tawi is due to the difficulty in identifying and locating the LRF fishers. Aware that the national law prohibits LRFF, most operate surreptitiously and prefer to hide their engagement in the trade.
The selection of the households that serve as sample in Tawi-Tawi was largely accidental. They were taken as sample because they made known themselves as LRF fishers who were available for the study and willing to participate as respondent. In Palawan where LRF fishing is openly practiced the number of fisher-respondents was generally apportioned among municipalities based on the estimated total number of LRF fishers.1 In the ground, the fisher-
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respondents were selected based on equal interval. The survey was carried out in the field on May 2009. The questionnaire used is in the Attachment.
The household income of the LRF fisher-respondents is computed by determining their earning from all sources that they identified. It covers their cash and non-cash earnings including those that end up as household consumption. Default values are used to deduct the operating cost of each source from their gross income and generate their net-income. The formula used in computing the net income from each source is shown in Appendix 2. To have a more normal distribution of values, data from three respondents in San Vicente and seven from Culion and Roxas were excluded from the income computation as outliers. Those in Roxas were earning 3,000,000 pesos or more while those in Culion and San Vicente were earning 2,000,000 or more.
Table 1 Estimated Number of Fishers and Sample Size by Municipality: May 2009
Municipality Estimated Number of LRF Fishers Sample Size
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 20 @O%
Cagayancillo 20 @N%
Culion 150 O>%
Dumaran 20 @O%
El Nido, 20 @@%
Linapacan, 96 =N%
Quezon 250 N=%
Roxas, 76 NM%
Taytay, 886 88%
San Vicente 45 >\%
;.O-,-0J! 1583 7_N%
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 80 30
Sitangkai 150 14
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;.O-,-0J! 230 44
R9"3>!?=?"6! 1501 418
Ten traders in Palawan and 19 in Tawi-Tawi serve a sample on a separate survey on selected LRFF trade characteristics. These characteristics are as follows: number of years engaged in trading, annual volume of LRFF disposed, high season months for trading, immediate destination of traded LRFF and mode of transport used to deliver the LRFF to immediate destination.
The survey is intended to broaden the picture of the LRFF supply chain and compliment the findings of the survey among fishers. The result is deemed useful in designing interventions that will better attain the CTSP goal in EBFMP component. The sample is accidental and fully based on the availability and willingness of the traders to take the role as respondent.
PROFILE OF THE FISHER-RESPONDENTS
LRF fishing is dominated by men but it does not exclude women. This is seen in the gender composition of the fisher-respondents. The men constitute 99 percent and the women 1 percent (Table 2). The women-fishers are found in the municipalities of Aracelli and Roxas where they comprise 7 and 3 percent respectively of the respondents. But even in the Islamized islands of Tawi-Tawi, women are engaged in LRF fishing. In the municipality of Sibutu, 3 percent of the fisher-respondents were women.
The fisher-respondents in Tawi-Tawi have generally higher educational attainment than those in Palawan. An average fisher-respondent in Tawi-Tawi spent an average of 8.1 years in school or equivalent to second year high school (Table 3).
Table 2 Gender of the Respondents of CTSP Income Survey: May 2009 (in percent)
Municipality Male Female Total
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 93 percent _%E$3G$14% @MM%E$3G$14%
Cagayancillo 100 M% @MM%
Culion 94 =% @MM%
%
%
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Dumaran 100 M% @MM%
El Nido, 100 M% @MM%
Linapacan, 100 M% @MM%
Quezon 100 M% @MM%
Roxas, 98 >% @MM%
Taytay, 100 M% @MM%
San Vicente 97 7% @MM%
;.O-,-0J! 99 percent 1 percent 100 percent
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 97 3 30
Sitangkai 100 0 14
;.O-,-0J! 98 percent 2 percent 100 percent
R9"3>!?=?"6! 99 percent 1 percent 100 percent
In Palawan, the average number years spent in school is 6.4 or about Grade 6 of elementary
skills and limited employment options. These options are largely confined within primary extraction industries like fishing.
Table 3 Mean Number of Years Spent in School by the Respondents: May 2009
Municipality Mean Number of Years Spent in School
*0J0M0%! %
Aracelli, 8A7%
Cagayancillo _AN%
Culion NA7%
%
%
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Dumaran _A@%
El Nido, OA8%
Linapacan, =AO%
Quezon =A7%
Roxas, OA_%
Taytay, _AM%
San Vicente, =A@%
"P$H0Q$! =AN%
?0M'F?0M'! %
Sibutu 9.5
Sitangkai 6.6
"P$H0Q$! 8.1
R8389"6!"789"R8! 7.2
But their educational attainment affords them enough literacy and numeracy to deal with the business side of LRFF fishing. Persons without such level of literacy and numeracy could not possibly deal with its business side. But with this level of educational attainment, the fisher-respondents would have difficulty getting employment in the secondary industries and service secto.. Without the opportunities from LRFF trade, they would readily swell the ranks of the poorest of the poor in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi.
The educational attainment among fisher-respondents does vary much among municipalities. In Palawan the highest mean number of years spent in school is in Aracelli at 8.3 years. This is still below the number of years needed to complete a high school education, the usual requirement for employment in the service sector. The lowest is in Culion at 4.3 years or a difference of four years compared to Aracelli. In Tawi Tawi, the difference between Sibutu (9.5) and Sitangkai (6.6) is about three years.
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Like most households operating in a rural economy and connected to the urban economy through commodity trade, the LRF fisher-respondents maintain a portfolio of income sources. This portfolio is put together to take advantage of the resource availability in the rural economy
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and the market opportunities in the urban economy. At the same time, the portfolio manages the risks that results from the volatility of resource availability and market opportunities. When one or two sources are not earning due to the problems in the supply or demand side, the household can fall back on the other sources. They may even expand their operation on the earning sources to cover for the losing sources. The flexibility of the household economy in the rural setting serves as the backdrop in exploring the fisher-respondents reliance on LRFF and options that may be generated to manage better the resource. !
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The average household of the fisher-respondent in Palawan has two or three income sources. In addition to fishing, the household has one or two other sources (Table 4). In Tawi-Tawi, the number of income sources is about one or two. The household-fishers in Tawi-Tawi are less diversified than in Palawan reflecting their lesser number of opportunities for diversification in terms of commodities available and market opportunities.
In Palawan, the number of income sources of the households of fisher-respondents slightly varies among municipalities. The most number of income sources are those in Culion with 3.2. The least number is in San Vicente with 1.8. In Tawi-Tawi, the number of income sources is almost the same for Sibutu and Sitangkai at 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. This means that a substantial percentage of the fisher- ehold in Tawi-Tawi solely depend on LRF fishing.
Table 4 Mean Number of Income Sources of LRF Fishers in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Municipality Mean Number of Income Sources
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli 3.1
Cagayancillo 2.3
Culion 3.2
Dumaran 2.4
El Nido, 2.6
Linapacan >A_%
Quezon 2.0
Roxas 2.4
Taytay, 2.4
%
%
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San Vicente 1.8
"P$H0Q$! 2.5
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 1.3
Sitangkai 1.4
"P$H0Q$ 1.3
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$! 1.9
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The non-fishing income source that supports the most number of the fisher-respondent households is livestock and poultry. Around 63 percent in Palawan and 10 percent in Tawi-Tawi are raising some animals (Table 5). In Palawan, livestock and poultry are the most prevalent non-fishing income source except in Aracelli, Cagayancillo and Dumaran. The scarcity of land and water as well as the distance from the market are disincentives in raising animals in these island municipalities. This is also the case in Tawi-Tawi where only 21 percent in Sitangkai are raising animals and none in Sibutu.
Table 5 Percentage of LRF Fishers Earning From Non-Fishing Income Sources in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Municipality Salaries and Wages
Farming Livestock and Poultry
Business Rental Remittance Others
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 40 80 73 19 0 0 0
Cagayancillo 57 36 36 0 0 0 0
Culion 27 8@% 81 13 0 13 0
Dumaran 13 60 21 40 0 0 7
El Nido, 9 73 73 0 0 0 0
Linapacan, 3 =N% \@% O% >% >% M%
%
%
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Quezon 11 2 78 2 4 4 0
Roxas, 3 0 68 63 0 8 0
Taytay, 15 30 73 11 1 5 0
San Vicente, 14 14 38 10 0 7 0
"P$H0Q$!! 19 44 63 16 1 4 1
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 10 13 0 3 0 3 0
Sitangkai 0 0 21 14 0 0 0
"P$H0Q$! 5 6 10 9 0 1 0
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$!!
12 25 37 13 1 3 1
Farming is second to livestock and poultry as non-fishing income source supporting the fisher--Tawi are
engaged in farming. In the municipalities of Aracelli and Dumaran in Palawan, farming is practiced by more households than animal-raising. In Culion and El Nido, the percentage of households engaged in farming equals to percentage of animal-raisers. In Tawi-Tawi, farming is done only in Sibutu and not in Sitangkai.
Among the fisher-hectares in Palawan and a few square meters in Tawi-Tawi (Table 6). Only about 17 percent of the land tilled in Palawan is titled. About 76 percent are without title although under an ownership-like arrangement. The remaining area is under lease or share-cropping or other non-ownership arrangement. In Tawi-Tawi, all farmed area is under the share-cropping arrangement.
Salaries and wages are relied upon by substantial percentage of households in Palawan. Around 19 percent earn salaries and wages in 2008. The salary and wage earners are highest in Cagyancillo and Aracelli at 57 and 40 percent, respectively. Commercial fishing and the government are the main employers in these islands. The salary and wage earners are present only in Sibutu but not in Sitangkai.
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Table 6 Average Farm Land Size of LRF Fishers by Type of Tenure in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009 (In Hectares)
Municipality Titled Owned But No Title
Lease Share Cropping
Others Total
*0J0M0%!!
Aracelli, 1.31 1.67 0.17 0.42 0.00 3.56
Cagayancillo 0.00 0.35 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.41
Culion MAMM% >A\>% MAMM% MAMM% MAMM% >A\>%
Dumaran 0.78 2.83 0.14 0.22 0.86 4.83
El Nido, 0.43 0.31 0.00 0.44 0.00 1.18
Linapacan, MAM_% MA7\% MAMM% MAM_% MAMM% MAON%
Quezon 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00
Roxas, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Taytay, 0.84 0.70 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.56
San Vicente, 2.00 5.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.38
"P$H0Q$! 0.54 2.45 0.04 0.12 0.09 3.24
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sitangkai 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01
"P$H0Q$! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$!!! 0.27 1.23 0.02 0.06 0.04 1.62
%
Around 16 percent in Palawan and nine percent in Tawi Tawi are engaged in business. The most entrepreneurial are the households in Roxas where 63 percent of them are earning from business. The entrepreneurs in Tawi Tawi are mostly in Sitangkai with 14 percent of the households running some enterprise. The other income sources depended upon by the fisher-
remittances.
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Income portfolio diversification extends to fishing operation. The fisher-respondent households in Palawan are engaged in two or three marine resources extraction activities while those in Tawi-Tawi have two (Table 7). This means that LRFF is only one of the two or three marine extraction activities they engaged just as fishing is one of their two or three income sources.1 In Palawan, Aracelli has the most number of marine resources extraction activities with 3.5 while El Nido and Linapacan has the least with 2.0 respectively. In Tawi-Tawi, Sibutu has 1.6 while Sitangkai has 2.6.
Some activities are carried out throughout the year like seaweed farming while others are done seasonally depending on the availability of the target species, sea condition, household needs and market demand. In Palawan hook-and-line fishing is most widely used side-by-side with LRF fishing. Around 97 percent use hook and line (Table 8).
Table 7 Mean Number of Fishing Methods Used by LRF Fishers in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Municipality
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 3.5
Cagayancillo 2.4
Culion 7A@%
Dumaran 7A>%
El Nido, 2.0
Linapacan, >AM%
Quezon >AN%
Roxas, 3.1
Taytay, 2.2
San Vicente, 3.1
"P$H0Q$! 2.7
?0M'F?0M'!
%
%
!"#$%%('%&'%"#$%%
Sibutu 1.6
Sitangkai 2.6
"P$H0Q$! 2.1
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$! 2.4
Table 8 Percentage of LRF Fishers by Type of Fishing Methods Used in Palwan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Municipality Gil net (Lingih, Lambat)
Hook and Line
Long Line
Net Lakod
Beach seine
Seaweed Farming
Fish Trap
Fish Corral
Spear Octopus/
Sea Cucumber Collection
Gleaning
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 7 100 87 0 0 0 40 0 0 20 0
Cagayancillo 36 100 0 M% M% M% 0 0 14 0 0
Culion >_% @MM% 8O% M% M% M% M% M% 0 0 M%
Dumaran _% _7% NM% 0 0 0 M% @7% 0 60 >_%
El Nido, 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linapacan, M% @MM% M% M% M% M% M% M% 0 0 M%
Quezon _% @MM% M% M% M% M% M% M% 0 0 77%
Roxas, 18 100 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0
Taytay, 10 100 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2
San Vicente, 7 100 100 M% M% M% 0 0 0 0 0
"P$H0Q$!!! 12 97 36 M% M% M% 4 2 2 13 6
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 2 23 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0
Sitangkai 14 21 0 36 14 71 0 0 0 0 0
"P$H0Q$!! 8 22 0 18 7 55 0 0 0 0 0
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$!
10 60 18 9 4 28 0 1 1 7 3
%
%
!"#$%%((%&'%"#$%%
The LRF fishers in all municipalities except in Dumaran use hook and line. The far second in terms of prevalence is long line fishing with 36 percent of the LRF fishers using it. In Dumaran, octopus collection is more common. Around 60 percent of the LRF fishers are engaged in it. Around 43 percent in Roxas are also into it.
In Tawi-Tawi, seaweed farming is the most prevalent marine resource extraction activity. Around 55 of the LRF fishers are farming seaweeds. The engagement is more intense in Sitangkai where 71 percent of the LRF fishers are into it. The percentage is lower in Sibutu at 38 percent. By concentrating on sea weed farming, the LRF fishers reduced its dependence on other marine resources including LRFF. Sea weed farming has more certainty in terms of production and market compared to other forms of marine resources extraction activities.
:')+'%Q!4%(,/$!!!!
The average yield of the marine resources extraction activities of the fisher-respondent households in 2008 has a value of 382,527 pesos per household in Palawan (Table 9). The average for Tawi-Tawi is much less at 69,759 pesos. The contribution of LRFF in Palawan to the total value is also much higher at 74 percent. In Tawi-Tawi, the contribution of LRFF to the value of the average yield from marine extraction activities is only 14 percent. This means that the fishers in Palawan are more dependent on LRFF than those Tawi-Tawi.
Table 9 Mean Annual Income Earned by LRF Fishers From LRFF and Other Fishing Methods in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009 (In Pesos)
Municipality LRFF Percent Other Fishing Activities
Percent Total Percent
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, P 181,571 92% P 14,755 8% P 196,326 100%
Cagayancillo P 4,104 8% P 48,415 92% P 52,519 100%
Culion %%!%%%>77HO>O% 74% P 81,530 26% P 315,055 100%
Dumaran P 138,593 47% P 158,012 53% P 296,605 100%
El Nido, P 308,448 100% 0 0% P 308,448 100%
Linapacan, P 99,826 100% 0 0% P 99,826 100%
Quezon P 252,096 78% P 70,128 22% P 322,224 100%
Roxas, P 970,431 72% P 374,368 28% P 1,344,799 100%
%
%
!"#$%%()%&'%"#$%%
Taytay, P 205,324 66% P 107,342 34% P 312,666 100%
San Vicente, P 451,998 78% P 124,812 22% P 576,810 100%
"P$H0Q$ P 284,591 74% P 97,936 26% P 382,527 100%
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu P 7,088 14% P 42,119 86% P 49,207 100%
Sitangkai P 11,851 13% P 78,461 87% P 90,311 100%
"P$H0Q$!! P 9,469 14% P 60,290 86% P 69,759 100%
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$!
P 147,030 65% P 79,113 35% P 226,143 100%
But the percentage contribution of LRFF to the total income from marine extraction activities widely varies by municipality. It comprises almost 100 percent of the fishing income in Linapacan and El Nido but only 8 percent in Cagayancillo. In Taytay where a large number of LRF fishers are operating, the income from LRFF composes only 66 percent of the total yield value. In Roxas which is the transshipment point of LRFF, the income from LRF fishing composes around 72 percent of the total.
In Tawi-Tawi, the income from LRFF constitutes only 14 percent in Sibutu and 13 percent in Sitangkai to the total yield value from marine resource extraction activities. Seaweed farming apparently has the most contribution to the income of the households from marine resources extraction activities.
:H$[.$%(K!,I!69:!:')+'%Q!8%Q0Q$/$%-!!!!
The fisher respondents in Tawi-Tawi are engaged in LRF fishing more frequently than their Palawan counterparts. This is in spite the fact that they earn less from LRFF and their income from it has smaller contribution to their total income from marine resources extraction activities. The average number engagement in LRFF in Tawi-Tawi is 10 times per month (Table 10). It is only seven times per month in Palawan.
The average number of engagement in Palawan ranges from two times per month in Aracelli to 15 times per month in El Nido. The engagement generally gets more frequent starting from the monsoonal transition period in April to the end of the southwest monsoon in October. The height is in June and July when the number of engagement increase to nine times a month. The lull period is during the northeast monsoon.
%
%
!"#$%%)*%&'%"#$%%
Table 10 Mean Number of Engagement in LRFF Per Month In Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Municipality Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 0 0 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
Cagayancillo 2 4 5 6 9 9 10 8 7 7 5 2 6
Culion 5 4 4 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Dumaran 5 5 5 4 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 5
El Nido, 13 13 13 16 17 17 17 17 17 14 13 13 15
Linapacan, 4 4 4 14 14 15 15 15 3 14 4 4 9
Quezon 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Roxas, 9 9 11 13 4 13 12 12 12 12 12 10 11
Taytay, 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 1 1 3
San Vicente 1 2 10 13 14 14 14 13 12 12 8 3 10
"P$H0Q$! 4 5 6 8 7 9 9 8 8 8 7 5 7
TawiTawi
Sibutu 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Sitangkai 12 10 12 10 11 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 10
"P$H0Q$! 11 10 11 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10
General Average
8 7 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 8
%
The frequency of engagement in Tawi-Tawi is the reverse with the height of the frequency of engagement occurring during the northeast monsoon. In January and March, the number of engagement is 11 times per month. However compared to Palawan the monthly variation of the frequency of engagement in Tawi-Tawi is less compared to Palawan. The range of average frequency is Tawi-Tawi is from 9 to 11 while it from 5 to 9 in Palawan.
The municipal variation is also wider in Palawan compared to Tawi-Tawi. The lowest frequency is in Araceli with an average of two times a month. The highest is in El Nido with 15 times a month. From May to September, the frequency of engagement in El Nido reaches its peak at 17
%
%
!"#$%%)!%&'%"#$%%
times a month. In Tawi-Tawi, the variation between Sibutu and Sitangkai is merely one point. The average frequency of engagement in Sibutu is nine while it is 10 in Sitangkai.
!
69::!4%(,/$!0)!*$H($%-0Q$!,I!-+$!?,-0J!<,.)$+,J&!4%(,/$!!
The average household income of the fisher-respondents in Palawan is 464,516 pesos in 2008 (Table 11). This is way above the 2006 poverty threshold of the province at 83,100 pesos.1 The province has 40.8 percent poverty incidence. The highest income is in Roxas with an average income of 1,366,332 pesos and the lowest is in Cagayancillo with 92,864 pesos.
Table 11 Mean Annual Income Earned by LRFF Fishers in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi and Percentage of Income from Various Sources: May 2009 (In Pesos)
Municipality Total Income (in pesos)
Percent of Income From LRFF to Total
Percent of Income From Other Fishing Activities to Total
Percent of Income From Non-Fishing Sources to Total
Total
(in percent)
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 252,345 72 6 22 100
Cagayancillo 92,864 4 52 44 100
Culion 335,317 70 24 6 100
Dumaran 584,167 24 27 49 100
El Nido, 321,993 96 0 4 100
Linapacan, 199,916 50 0 50 100
Quezon 506,080 50 14 36 100
Roxas, 1,366,332 71 27 2 100
Taytay, 382,940 54 28 18 100
San Vicente, 603,201 75 21 4 100
"P$H0Q$ 464,516 51 32 17 100
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 60,250 12 70 18 100
Sitangkai 98,638 12 80 8 100
%
%
!"#$%%)%%&'%"#$%%
"P$H0Q$!! 79,444 12 76 12 100
R$%$H0J!"P$H0Q$!
271,980 32 54 14 100
In Tawi-Tawi, the average household income is much lower than in Palawan at 79,444 pesos. This is slightly below the 2006 provincial poverty threshold of 88,590 pesos.1 Although the poverty threshold in Tawi-Tawi is higher compared to Palawan, poverty is more widespread in the former. Its poverty incidence is 78.9 percent. The average 2008 income of the fisher-respondents households in Sitangkai is 98,638. This is 64 percent higher than the average of Sibutu which is 60,250 pesos.
LRFF contributes about half of the total household income in Palawan (51 percent) but only `12 percent in Tawii-Tawi. The variation among municipalities in Palawan is wide. The lowest percentage contribution of LRFF is in Cagayancillo at four percent and the highest is in El Nido at 96 percent. But the production in El Nido is not so high that income derived from it is still relatively low compared to other municipalities. In Quezon and Taytay where LRF fishing is more widespread, LRFF contributes 50 and 54 percent respectively to total household income.
This indicates that the level of dependence on LRFF among households is highly variable. Factors such as ease in transshipment, exposure of the source to the variability of the weather, health of the coral reef and availability, certainty and profitability of other livelihood opportunities all come into play. In Tawi-Tawi, these factors may be exerting more or less the same weight on LRFF production in the two municipalities. Its contribution to the average household income in both Sibutu and Sitangkai is at 12 percent. Seaweed farming has helped much in reducing the pressure on LRFF.
=-+$H!<,.)$+,J&!4%(,/$!;,.H($)!!
Some conservation efforts provide alternative livelihood sources to disengage the users from the resource under severe pressure. The situation in Tawi-Tawi and to certain extent in Palawan shows that it is not the number of income sources that reduces the fishing. It is the predictability and perceived sufficiency of the return of the other income sources even though these may earn less than LRFF production. Sedentary production activities such as salaried employment in Palawan and seaweed farming in Tawi-Tawi have apparently reduced reliance on LRFF. These activities may not be however enough to encourage fishers to abandon LRFF production altogether unless the returns will offset the earnings from LRFF production.
The biggest non-fishing contributor to the household income in Palawan is salaries and wages. On the average, its contribution amounts to 25,018 pesos (Table 12). This amount composes 31 percent of the total non-fishing income in Palawan (Table 13). The municipalities where salaries and wages have substantial contribution to non-fishing income are in Cagayancillo (84 percent),
%
%
!"#$%%)"%&'%"#$%%
Culion (62 percent) and Taytay (55 percent). But the opportunities to earn salaries and wages are largely restricted to those with marketable skills and not a highly inclusive income provider. Only 19 percent in Palawan earn from salaries and wages.
Table 12 Mean Household Income of LRF Fishers From Various Sources in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009 (In Philippine Pesos)
Municipality Salaries and Wages
Farming Livestock and Poultry
Business Rental Remittance Others Total
*0J0M0%!
Aracelli, 17,250 25,346 8,634 4,000 0 0 789 56,019
Cagayancillo 34,009 2,985 3,350 0 0 0 0 40,345
Culion 12,600 1,430 2,464 3,533 0 233 0 20,260
Dumaran 90,000 4,549 5,413 50,000 0 0 137,600 287,562
El Nido, 109 7,333 1,104 0 0 5,000 0 13,545
Linapacan, 34,800 9,699 5,591 8,000 36,000 6,000 0 100,090
Quezon 3,143 37,440 11,672 36,000 15,600 80,000 0 183,856
Roxas, 5,091 0 6,198 9,939 0 303 0 21,531
Taytay, 38,621 6,758 1,220 17,440 2,160 4,075 0 70,274
San Vicente, 14,556 1,893 114 9,808 0 19 0 26,390
"P$H0Q$! 25,018 9,743 4,576 13,872 5,376 9,563 13,839 81,987
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 3800 6683 0 60 0 500 0 11,043
Sitangkai 0 0 400 7,927 0 0 0 8,327
"P$H0Q$! 1900 3,340 200 3,993 0 250 0 9,685
General Average
13,459 6,542 2,388 8,932 2,688 4,906 6919 45,836
%
Table 13 Percentage Share of Various Sources in Mean Household Income of LRF Fishers in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi : May 2009
%
%
!"#$%%)$%&'%"#$%%
Municipality Salaries and Wages
Farming Livestock and Poultry
Business Rental Remittance Others Total
*0J0M0%
Aracelli, 7@% NO% @O% _% M% M% 1 100
Cagayancillo 8N% _% 8% M% M% M% 0 100
Culion =>% 8% @>% @_% M% @% 0 100
Dumaran 7@% >% >% @_% M% M% 48 100
El Nido, @% ON% 8% M% M% 7_% 0 100
Linapacan, 7O% @M% =% 8% 7=% =% 0 100
Quezon >% >M% =% >M% 8% NN% 0 100
Roxas, >N% M% >\% N=% M% @% 0 100
Taytay, OO% @M% >% >O% 7% =% 0 100
San Vicente, OO% _% @% 7_% M% M% 0 100
"P$H0Q$! 7@% @>% O% @_% =_% @>% @_% 100
?0M'F?0M'!
Sibutu 34 61 0 1 0 5 0 100
Sitangakai 0 0 5 95 0 0 0 100
"P$H0Q$! 17 30 2 48 0 2 0 100
Business ranks second to salaries and wages. Its average contribution to household income amounts to 13,872 pesos or 17 percent of the average non-fishing household income. But entrepreneurial skills are limited to only 16 percent of the households in Palawan. Livestock and poultry production is the most common non-fishing income sources in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi. Around 63 percent in Palawan have some animals in the yard. But this is mainly a subsistence activity bringing in an average of 5,203 pesos in 2008 or four percent of the total non-fishing income. Farming is engaged in similar manner. Around 44 percent in Palawan are into farming. But its return contributes only 12 percent of the total non-fishing income.
The situation in the two Tawi-Tawi municipalities is widely different. In Sibutu farming is the largest contributor to non-fishing household income at 61 percent. The average income from farming is 6,683 in 2008. Sitangkai has no farming activity but business accounts for 95 percent of the non-fishing income. The proceeds from business is 7,927 pesos. But with only 13 percent engaged in farming in Sibutu and 14 percent engaged in business in Sitangkai, the earning from both sources are confined to a few.
%
%
!"#$%%)&%&'%"#$%%
!
69::!?9">43R!!
From the fishers, the traders take the custody of the LRFF before it crosses national borders. Among the surveyed traders, the average trader has been in the business for 2.3 years in Palawan and 5.5 years in Tawi-Tawi (Table 14). Although newer in the business, the Palawan traders sold more in 2008 than those in Tawi-Tawi (3,380 versus 275 kilograms). The difference indicates that the scale of operation in Palawan is much bigger than in Tawi-Tawi.
The immediate destinations of LRFF are also different for Palawan and Tawi-Tawi. While the LRFF from Palawan are transported through transshipment destinations before the final one, those in Tawi-Tawi are mostly bought by foreign buyers on-site and taken by boat to their final destination. From the site, the LRFF in Palawan may be brought to Cuyo, Coron or Roxas where there are airplanes to take it to Manila or Cebu. From these metropolitan centers, a small portion may be sold in to local dealers or brought to Hongkong.
The ships that go to Tawi-Tawi also bring the most of the LRFF to Hongkong and Taiwan. Korea is an emerging destination. Around a quarter are bought to Simporma in Malaysia which may be a transshipment destination for Hongkong and Taiwan. The usual mode of transport to the immediate destination in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi is a boat. The months identified as high season for the trade in Palawan is during the southwest monsoon: May to October (Table 15). These are also the months when the frequency of collection by fishers is most intense. In Tawi-Tawi, the identified high season for the trade is from January to July or from the late period of the northeast-east monsoon to the early south-east monsoon.
Table 14 Selected Data on LRFF Trading in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi: May 2009
Item Palawan Tawi-Tawi
Mean Number of Trading Years 2.3 5.5
Mean Number of Kilograms Sold in 2008 3,380 275
Immediate Destination of Fish Sold:
Manila 14 0
Cebu 8 0
Iloilo 8 0
Roxas 28 0
Cuyo 14 0
%
%
!"#$%%)#%&'%"#$%%
Coron 14 0
Hong Kong 14 27
Korea 0 3
Taiwan 0 19
China 0 3
Simporma 0 26
Tandubanak 0 22
Total 100 100
Mode of Transport Used in Delivering to Immediate Destination (in percent)
Boat 80 86
Motorcycle 0 14
Plane 20 0
Total 100 100
Table 15 Percentage of LRFF Traders Identifying the High Season Months: May 2009
Months Palawan Tawi-Tawi Average
January 6 8 7
February 6 8 7
March 2 11 7
April 3 12 7
May 20 6 13
June 15 17 16
July 12 9 11
August 12 6 9
%
%
!"#$%%)'%&'%"#$%%
September 14 6 10
October 8 6 6
November 2 6 4
December 0 6 3
Total 100 100 100
%
!
647864<==>!*9=A681;!=:!?<8!:4;<89;!"3>!?9">89;!!
Around 360 fisher-respondents in Palawan and 10 in Tawi -Tawi identified a problem in their operation. Their main concern in Palawan is the weather which unpredictability results to the high level of uncertainty. Some 36 percent of the respondents consider this their primary concern (Table 16). In Tawi-Tawi, 20 percent had similar concern. The main concern in Tawi-Tawi is the high cost of input including the cost of cages and the feeds. About 30 percent in Tawi-Tawi expressed this but only two percent in Palawan consider this a problem
The second most serious problem in Palawan is the use deleterious method in catching fish. Around 25 percent of the respondents consider this a problem. Related to this is the deceasing fish catch noted by 14 percent. But none of these problems are mentioned in Tawi-Tawi. The bigger concerns in Tawi-Tawi are the lack of capital and alternative livelihood, piracy, thief and the law banning the LRFF collection.
The ban of LRFF is felt more in Tawi-Tawi because Napoleon Wrasse which is not widely traded in Palawan is a large part of their LRFF production. The lack of capital and thief are smaller concerns in Palawan. The other concerns in Palawan are need of better equipment, unstable price of LRFF, fish disease and mortality and increasing number of transient fishers.
Table 16 Problems Encountered in Earning From LRFF: May 2009 (in percent)
Problems LRFF Fishing LRFF Trading
Palawan Tawi-Tawi Palawan Tawi-Tawi
Lack of capital 5 20 23
Lack of alternative livelihood 10
Piracy/Thief 2 10
%
%
!"#$%%)(%&'%"#$%%
Inadequate and costly inputs 2 30
Natural calamities/Extreme weather 36 20 6
Ban on LRFF collection 10 18
High mortality rates during transfer and shipment 2 25 12
Need of better equipment 4
Water pollution 1 6
Fish diseases 2 18
Unstable price 3 50 6
Shortage of cages in high season 6
Growth in number of cagers and fishers 5
Use of illegal fishing methods 25 25
Distance from the market 1
Commercial fishing 1
Decreasing catch 14
Increasing transient LRFF fishers 2
Total 100 100 100 100
%
The traders in Palawan share some problems with the fishers. The unstable price is their main concern. Around 50 percent of the traders raised this as a problem. But they also feel that the resource base of the trade should be made more sustainable and the use of deleterious methods should be addressed. The high mortality of the LRFF is also felt more deeply among the traders. Around a quarter of them express both concerns.
The traders in Tawi-Tawi have greater number of concerns than those in Palawan. Foremost and the lack of capital, ban on LRFF and fish diseases. Around 23 percent consider capital a problem and 18 percent respectively were concerned over the ban and the diseases. The problems identified by less number of respondents are unstable prices, water pollution and increasing number of cagers and fishers.
%
%
!"#$%%))%&'%"#$%%
No problem in other livelihood sources is cited in Tawi-Tawi. But in Palawan problems in farming and raising livestock and poultry are raised. In farming, low return of investment is the main concern. Around 24 percent of the respondents mentioned this.
Table 17 Problems Encountered in Earning From Farming and Animal Raising: May 2009
Problems Farming Livestock and Poultry
Palawan Tawi-Tawi Palawan Tawi-Tawi
Weather 20 0 0 0
Thief 3 0 2 0
Insufficient water 3 0 1 0
Low return of investment 24 0 0 0
Poor soil quality 6 0 0 0
Limited land area 1 0 0 0
Pest and disease 20 0 78 0
Stray animals 11 0 1 0
High cost of input and equipment 12 0 18 0
Total 100 0 100 0
Total responses 66 161
%
The next two problems most frequently mentioned may partly explain the low return. Around 20 percent of the respondents say the weather and pests and diseases hold back farm productivity. The other problems that beset farming in Palawan are high cost of input and equipment, stray animals and poor soil quality. Among livestock and poultry raisers, pest and diseases are the most serious problem. Around 78 percent of the respondents point this out. The high cost of inputs and thief are also considered problems!
!
!
%
%
!"#$%"**%&'%"#$%%
;=18!5=3562>43R!3=?8;!!
The experience in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi in LRFF trade indicates that legal prohibition is a simplistic and ineffective way to manage a resource unless backed up by commensurate enforcement capability. However, such capability is not available to the government agencies tasked to enforce the law. The best option is always to regulate resource use under a sustainable management regime. It is seen that in Palawan and Tawi-Tawi, LRFF is exploited as part of larger resource base containing a number of types of assets. Its effective management can only be done in the context of this resource base and in relation to other types of assets used for livelihood generation. The larger resource base covers the land and sea.
This context has implication on the one of the goals of the EBFM Component which raising by >M9%G"6;% <1G&D$%&'% C&G"C%#&2$31D$14%"1J%'<6;$36%'3&D%-U))%43"J$%5L%>M@7A%Z?4%"%5$44$3%D"1"#$D$14%
3$#<D$% &'% 4;$% C"3#$3% 3$6&?3G$% 5"6$% G"1% 3$6?C4% &'% 5$44$3% E3&J?G4<2<4L% &'% "CC% "66$4% GC"66$6% "1J% 3$J?G$%
J$E$1J$1G$%"1J%<1G&D$%&1%-U))A%,1%4;<6%G"6$H%4;<6%#&"C%<6%1&%C&1#$3%3$C$2"14%<1%3$C"4<&1%4&%4;$%4K&%&4;$3%
>M@7% #&"C6% &'% 4;$% /Z)P%Y&DE&1$14%K;<G;% "3$% E3&4$G4<&1% &'% "4% C$"64% 7HOMM% ;"A% &'% G3<4<G"C% ;"5<4"46% &'%
$G&1&D<G"CCL% <DE&34"14% 3$$'% '<6;$6% "1J% 6$2$1% D?1<G<E"C<4<$6% G&2$3<1#% "4% C$"64% 7HOMM% ;$G4"3$6% &'%
D?1<G<E"C%K"4$36%%<1%!"C"K"1%E3&J?G<1#%'<6;%'3&D%6?64"<1"5C$%6&?3G$6A%
!
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Sadovy, Y.J. et al. 2003. While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade. Asian Development Bank.
National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB). 2008. 2006 Philippine Poverty Statistics. Makati.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 2009. Coral Triangle Support Program Philippine Work Plan. Bali, Indonesia. 5 February.
!
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%
GUIDE IN THE SUMMATION OF CTSP INCOME SURVEY RESULT
Questionnaire Item First Summation (By Municipality) Second
Summation Third
Summation
Respondent Information Gender (percent)
Education (percent)
I Regular Salaries and Wages
Item 1 Occupation (percent)
Item 2 Households with Income from Salaries and Wages (percent)
Item 2 and 3
Mean Monthly Wage or Salary X Number of Months Worked in 2008
= Annual Salary/Wage for 2008
II Economic Activities
Item A.1 Type of Use (percent)
Item A2 Gears (percent)
%
%
!"#$%"*%%&'%"#$%%
Item A3,4,5
Mean Kilogram of Catch Per Method X Mean Number of
Engagement in 2008 X Mean Selling Price = Mean Gross Annual
Income From Fishing 30% (representing cost of input and
depreciation) = Mean Net Annual Income From Fishing
Total Mean Income from
All Marine Extraction
Methods and Percentage
of Each Method to
Total Income from Marine Resource Extraction
Total Mean Income from All Income
Sources (I and
IIA,B,C,D) and Percent Contribution
of Each Source
Item A4 Disposal Method (Percent)
Item A5
Month of Engagement in Live Food Fish (Percent) N= Number of
Engagements
Item A6 Problem (Percent)
Item B1 Farming Households (percent)
Item B2 Land Tenure (percent of land)
Item B3-7
Mean Hectares Planted X Number of Harvests X Mean Yield Per
Hectare Per Harvest X Mean Selling Price = Gross Value of Total
Harvest for 2008 50% = Mean Net Value of Total Harvests
Total Mean Income from All Farming
Activities and Method
and Percentage
of Each Crop to Total
Income from Farming
Item B6 Disposal Method (percent)
Item B8 Problems (percent)
Item C 1 Households with Livestock and Poultry Total and by Type of Animal
%
%
!"#$%"*"%&'%"#$%%
(percent)
Item C1-6
Mean Number of Heads Mean Number of Deaths X Mean Selling
Price = Gross Income from Livestock and Poultry in 2008
30% = Mean Net Value of Livestock and Poultry Produced in 2008
Total Mean Income From
Livestock and Poultry
Item D 1
Mean Proceeds from Business -50% representing cost of capital = Net Income from Business in 2008
Mean Remittances
Mean Rentals of Properties 15% of Depreciation and Repairs = Net
Income from Rentals in 2008
Mean Pension
Mean Income From NTFF
Collection
Net Income from Other Sources
III
1 Mean Number of Trading Years
2 Man Number of Kilograms sold in
2008
3 Months Composing High Season
(percent)
4 Immediate Destination (percent)
5 Mode of Transport (percent)
6 Problems (percent)
%
%
!"#$%"*$%&'%"#$%%
*"6"N"3!6478!988:!:4;<!:=9!:==>!?9">8@!;2;?"43"A464?B!:9"18N=9S!*6"3!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
>H0I-!
!
!
!
!
!
*H,P'%($!0%&!1.%'('#0J'-'$)!,I!*0J0M0%!
NN:F*+'J'##'%$)!
*0J0M0%!5,.%('J!I,H!;.)-0'%0OJ$!>$P$J,#/$%-!
*0J0M0%!;-0-$!2%'P$H)'-K!!!
!
!
!
:$OH.0HK!CDDZ!
!
!
%
%
!"#$%"*&%&'%"#$%%
"AA9874"?4=3;!
!
BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
BFARMC Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
CDT Chemical Detection Technology
CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
CLWUP Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan
CPUE Catch per unit effort
DA Department of Agriculture
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
ELAC Environmental Legal Action Center
ECAN Environmentally Critical Areas Network
FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
FISH Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest
IEC Information, Education Communication
LGU Local Government Unit
LRFF Live Reef Fish Food
NGO Non-Government Organization
MFARMC Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
MOA Memorandum of Agreement
MPA Marine Protected Area
PCSD Palawan Council for Sustainable Development
PNP Philippine National Police
PSU Palawan State University
SEP Strategic Environmental Plan
%
%
!"#$%"*#%&'%"#$%%
SPAGS Spawning Population Aggregation Sites
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollars
WWF World-Wide Fund for Nature
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
%
%
!"#$%"*'%&'%"#$%%
5=3?83?!
!
43?9=>25?4=3!!
98R4=3"6!;4?2"?4=3!
Impact on the Ecosystem
Impact on the Communities
Institutional Requirement
PHILIPPINE CONDITION
Decreasing Catch and Body Size
Location and Species
Sustainability and Equity
;4?2"?4=3!43!*"6"N"3!!!
Rising Volume and Value Amid Reef Deterioration and Overfishing
Cagers and Cages
Traders and Carriers
*=645B!:9"18N=9S!=:!69::!?9">8!43!?<8!*<464**438;!!
Constitutional Provisions
Philippine Fisheries Code
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE Other Relevant National Laws
Laws on Palawan Relevant to LRFF Trade S8B!5=3;4>89"?4=3;!43!?<8!*6"3343R!:=9!69::!1"3"R8183?!
*6"3!=AT85?478;!
*6"3343R!*9=58;;!
Municipal Workshops
Provincial Workshops
Resource Sharing
%
%
!"#$%"*(%&'%"#$%%
4;;28;!=3!69::!?9">8!
Wild Harvesting
Cage Grow-out
Trading and Exportation
*6"338>!"5?4=3;!
Municipal Plans
Coron
Culion
Roxas
Taytay
San Vicente
Busuanga and Linapacan
Southern Municipalities
Provincial Plan
Current Actions
Planned Actions
5<"6683R8;!"<8">!!
5=3562>43R!3=?8;!
98:898358;!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
%
%
!"#$%"*)%&'%"#$%%
*"6"N"3!6478!988:!:4;<!:=9!:==>!?9">8@!;2;?"43"A464?B!*6"3!!
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Fisheries are essential part of life in the Philippines. This resource base is a main food source and supports industries that provide income to households and the government. In many impoverished communities, these industries are the only viable source of livelihood. But yet this resource base is fast shrinking amid rapidly expanding and predominantly coastal population. The result is the vicious cycle of growing demand and scarcity on one hand and overfishing as well as use of destructive methods on the other.
The future prospect is dim. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) of majority of gears in nearly 75% of the fishing grounds has declined dramatically in recent decades. Some experts have begun to warn of the possible crash of selected stocks in as little as ten years (Alino 2006, Silvestre and Hilomen 2004 and Pauly 2004). This is the prospect that many fishing ground supporting the live reef fish for food (LRFF) is facing unless current management at all levels will be improved.
The trade is dominated by groupers consumed as luxury food item. It involves around 12 countries, including the Philippines, as suppliers with China as the main market6. The regional trade is estimated to have a total retail value of $810 million in 2002 (Sadovy et al, 2003). But total volume of exports declined by 41 percent between 1998 and 2002 (from 22,000 to 13,000 MT). The proportion of brown marbled groupers in the import composition has also doubled while import volume from Southeast Asian countries has declined.7 These can be seen as signal of the increasing distress of the LRFF industry as well as of the ecosystems on which it depends and the people who depends on it.
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The volume of LRFF in the Asia Pacific region is estimated to be around 30,000 MT per year (Sadovy et al, 2003). The wild-caught supply accounts for 50-70 percent of the total while the supply grown into market size from wild-caught juveniles and fingerling in cages and ponds composes 15-40 percent. The supply produced from full-cycle aquaculture (reared to market
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size from eggs) constitutes only 10-15 percent. A wild caught fish may sell at higher price that a cultured one due to the perception of better taste and quality. The higher price of a live fish over a dead one is the main reason for its profitability.
The wild caught supply were gathered from reefs around Hong Kong and China in the 1990s but due to fast depletion, the fishing ground presently covers the entire Indo-Pacific region. Because it takes only one to two years of unregulated collection to deplete an average reef area, the collection moves from one area to another leaving behind destroyed ecosystems. Being relatively uncommon, long-lived and late-maturing the natural stock of groupers cannot sustain the seemingly endless demand. Further, 50 percent of the fish die in transit between the source and the market. As part of their biology, groupers are mostly females as juveniles and young adults and change sex as they grow. But before they can complete the sex change and bear the eggs, they are caught to stock the cages and ponds or to go to the market. Since catchers instinctively target spawning aggregations, the depletion of reproductive fish can be very fast.
Impact on the Ecosystem
Past surveys in the region indicate that total attainable fish yields from reef in moderate conditions may average 5.1 MT per sq km 3,0 year and groupers make out 10 percent or 0.5 MT per square kilometer. In many reef areas this limit has long been breached resulting to stock depletion. But stock depletion is only one of the many negative impacts of the current LRFF trade practices and management regime. It has impacts not only on the ecology but in all aspects of life as well. The other impacts on the ecology are the death of corals and non-target fish species exposed to cyanide solution used to catch the groupers. Extensive use of wild fish as fish feed to support grow-out of wild-caught fish can be just as devastating to food chain and the interaction among organisms.
Impact on the Communities
The impacts can directly and indirectly hit local communities. Marine areas and their resources are public domain. Fish catching and growing allocate these public resources to private use and profit while entailing displacement for other uses and users. The uses displaced such as ecotourism may be more sustainable and equitable. The time needed for the depleted areas reef areas to recover and unknown impacts of fishing down the food chain means that the displacement can be long-term. This impact brings out the issue of equity. Conflict among local stakeholders on one hand and between local stakeholders and outside interest groups on the other can erupt.
The poor are particularly vulnerable because the reef is a large component of their portfolio of food sources and they have very few options. The LRFF trade may provide income and employment to the local communities. But even this short term benefits can have a high price. Diving related accidents due to lack of training and poor equipment are not uncommon. Men
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may be away for extended period upsetting the gender distribution of work in the community and the non-performance of some male-oriented tasks can entail economic and social costs. Child labor may be employed in some operation putting lives at risks
Institutional Requirement
In spite of these impacts, the LRFF trade is valued due to the revenue that it brings to the investors and the government. Only about 14 percent of the gross income from the trade goes to the fishers. The cage operators, shippers, wholesalers and retailers share the rest. It is not known how much does it cost for the government to have a management regime that will be acceptable to all stakeholders as sustainable and equitable and whether the government revenue earned from the trade will suffice to cover it. Efforts to improve the management regime are hampered by deficiency of data (misreported and underreported), conflicting policies, fragmented responsibilities and generally poor enforcement. As the most regulated commodity, fisheries considered most vulnerable to corruption (Berril 1997).
PHILIPPINE CONDITION
The only reliable available data place the total LRFF harvest in the Philippines at 200,000 kg in 1994 and 800,000 in 1997 (Mamauag, 2004). Within the three-year period, the volume of harvest increases by 100 percent per year. This volume has reportedly continued to increase based on the 2005 data. But the percentage increase cannot be exactly computed because the data are generally fragmented and collected unsystematically.
Decreasing Catch and Body Size
The increase has occurred amid declining catches and shrinking mean body size of the catch (Bentley, 1999). The body size in Coron of leopard coral grouper decreased from 31.5 cm in 1998 to 30.1 cm in 2000 (Mamauag. 2004). Because at this size the fish is still young and sexually immature, its chance of reproducing is gone when it is caught. The decreasing fish catch and body size amid increasing harvest volume can only indicate that the harvest areas are fast expanding.
Location and Species
At least 36 areas were identified with the frontier areas of Coron, Guiuan, Surigao, Camarines, Pollilio and Balabac being considered as well-established. Around 24 species are harvested for LRFF trade but leopard grouper is the most dominant. Around 95 percent of the harvest ends up
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outside the country with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan as the main destination (Pratt et al, 2000).
Sustainability and Equity
Although the LRFF trade may dominate the use of reef area in a locality, its benefit goes only to a handful. The Calamianes Group of Islands is estimated to have 1000 LRFF fishers and 120 traders and exporters (10 percent of total number involved LRFF trade) (Padilla et al, Undated). The trade players constitute only 1.7 percent of the total population of Calamianes Group of Islands. The four municipalities (Busuanga, Coron, Culion and Linapacan) of this island group have a total population of 72,030 persons in 2000.
But even among trade players, the sharing of benefits is uneven. The fishers get the least of gross and net income (Table 1). The share of the fishers in the final net value of USD 31.10 per kilogram is only USD2.35. The end user gets the most at USD11.80 per kilogram. The dealer and the exporter get around USD7.85 and USD7.10 respectively. The sharing of the use of coral reef and the proceeds from the catch are the reasons that apart from sustainability, equity is an issue in the use of LRFF.
Table 1 Income Distribution Along Market Chain In Coron Based on Average Monthly Retail and Wholesale Values ($) in Hong Kong for Leopard Coral Grouper February 2001
Share of Gross ($) Share of Gross (%) Net Per Kilogram ($)
Fisher 7.80 14.3 2.35
Dealer 15.70 22.9 7.85
Exporter 11.80 14.3 7.10
Importer/Retailer 9.90 14.3 2.00
End User 23.60 34.2 11.80
Final Value 68.80 100.0 31.10
. Source: Sadovy et al, 2003
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Although only the Calamianes Group of Islands is identified as well-established harvest area for LRFF, some 16 of the 23 municipalities of Palawan are documented as LRFF source (Table 2
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and Map 1). Five are transfer points although four of these (Coron, San Vicente, Balabac and Magsaysay) are also harvest area. Except for Balabac, all the transfer points have public airports. The LRFF supply from the four transfer points are flown to Manila where it is moved to a plane for Hong Kong. The destination of the supply shipped through Balabac is Kudat, Malaysia.
The sea route is also used for supply shipped from Coron and Magsaysay. It is landed either in San Jose, Mindoro Occidental or Batangas City. A plane from San Jose, Mindoro Occidental will take it to Manila while a land transport can do the same for the supply landed in Batangas City. The more time-intensive shipment through the sea and land can evade more easily the control of authorities but the risk of mortality rate among the LRFF is also higher. Although Palawan has an international airport in Puerto Princesa City, it is not used for shipment. A city ordinance bans the collection and shipment of certain LRFF species.
Table 2 Palawan Municipalities Involved in LRFF Trade by Supply Segment: 2009
Segment Municipalities
Harvest Area
Agutaya, Balabac, Bataraza, Brookes Point, Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Cuyo, Linapacan, Magsaysay, Narra, Rizal,
Quezon, Taytay, Pumaran, San Vicente,
Transfer Point Coron, Roxas, San Vicente, Balabac, Magsayasay
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MAP 1: Source, Routes and Destination of Palawan LRFF Trade: 2009
Rising Volume and Value Amid Reef Deterioration and Overfishing
Nonetheless, LRFF shipment volume and export value in Palawan have been surging by about 29 percent per year from 2003 to 2008 (Table 3). This is just from the registered shipment. The shipment volume increased from 305.19 MT in 2003 to 700.36 MT in 2008. The corresponding rise in export value during the same period is from 0.55 to 1.26 Billion Pesos. This increase occurred amid deteriorating reef condition and increasing overfishing. In 2008, only 13.3 percent of the reef of the province is in excellent or good condition while its LRFF is reported to be overfished by 567.74 -660.14 MT (PCSD, 2008).
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Table 3 Number of Accredited Cagers, Traders and Carriers in Palawan: 2004 and 2008
2003 2008 Annual Increase
Volume 305.19 MT 700.36 MT 25.9%
Export Value PHP 0.55 Billion PHP 1.26 Billion 25.8%
Source: PCSD
Cagers and Cages
The distribution between wild-caught and cage or pond grown fish in the total volume of LRFF shipped out of Palawan is not known. The volume of wild caught fish whether juvenile, fingerling, brood stock or market size adult is not recorded. There is also no exact figure on the number of fishers engaged in wild stock collection. But a joint WWF-PCSD survey in January 2009 in seven municipalities indicates that there are 1595 cagers or an average of 228 cagers per municipality (Table 4). The number of PCSD-registered cagers in 2008 is only 58 (Table 5). A cager has one to three cages. Taytay has the most number of cagers and cages comprising 64.1 and 69.5 percent respectively of the total number in the seven municipalities.
Table 4 Number of LRFF Cagers and Cages in Seven Municipalities of Palawan: 2009
Municipality No of
Cagers Percent No of Cages Percent No of Cages Per Cager
Busuanga 33 2.1% 57 1.5% 1.7
Coron 167 10.5% 318 8.5% 1.9
Culion 39 2.4% 58 1.6% 1.5
Linapacan 195 12.2% 386 10.3% 2.0
Roxas 76 4.9% 159 4.3% 2.1
San Vicente 61 3.8% 159 4.3% 2.6
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Taytay 1024 64.1% 2586 69.5% 2.5
Total 1595 100% 3723 100.0% 2.3
Source: WWF and PCSD January 2009 Survey
The cages in the seven municipalities occupy a total of 7.93 hectares (Table 5). The average density is 470 cages per hectare. This means that a cage covers an average of 21 square meters. But density widely varies among the municipalities. Busuanga has the lowest with only 65 cages per hectare. Taytay is most dense stocking 1557 cages per hectare or an average of only six square meters per cage. Higher density means higher risk of pollution and diseases.
Table 5 Number of LRFF Cages and Area Used in Seven Municipalities of Palawan: 2009
Municipality No of Cages Percent Area (in has) Percent No of Per Cages
Hectare
Busuanga 57 1.5% 0.88 11.1% 65
Coron 318 8.5% 1.24 15.6% 256
Culion 58 1.6% 0.31 3.9% 187
Linapacan 386 10.3% 1.30 16.4% 296
Roxas 159 4.3% 0.98 12.4% 162
San Vicente 159 4.3% 1.56 19.7% 102
Taytay 2586 69.5% 1.66 20.9% 1557
Total 3723 100.0% 7.93 100.0% 470
Source: WWF and PCSD January 2009 Survey
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Traders and Carriers
The PCSD requires the cagers, traders and carriers to be accredited as a way of supervising the LRFF trade. Based on data, the number of traders has been increasing at the annual rate of 11.7 percent from 2004 to 2008. The increase of the number of carriers is only 2.8 percent annually during the same period. The number of cagers registered the lowest increase among
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the industry players at 0.5 percent per year. But it must be noted that many, particularly cagers and traders, are operating without accreditation. The number of players and their annual increase in Palawan must be much higher that what is known.
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Table 6 Number of Accredited Cagers, Traders and Carriers in Palawan: 2004 and 2008
Player 2004 2008 Annual Increase
Cagers 57 58 0.5%
Traders 83 112 11.7%
Carriers 18 20 2.8%
Total 158 190 5.1%
Source: PCSD
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PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE (REPUBLIC ACT 8550) IS THE ONLY NATIONAL LAW THAT SPECIFICALLY DEALS WITH LRFF (TABLE 7). SECTION 61 PROHIBITS THE EXPORTATION OF LRFF EXCEPT THOSE HATCHED OR PROPAGATED IN ACCREDITED HATCHERIES OR PONDS. BECAUSE ALMOST NONE OF THE EXPORTED LRFF ARE FROM THE SPECIFIED SOURCE, ALL THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNTRY S FAST GROWING LFFF TRADE ARE TECHNICALLY ILLEGAL. %
Constitutional Provisions
THE POWER OF THE GOVERNMENT TO REGULATE FISHERIES INCLUDING LRFF STEMS FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF STATE OWNERSHIP OF ALL NATURAL RESOURCES. THIS PRINCIPLE IS ENSHRINED IN THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION. CONCOMITANT WITH THIS OWNERSHIP IS THE OBLIGATION OF THE STATE TO PROTECT THESE RESOURCES FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF ITS CITIZENS. TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE USE OF THESE RESOURCES, THE STATE IS ALSO TASKED TO SUPPORT SUBSISTENCE FISHERMEN THROUGH APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, ADEQUATE FINANCIAL, PRODUCTION, AND MARKETING ASSISTANCE, AND OTHER SERVICES. %
Philippine Fisheries Code
THESE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS ARE TRANSLATED INTO NATIONAL LAWS. THE LAWS ON FISHERIES ARE CONSOLIDATED IN THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE. IT SETS THE GENERAL STRATEGIES IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT INCLUDING LRFF. ONE STRATEGY IS TO MANAGE FISHERIES
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AS PART OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT. ANOTHER IS TO INSTITUTE PROTECTION MEASURES SUCH AS ESTABLISHMENT OF SANCTUARIES, SETTING CATCH CEILINGS AND CLOSED SEASON AND PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF GEARS, METHODS AND SUBSTANCE CONSIDERED DESTRUCTIVE TO THE RESOURCE.
THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE PUT THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITY TO CARRY OUT THESE STRATEGIES ON THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) BY GIVING IT THE POWER OVER MUNICIPAL WATERS. THIS PROVISION CARRIES OUT THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION THAT GRANTS THE LGU LOCAL AUTONOMY TO ATTAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-RELIANCE. IT IS PART OF THE BIGGER DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS OR TRANSFER OF POWER AND FUNCTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO THE LGU. THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE MANDATES THE OPERATION OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT COUNCILS (FARMC), COMPOSED OF REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS SECTORS, AT THE LGU AND NATIONAL LEVELS TO ASSIST THE GOVERNMENT AT ALL LEVELS IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE %
In consistent with the Philippine Fisheries Code, the Local Government Code affirms the power of the municipality or city over municipal waters. It also defines municipal waters as an area within two lines drawn perpendicularly to the general coast lines from points where the
boundary lines of the municipality and city touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the Because this is the area which produces LRFF, the municipality of city is effectively the main actor in its management.
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Table 7 Philippine National Laws and Key Parameters Governing the LRFF Trade: 2009
Legal Instrument Key Paremeters Relevant to LRFF
1987 Philippine Constitution
STATE OWNERSHIP OF ALL OUR NATURAL RESOURCES AND RESPONSIBILITY TO REGULATE ITS USE
Protection of the state of its marine wealth and exclusive use and enjoyment by Filipino citizens
Protection of rights of subsistence fishers especially of local communities to preferential use of communal fishing resources.
Provision of support for subsistence fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. %
Philippine Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550)
Prohibition of exportation of live fish except those which are hatched or propagated in accredited hatcheries and ponds
MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT
ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH REFUGE AND SANCTUARIES IN MUNICIPAL WATERS ESTABLISHMENT OF CATCH CEILINGS AND CLOSED SEASON BY THE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE (DA) SECRETARY WITH LGU CONCURRENCE Prohibition of unauthorized fishing, poaching in Philippine waters, use of
explosives, noxious or poisonous substance and electricity in fishing fine mesh net, active gear and coral exploitation and exportation
Responsibility of municipality or city over municipal waters Formation of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils
(FARMC) at the national and LGU level as recommendatory body %
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
(REPUBLIC ACT 7160)
RReessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ooff mmuunniicciippaalliittyy oorr cciittyy oovveerr mmuunniicciippaall wwaatteerrss DDeeffiinniittiioonn ooff mmuunniicciippaall wwaatteerrss aass 1155 kkmm ffrroomm ccooaasstt lliinnee aatt llooww ttiiddee.. Enforcement of fishery laws in municipal waters Extension and on-site fishery-related research services and facilities by the
municipality DDeevvoolluuttiioonn ooff ccooaassttaall rreessoouurrccee mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo tthhee LLGGUU PPrroovviissiioonn ooff rriigghhttss ttoo LLGGUU ttoo ccrreeaattee tthheeiirr oowwnn ssoouurrcceess ooff rreevveennuuee aanndd lleevvyy
cceerrttaaiinn ttaaxxeess,, ffeeeess oorr cchhaarrggeess PPoowweerr ooff tthhee LLGGUU ttoo ggrroouupp tthheemmsseellvveess aanndd ccoonnssoolliiddaattee aanndd ccoooorrddiinnaattee tthheeiirr
eeffffoorrttss aanndd rreessoouurrcceess ffoorr ccoommmmoonn bbeenneeffiittss RReessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ooff nnaattiioonnaall ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt aanndd tthhee nneexxtt hhiigghheerr lleevveell LLGGUU ttoo pprroovviiddee
oorr aauuggmmeenntt tthhee sseerrvviicceess aanndd ffaacciilliittiieess aassssiiggnneedd ttoo lloowweerr LLGGUU..
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Toxic and Hazardous Substances Act (Republic Act 6969)
Regulation of the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment
Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (Republic Act 9147)
CLASSIFICATION OF WILDLIFE AND REGULATION OF GATHERING, HUNTING, POSSESSION AND TRADING
Philippine Labor Code
PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN BELOW 15 YEARS EXCEPT WORKING UNDER PARENTS OR GUARDIAN AND DOES NOT INFERERE WITH SCHOOLING
PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF PERSON BELOW 18 YEARS IN A UNDERATKING HAZARDOUS OR DELETERIOUS IN NATURE!
Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan (Republic Act 7611)
PROVISION OF OVERARCHING DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK FOR PALAWAN FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS TO CONFORM
EEssttaabblliisshhmmeenntt ooff EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaallllyy CCrriittiiccaall AArreeaass NNeettwwoorrkk ((EECCAANN)) wwhhiicchh iiss aa ggrraaddeedd ssyysstteemm ooff pprrootteeccttiivvee mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo hheellpp eennssuurree tthhaatt nnoo ddeevveellooppmmeennttss wwiillll ccaauussee iirrrreevveerrssiibbllee hhaarrmm oorr lloossss ooff pprroodduuccttiivvee ccaappaacciittyy ttoo tthhee nnaattuurraall rreessoouurrcceess
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One of the responsibilities of the municipality or city as the manager of the municipal waters is the enforcement of the fisheries laws. This is carried out in the context of coastal resource management, a function devolved to the municipality or city. The municipality or city can generate revenues from the use of the municipal waters and its resources to support its coastal management activities. It can also work with other LGU and pool resources to enhance the conduct and result of these activities. The provincial government can augment the resources put by the municipality or city and can perform the coastal management activities if the municipality or city cannot do these.
Other Relevant National Laws
There are other national laws which set standards on the conduct of LRFF trade. The Toxic and Hazardous Substances Act reinforces the prohibition of the use of toxic substances in fishing under the Philippine Fisheries Code. Cyanide the widely use in the Philippines to catch LRFF. Under the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, the harvesting, trading and transport of Napoleon Wrasse is a crime being listed in CITES Appendix 2. The Philippine Labor Code prohibits the trade to employ children under 15 years or under 18 years if they are exposed to danger such in the use of cyanide or sea diving.
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The government considers Palawan as special area for biodiversity. To safeguard it, the Act Providing for the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act was promulgated. Under this law the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) was formed to manage the preparation and implementation of an overarching development framework for Palawan. The PCSD is under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). This framework establishes the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) which is a graded system of protective management to help ensure that no developments will cause irreversible harm or loss of productive capacity to the natural resources. Local plans and development projects must conform to this plan. Incorporating into the ECAN measures that will protect species used as LRTFF makes this PCSD key player.
Laws on Palawan Relevant to LRFF Trade %
The PCSD has one administrative order and two resolutions governing the LRFF (Table 8). Administrative Order 2000-05 and Resolution 2003-09 require persons or groups involved in LRFF trade to be accredited by PCSD to engage in its component activities. Resolution 2007-340 set quota of LRFF production for the province. This resolution which contradicts the Section 61 of the Philippine Fisheries Code is currently under review. The PCSD administrative orders and resolution are considered national laws because the PCSD is a national entity.
The LGU has to translate national laws into local laws to reinforce its authority, support the intent of the national government and commit the local government to its enforcement. The provincial government has four ordinances on LRFF. Provincial Ordinance 941 requires the LGU to operate sanctuaries preferably in LRFF spawning aggregation areas and an open-close season for LRFF harvesting. This ordnance is consistent with the resource protection strategies laid out in the Philippine Fisheries Code.
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Table 8 Laws on Palawan and Key Parameters Governing the LRFF Trade: 2009 .
PCSD Administrative Order
2000-05:
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ACCREDITATION SYSTEM FOR CULTURING, CATCHING, TRADING AND TRANSPORTING LIVE FISH SPECIES AND MORATORIUM ON NEW APPLICATION UNTIL MAY 2002.
PCSD Resolution No. 2003-09
RReeqquuiirreemmeenntt ffoorr ppeerrssoonnss oorr eennttiittiieess eennggaaggeedd iinn ssttoorraaggee aanndd wwaarreehhoouussiinngg ooff lliivvee rreeeeff ffiisshh ttoo sseeccuurree PPCCSSDD AAccccrreeddiittaattiioonn
PCSD Resolution No. 2007-340
EEssttaabblliisshhmmeenntt ooff aa qquuoottaa ffoorr lliivvee rreeeeff ffiisshh aatt 114400 MMTT ppeerr yyeeaarr ffoorr tthhee pprroovviinnccee ttoo bbee aammeennddeedd oonn tthhee ssuucccceeeeddiinngg yyeeaarrss ddeeppeennddiinngg oonn tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonn aanndd ccaappaacciittyy ooff tthhee mmaarriinnee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt
Provincial Ordinance 941:
REQUIREMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FISH REFUGE AND SANCTUARIES IN ALL LGU PREFERABLY IN THE SPAWNING AGGREGATION AREAS LIVE REEF FISHES.
RReeqquuiirreemmeenntt ffoorr tthhee LLGGUU ttoo iissssuuee aann oorrddiinnaannccee ffoorr aa cclloosseedd--ooppeenn sseeaassoonn mmeecchhaanniissmm ffoorr lliivvee rreeeeff ffiisshheerryy..
Provincial Ordinance No. 1993-02
Ban of the gathering, buying, selling, and shipment of live fish in Palawan.
Provincial Ordinance No. 1994-29,
Amendment of Provincial Ordinance 1993-110 to lift the ban of gathering, buying, selling, and shipment of live fish except for Napoleon Wrasse (Labridae), Panther (Cromileptis Altiveles) and aquarium fishes of Balistidae Family.
Provincial Ordinance No. 1998-332,
Amendment of Provincial Ordinance 94-29 expanding exemption to the live fish ban to include Napoleon Wrasse caught in the wild weighing 50 grams to 300 grams or from 3 to 7 inches long if it is cultured in pen or cages from eight (8) to ten (10) months period
Installation of certification system for shippers, traders, and catchers of live fish.
Provincial Ordinances No 2006-941 and 2006-946
PROVISION FOR A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED REGULATION OF LIVE REEF FISH INDUSTRY, AND IMPOSES CERTAIN CONDITIONS FOR CATCHING, TRADING AND SHIPMENT OF LIVE FISH
BBaann NNaappoolleeoonn WWrraassssee ((LLaabbrriiddaaee aanndd nnoott SSccaarriiddaaee)),, RReedd GGrroouuppeerr ((EEppiinneepphheelluuss ffaasscciiaattuuss)),, PPaanntthheerr ((CCrroommiilleeppiittss
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Provincial Ordinance No. 1993-02 bans the gathering, buying, selling, and shipment of live fish in Palawan. Considering that the province is not producing any LRFF hatched and propagated from a nursery, this ordinance is consistent with the restriction imposed by the Philippine Fisheries Code which prohibits the exportation of LRFF from other sources. But the two succeeding ordinances (Provincial Ordinance No. 1994-29 and Provincial Ordinance No. 1998-332) lifted the ban on some species including the Napoleon Wrasse which is protected under the Philippine Wildlife Act being considered threatened. Provincial Ordinances No 2006-941 and 2006-946 later reinstated the ban on Napoleon Wrasse as LRFF.
IT IS NOT FULLY KNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT THE MUNICIPALITIES HAVE PROMULGATED ORDINANCES THAT WILL COMPLEMENT AND SUPPORT THE NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL LAWS. THIS IS A RESEARCH GAP THAT NEEDS TO BE DEFINED TO IMPROVE THE HARMONIZATION OF THE LOCAL AND NATIONAL LAWS. PUERTO PRINCESA CITY ORDINANCE NO. 1993-110 PROHIBITS THE SHIPPING OUT OF LIVE FISH FROM THE CITY, EXCEPT FOR CERTAIN SPECIES. THIS IS GENERALLY CONSISTENT WITH SECTION 61 OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE. BUT IT ALSO IN A WAY CONTRADICTS WITH PCSD POLICIES ON QUOTA AND ACCREDITATION BECAUSE IF SHIPMENT OF LRFF IS PROHIBITED, THERE IS NO POINT SETTING SUPPLY QUOTA AND ACCREDITING SHIPPERS AND EXPORTERS. THE PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES DO NOT APPLY TO PUERTO PRINCESA CITY BECAUSE IT WAS CATEGORIZED AS HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY IN 2007. UNDER THIS STATUS, IT IS INDEPENDENT FROM THE PROVINCE AND CAN EXERCISE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROVINCE WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION. IN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE ONLY COMPONENT CITIES ARE CONSIDERED PART OF THE PROVINCE.
!
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The situation of the LRFF trade in the Philippines and Palawan as well as the policy framework where it operates reveal facts that must be considered in the preparation of LRFF management plan. These facts are as follows:
While the exportation of LRFF from non-full cycle sources is prohibited by law, it exists and the LRFF from this source constitute almost all of the total volume currently exported.
aallttiivveelliiss))..
Puerto Princesa City Ordinance No. 1993-110
PROHIBITION OF SHIPPING OUT OF LIVE FISH FROM THE CITY, EXCEPT FOR CERTAIN SPECIES
BBaann ooff tthhee uussee ooff ccoommpprreessssoorr iinn ffiisshhiinngg aaccttiivviittiieess iinn rreessppoonnssee ttoo DDIILLGG MMeemmoorraanndduumm CCiirrccuullaarr oonn tthhee uussee ooff ccoommpprreessssoorr
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The LRFF trade has been managed at the provincial level mainly through the use of legal instruments but effective enforcement proved to be a challenge resulting to relatively frequent amendments.
The LFFF trade cannot be managed as a distinct concern but as part of an integrated coastal resource management program.
The main source of LRFF is the municipal waters which are under the management of the municipalities and cities indicating that these local unit must play the key role in LRFF management if it is to be managed at the source.
While not much is known on the extent the municipalities in Palawan are managing LRFF until the planning workshop, it is clear that they need technical assistance in doing this to increase efficiency and effectiveness.
The role of the provincial government is largely to augment and support the effort and resources of the municipal and city government in managing the LRFF and carry out complimentary management actions.
LRFF trade must be managed not only to ensure its sustainability but also equity in access to this common resource.
Legal instruments need to be complimented by other strategies to increase the attainment level of the twin goals of sustainability and equity.
The core of LRFF management is the quality of enforcement system and operation which must balance punishment with reward (carrot and stick) if it has to be effective. The policies, spatial planning, LRFF production technology, permitting and livelihood options are good only if enforcement is successful.
*6"3!=AT85?478;!
The plan aims to improve the existing LRFF management in Palawan by taking initial steps to achieve the following objectives within the next five years:8
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Enhance the sustainability of the fishery resources of the province and municipalities by reestablishing healthy population of targeted species and the integrity of marine ecosystems through effective management system;
Respect the rights of other users of the marine ecosystems particularly subsistence fishers so that the benefits from these can be shared more equitably;
Engaged all the stakeholders of these marine ecosystems so that all interest can be considered in decision making, greater synergies of efforts can be attained and the resource base for management will broaden.
Respond with greater vigor the need to reduce poverty and ensure that the concerns of women will be addressed.
!
*6"3343R!*9=58;;!!
A two-step process was used to prepare the plan. The first step is the series of municipal workshops. The result from these workshops were validated and consolidated at the provincial level and used to draw municipal and provincial level actions.
Municipal Workshops
A meeting was held in 12 municipalities to characterize LRFF trade in their municipality and identify its associated issues and required actions (Table 9). These municipalities were selected being known to be involved in LRFF trade. A total of 363 persons participated in the meetings. In the northern municipalities, fishers, traders, shippers and the municipal government were represented. In southern municipalities, the participation was limited to the municipal officials and personnel. The meetings in the south were also much smaller due to lower scale of LRFF related activities. Around 25 percent of the participants were women. The meetings were held from 20 January to 18 February 2009.
Provincial Workshops
The result of the municipal meetings were presented and validated in the provincial workshop on 23 February 2009. The validation was made after the participants heard the presentations on the regional, national and provincial status of LRFF harvesting and trade. The presentations
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discussed the status in the light of LRFF long-term sustainability of the resource and its support ecosystems.
Table 9 Participants of the Palawan Municipal Workshops on LRFF Trade by Date of Conduct, Municipality and Gender:2009
DATE Municipality Men Women Total
Jan. 20, 2009 Roxas 21 9 30
Jan. 21, 2009 San Vicente 38 15 53
Jan. 22, 2009 Taytay 75 18 93
Jan. 27, 2009 Linapacan 60 16 76
Feb. 10, 2009 Coron 29 14 43
Feb. 11, 2009 Culion 25 4 29
Feb. 12, 2009 Busuanga 15 8 23
Feb 18, 2009 Aborlan 1 3 4
Feb 18, 2009 Bataraza 2 - 2
Feb 18, 2009 Brookes Point - 2 2
Feb 19, 2009 Quezon 3 1 4
Feb 19, 2009 Rizal 2 2 4
TOTAL 271 92 363
After validating the issues, the participants grouped to prepare the municipal level plan. Each of the seven municipalities in Northern Palawan constitutes one group each except Busuanga and LInapacan which chose to group together. But the five municipalities in Southern Palawan formed only one group. The provincial and national government representatives compose another group.
Around 147 participants were in the provincial workshop (Table 10). The participants were from 12 municipalities, provincial government, offices of national agencies in Palawan, Palawan State University (PSU) and local NGO. The municipal participants compose 53 percent of the total.
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The representatives of the provincial offices government compose about 28 percent. Aside from the PCSD, the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) participated in the workshop. Around 28 percent of the participants are women.
Resource Sharing
on the effort to improve the management of LRFF in Palawan is demonstrated by the resources they contributed for the workshops to happen. In the municipal workshops, the government in the seven municipalities provided the venue and sound systems. The PCSD coordinated the activities to ensure wide participation and provided the resource speakers. The cagers and traders paid for the transportation of the participants. WWF-Philippines only paid for the transportation of the resource persons and meals of the participants.
Table 10 Participants of the Palawan Provincial Workshop on LRFF Trade by Gender: 23 February 2009
Municipalities/ Institutions Men Women Total
Aborlan 1 1 2
Balabac 1 1 2
Brooke's Point 2 1 3
Quezon 4 1 5
Rizal 3 0 3
Roxas 10 1 11
San Vicente 12 1 13
Taytay 8 4 12
Coron 5 3 8
Culion 5 0 5
Busuanga 2 0 2
Linapacan 4 0 4
Provincial agencies 29 12 41
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PCSDS 12 9 21
WWF 7 5 12
PSU 1 2 3
ELAC 0 1 1
TOTAL 106 42 148
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The stakeholders again pooled together their resources for the provincial workshop. The provincial and municipal government representatives paid their own transportation and accommodation. The PCSD and WWF provided resource speakers and a facilitator respectively. A private company (Palawan Aquaculture Corporation) has one resource person on full-cycle aquaculture. The PSU contributed the venue and logistics. In addition to its personnel contribution, WWF-Philippines provided the materials, equipment and meals for the workshop.
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The issues raised by the municipal stakeholders on LRFF are categorized by segment of the supply chain: wild harvesting, cage grow-out and trading and exportation. The first two segments occur in the municipal waters and clearly within the jurisdiction of the municipal or city government. Trading is also under the management of the municipal government being a local business but it may share with higher government levels the task of regulating exportation. The PCSD is involved in the management in each segment to the extent that it will affect the effective implementation of the Sustainable Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan and other provisions of the SEP Law.
The LRFF will stay in Palawan for as long as the resource will allow because it provides income to households and the LGU. Many households particularly fishers have very limited options and the LRFF is their only more productive resource base. But at the core of the issues on LRFF is the inability of the authorities to effectively enforce the laws due to weak capacity. Although enforcement is carried out, it is not to the level that players aarree ppeerrssuuaaddeedd ttoo ccoommppllyy bbeeccaauussee tthheeyy aarree lliikkeellyy ttoo ggeett ccaauugghhtt tthhaatt iiff tthheeyy aarree ccaauugghhtt tthheeyy wwiillll bbee ccoonnvviicctteedd aanndd tthhaatt iiff tthheeyy aarree ccoonnvviicctteedd tthhee ppeennaallttyy wwiillll bbee sseerrvveedd.. The outcome is the almost unbridled harvesting and trading of LRFF resulting to resource depletion and ecological degradation. The policies to be enforced nonetheless still need to be rationalized.
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Wild Harvesting
In the harvesting of LRFF adult, juvenile, fingerling and brood-stock, the use of cyanide is considered an issue in all municipalities (Table 11). The extent of its use reflects the level of enforcement being done. The factors cited for this level of enforcement are lack of competent personnel, inability to control the entry of migrant fishers who are most likely to use the toxic substance, insufficient prosecution and weak capacity of various stakeholders groups.
Cage Grow-out
The un-delineated municipal waters and absence of comprehensive water use plan deprive basis for enforcement of laws governing cage grow-out. The results are inequitable access of marine areas and conflict between LRFF industry and tourism users. Such conflict is a particular
rridor. Although a provincial accreditation system for cagers is in place, the urgent need to improve this in terms clarity,
capacity is again raised as the cause of these issues.
Trading and Exportation
The trading of cyanide-laced LRFF have persisted as an issue because enforcement is not backed by enough Chemical Detection Technology (CDT) laboratory. The traders are not organized enough to have easy collaborative interaction with the regulators. The fishers and traders are not making the best income from their business because they have limited price information. The agencies mandated to regulate and assist the traders have limited capacity.
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The stakeholders formulated the municipal and provincial actions to be done in the next five years by first reviewing those put forward in the municipal workshops. Through the review, they were able to see the views of the stakeholders of various municipalities on the way to better attain sustainability and equity. They were also able to reflect on the applicability of the actions suggested by other municipalities. Together with the presentations made on the situation of LRFF harvesting and trade, these actions serve as basis in formulating municipal and provincial level plans which they can implement using their own resources.
Municipal Plans
Five municipalities prepared their individual plans to manage their LRFF resources. These are the following: Coron, Culion, Roxas, Taytay and San Vicente. Busuanga and Linapacan
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prepared a joint plan because LRFF is a shared resource of their adjoining waters. Five
prepared a common plan. All municipalities indicated that they are currently managing LRFF. But the actions taken vary in terms of comprehensiveness and coherence among municipalities. The planned actions in the next five years are meant to strengthen the on-going actions and fill-in the gap.
The planned actions put forward by Coron and the southern municipalities are more like a menu
planning workshop and limited information on the status of current actions, mandate of institutions and municipal resources prevented these municipalities to plan more definite steps. Nonetheless, this menu is the platform for the municipal stakeholders to determine later the more definite steps to be taken for LRFF management.
Culion, Roxas, San Vicente, Taytay, Busuanga and Linapacan presented more definite planned actions. These actions are built on past and on-going activities. The higher level of intensity and organization of their current effort to manage LRFF enabled them to distill with much ease the steps that will carry it forward in the next five years. The planned actions of all the municipalities fall under any of the eight categories: (1) policy review and formulation; (2) conduct of technical
participation; (7) permitting; and (8) livelihood enhancement. These categories indicate that the municipalities largely face the same issue and may need similar type of assistance.
Coron
The representatives of Coron indicated that activities are being done to manage LRFF management although these are nor identified. But they lay out a menu of 40 actions that may be implemented in the next five years (Table 12). They have 10 actions on policy review and formulation. One proposed policy is the prohibition of catching a grouper one kilogram and above to enable breeders replenish stocks. Another is the establishment of municipal quota based on maximum sustainable yield of 516MT per year. Technical studies have to be made on three subjects: need and reliability CDT, nature of LRFF trade in the municipality and implications to quota system and feasibility of a provincial wide trade organization.
On spatial planning, the delineation and zoning of municipal waters is proposed including the allocation of marine protected area (MPA) in SPAGS (Spawning and Aggregation Sites). This category of activities is seen as necessary for enforcement to be more effective. Twelve related activities are put forward to strengthen enforcement. It starts with the organization of composite team and end with the installation of judges and conduct of community based IEC (Information, Education and Communication).
Four actions are on the enhancement of the sustainability of the current LRFF production technology and five on permitting. One activity on the LRFF production technology improvement is the encouragement of full-cycle process in aquaculture. The registration of players and one
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stop-shop are considered essential to enhance permitting. Cutting across these categories of policy
formulation and its dissemination once promulgated. Except on the quota review which will be done on the first year, they did not allocate time for the proposed actions.
Culion
Current Actions. Culion has existing ordinance prohibiting boat owners engaged in LRFF harvesting to own and use a compressor. This is enforced through its boat registration system. It does not see the need to impose a close season because the monsoon winds naturally take care of it. It has an enforcement system in place organized by the Philippine National Police (PNP) and other agencies but it is not operational. IEC is a component of the system. The municipal council and the mayor are discussing ways to activate the enforcement system.
The USAID-funded Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest (FISH) has trained its fishers on environmentally-friendly fishing methods. The municipality is currently working on water use zoning. It has designated areas for tourism, pearl and seaweeds farming and other mari-culture activities. Seven MPA are established with the help of FISH Project and Hayuma, an NGO. It is not determined though if the MPA are SPAGS.
Table 11 Actions for Coron on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
"(-',%)! 09 10 11 12 13
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Review compressor ban and study the exemption of its use for fish corral and submerged cages.
Require migrant fishers to secure clearance from the barangay and present certificate from their origin
Prohibit the catching of grouper one kilogram and above to enable breeders replenish stocks
Regulate fishing gears
Establish quota based on maximum sustainable yield of 516MT per year X
Increase the severity of punishment for enforcers involved in illegal fishing
Disqualification of migrants and transients for accreditation
Expand opportunities for more equitable access to fishery resources
Review of accreditation policy to provide the following: (1) automatic approval of application after 15 days of inaction; (2) simplification of application requirements; (3) clear penalty for violation and implementation mechanism; (4) distinguish residents from non residents; (5) outright cancellation of accreditation after proven violation; (6) acceptable renewal accreditation, renewal period; (7) prohibition of
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trans-municipal traders
Devolve accreditation operation of certain capitalization level to the municipality
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Study the need and reliability CDT
Study LRFF trade and quota system
Study the feasibility of provincial wide trade organization
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Delineate municipal waters
Harmonize uses and zone marine area by use
Establish MPA in identified SPAGS area
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Organize composite team
Train and deputize enforcement teams and BFARC
Provide logistics and resources for enforcement operation
Provide incentives to law enforcers
Review and enhance MOA among LGU and agencies to improve coordination
Provide incentives for non-use of cyanide
Establish CDT Laboratory in fish landing area
Designate fish landing area to ease monitoring !
Monitor all suspected cyanide fishers
Monitor law enforcement
Increase the number of judges for speedy trials
Conduct community-based IEC program!
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Train on use of environmentally-sound methods !
Allow accredited hatcheries to sustainably-culture banned species
Encourage full-cycle processes in aquaculture
!
Consult stakeholders in policy formulation
Disseminate policies to the community level
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*$H/'--'%Q!!
Establish one-stop-shop for accreditation
Register all industry players to ease monitoring
Maintain registry of legitimate fishers and operators for monitoring
Group fishers for accreditation
Organize traders at the municipal level!
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Establish market intelligence network to improve access to market information!
Identify and assess potential alternative livelihood
Planned Actions. To build on its existing initiatives, the main focus of Culion is on enforcement. Seven of the 15 planned actions are under this category (Table 13). It includes reactivating its enforcement system and providing enforcers with logistics and incentives. The municipality will also work with the provincial government in establishing fish landing areas, CDT laboratory as well as eco-labeling system and in installing judges to hasten prosecution of offenders. It also seeks provincial assistance in the registration of migrant fishers and delineating the municipal waters.
Table 12 Actions for Culion on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
"(-',%)! 09 10 11 12 13
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Work with provincial government in requirement registering migrant fishers
;#0-'0J!*J0%%'%Q!!!
Work with provincial government in delineating municipal waters
Continue zone marine area by use! X
8%I,H($/$%-!
Reorganize and activate Bantay Dagat X
Provide logistics and incentives to enforcers X
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"(-',%)! 09 10 11 12 13
Work with provincial government in designating fish landing areas.
Work with provincial government in establishing CDT lab in Coron to serve Calamines Group of Islands
Work with provincial government in eco-labeling
Conduct community-based IEC program X
Work with the provincial government in installing judges !
69::!*H,&.(-',%!?$(+%,J,QK
Train fishers on environmentally sound methods
Establish hatcheries for full cycle aquaculture
!
Consult stakeholders in policy formulation X
*$H/'--'%Q
Require annual accreditation and registration of fishers X X X X X
6'P$J'+,,&!8%+0%($/$%-
Work for more fair pricing of LRFF X
On LRFF production technology, the municipality will continue to train fishers on environmentally sound methods and establish hatcheries for full cycle aquaculture.! On permitting, it will require annual accreditation and registration of fishers. The municipality will work for fairer pricing of LRFF to boost the income of fishers. In all activities, stakeholders will be consulted.
Culion will implement seven activities on the first year. It foresees that the annual registration of fishers to be sustained until the end of the planning period. But it will still consult with the provincial government when to do their joint activities. No time is allocated yet on these joint activities
Roxas
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Current Actions. The municipality has policy banning the use of compressor without exemption,
months. But the closed season is not enforced. It began working on water use zoning and has allocated areas for seaweed farming and MPA. Five MPA are set aside each covered by an MPA management plan. A study to identify the SPAGS is completed and the findings will be considered in the MPA plan. IEC have been going on in the municipality. The Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (BFARMC) has maintained a list of fishers and a funding request has been made to the municipal council for the establishment of mariculture park .
Planned Actions. Roxas planned five actions for the next five years (Table 14). Two are
timeframe. Its water use plan is integrated with its land use plan and once it is prepared, the municipality will work for its approval. The municipality will organize a composite team to carry out enforcement and assist the ECAN Board in its activities. Both activities will cover the entire timeframe. It wants to study the feasibility of having a hatchery to reduce the collection pressure on wild stock. This will be done on the first year.
Table 13 Actions for Roxas on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
5,%&.(-!,I!?$(+%'(0J!;-.&'$)!
Study the feasibility of establishing a hatchery. X
;#0-'0J!*J0%%'%Q!!!
Prepare and work for the approval of Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan
X X X
8%I,H($/$%-!
Organize composite team X X X X X
Assist in carrying out the activities of ECAN Board X X X X X
*$H/'--'%Q!
Continue the registration of fishers X X X X X
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Taytay
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Current Actions. The Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Committee (MFARMC) proposed the exemption from the ban the use of compressor for the operation of fish corral ad submerged cages. But the Municipal Fisheries Code is not amended to adopt the proposal. Nonetheless, the municipal government have already allocated in its budget using the amount from its fishery trust fund to do the following: conduct coastal and marine assessment and monitoring and identify, delineate and map areas for special management such as SPAGS.
Planned Actions. Taytay has three actions for the next five years (Table 15). The centerpiece is the updating and enhancement of the Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan. This will be done on the first and second year and will include the following activities: (1) conduct of coastal and marine assessment; (2) identification, delineation and mapping of special managed areas such as SPAGS; (3) development of management plan; (4) adoption of the update plan through Municipal Ordinances; and (5) enhancement of database
Table 14 Actions for Taytay on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
Conduct of Technical Studies
Monitor and evaluate coastal and marine resources X X X X X
Spatial Planning
Update and enhance the municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan by: (1) conducting coastal monitoring and assessment; (2) identifying, delineating and mapping of special managed areas such as SPAGs; (3) development of management plan; (4) adoption of update through Municipal Ordinances; and (5) enhancement of database
X X
Enforcement
Renew deputation of law enforcers, MFARMC and BFARMC and reorientation
X
Dovetailing the adoption of the updated Municipal Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan is to renew the deputation of law enforcers, MFARMC and BFARMC. They will also undergo reorientation on their tasks. This is part of the municipal effort to maintain the operation of its enforcement system. There will be an annual monitoring and evaluation of the state of the municipal coastal and marine resources to measure the effectiveness of its actions.
San Vicente
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Current Actions. The municipality already put in place a number of policies to manage LRFF. It has an ordinance exempting the use of compressor for fish corral and submerged cages from the ban. It has another ordinance to designating January and February as closed season for LRFF harvesting. An ordinance allocates logistics and resources for enforcement, provides incentives to enforcers and imposes severe penalty on enforcers engaged in illegal activities. The municipality has a Fisheries Code but it is still currently developing policies to promote more equitable access of marine resources. At the barangay level, there is an ordinance regulating the entry of migrants to complement the municipal ID system. The municipality has maintained a close contact with BFAR, PCSDS and WWF to further improve its policies.
On spatial planning, the municipality is revising its Comprehensive Land and Water Use Plan (CLWUP). The plan zones its municipal waters. It includes 10 fish landing areas and seven MPA. The areas for fish landing are already allocated while an ordinance declaring the MPA is already in place. To protect the MPA and strengthen enforcement, the municipality has the Bantay Dagat. The deputation of its members is being renewed while they are undergoing reorientation on their duties and on field procedures. It is currently reviewing and enhancing Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) among LGU and agencies to upgrade the level of coordination. At the ground level, the cyanide fishers are constantly monitored while carrying out IEC at the community level including the dissemination of information on policies.
On the side of the resources users, the municipality is conducting training on environmentally sound fishing methods. It has also required the registration of all fishers, traders and shippers through an ordinance. The traders are already organized into an association and a one-stop-shop office for permits has been set up. Prices of fish are constantly monitored to enable the fishers get the best deal. The municipality is currently assessing livelihood options for its fishers. The stakeholders have been always consulted in conduct of its LRFF management activities.
Planned Actions. The focus of San Vicente in the next five years of managing LRFF is spatial planning and enforcement (Table 16). It will revise and approve its CLWUP on the first year and proceed to implement it starting the second year. In the first two years, its will also develop its MPA management plan and will spend the next three years implementing it.
On enforcement, the municipality will build on its existing operation. It will reactivate the operation of ECAN Board. It will also train and re-deputize enforcement groups. At the community level, it will continue with the conduct of its IEC programs.
Table 15 Actions for San Vicente on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
;#0-'0J!*J0%%'%Q!!
Revise and approve the Comprehensive Land Use and Water Use Plan (CLWUP)
X
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Implementation of CLWUP X X X X X
Develop MPA Management Plans X X
Implement MPA Management Plans X X X
8%I,H($/$%-!!
Reactivate the operation of ECAN Board X X X X
Train and deputize enforcement Groups X X X X
Conduct IEC Programs X X X X
Busuanga and Linapacan
Current Actions. Busuanga and Linapacan have blanket ban on the use of compressor. Linapacan has also declared through an ordinance that only residents can use its fishery resources. This serves as basis of apprehending migrant fishers who encroach into its waters. Busuanga has adopted the provincial ordinance instituting a two or three-month close season. Both regulate the use of certain fishing gears.
The spatial planning status varies between the two municipalities. Busuanga has already zoned its marine area but not so for Linapacan. One constraint is the overlapping boundaries of the three municipalities (Culion-Linapacan, Busuanga-Culion and Culion-Coron) in the Calamianes Group of Islands
The status of enforcement in the two municipalities also differs. Busuanga has no logistics to extend to its enforcement. It does provide incentives by giving to the Bantay Dagat 30 percent of the fine collected from violators. Linapacan has already registered its industry players but it is still to be done in Linapacan. Linapacan has already an Adjudication Board for Natural Resources but it is still being processed for Busuanga. Both give discount in permit fees to non-cyanide users as reward for good behavior. They also engaged in IEC.
Planned Actions. The two municipalities planned 11 actions (Table 17). Seven will be carried out by both while four will be done by either of them. The actions that both will do are as follows: regulation of the size of catch for grouper, delineation and zoning of municipal waters, monitoring of fishers suspected of cyanide use, organizing of traders through the municipal council, passing of resolutions for BFAR, DTI, TESDA to provide livelihood options and grouping of fishers for accreditation.
Busuanga will in addition adopt provincial ordinance banning cyanide use, increase the number of judges for speedy trial and register all industry players to ease monitoring. Linapacan for its part will pass resolution to allow investors on LRFF. The actions are programmed for implementation in the next two years although these will most likely extend.
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Table 16 Actions for Busuanga and Linpacan on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
*,J'(K!9$P'$M!0%&!:,H/.J0-',%!
Regulate size of catch for grouper X
Pass resolution to allow investors on LRFF X(L)
;#0-'0J!*J0%%'%Q!!
Delineate municipal waters X
Zone marine area by use X(L) X( B)
8%I,H($/$%-!!
Adopt provincial ordinance banning cyanide use X(B)
Monitor fishers suspected of cyanide use X
Increase the number of judges for speedy trial X(B)
*$H/'--'%Q!
Register all industry players to ease monitoring X(B)
Organize traders through the municipal council X
Pass resolutions for BFAR, DTI, TESDA. To provide livelihood options
X
Group fishers for accreditation X
Legend: Busuanga (B); Linapacan (L)
Southern Municipalities
Current Actions. Rizal) are likewise managing their LRFF although not to the same extent as in northern municipalities. This is partly because their LRFF trade is not as extensive as in the north. All southern municipalities have regulations on fishing gears and some have their municipal waters delineated. They are also exploring the possibility of establishing provincial wide LRFF trade organization.
Planned Actions. The southern municipalities laid out 46 actions that may be done to improve their LRFF management (Table 18). As in the other municipalities, the centerpiece is
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enforcement where 14 actions are planned. They still have to organize their composite teams, train and equipped them. The more intense monitoring of fish landing, use of cyanide and enforcement performance is also in the plan. They see the need to draw the communities much closer into the enforcement operation and establish stronger working relationship among municipalities and agencies. Incentives will balance the punishment for enforcers and fishers and trials will be speed up with appointment of more judges.
The southern municipalities still seek to beef up their policies by proposing 10 actions. One is the designation of close season based on local condition. Another is the provision of opportunities for more equitable access to fishery resources. There is still much to be done on spatial planning. The delineation and zoning of municipal waters, allocation of SPAGS for MPA and bidding out of fish cage areas as concession are high in the action list.
The southern municipalities are looking at the application of full-cycle technology and training of fishers on more environmentally-sound methods to improve LRFF production. They also wish to streamline the permitting system mainly by devolving accreditation to the municipality and setting-up a one-stop shop. They are unanimously pushing for three-year accreditation with annual payment. The need to enhance income by increasing the added value to LRFF and providing other livelihood options are also put forward.
There is only one point where there is no consensus in the southern municipalities. The traders are resisting the proposal of the municipal governments to centralize fish landing in certain sites. The southern municipalities have not set the timeline because these actions will still to be discussed further at the municipal level.
Provincial Plan
The provincial actions are prepared to support and compliment the municipal actions. The provincial government has a number of initiatives to build on. These are on the aspects of
has been involved in managing the LRFF for at least 17 years.
Current Actions
It was learned earlier that there are a number of existing province-wide policies on LRFF. In addition to these policies, there are policies banning the use of compressor, designating close fishing season, regulating fishing gears and providing severe punishment for enforcers in illegal activities. It has also established LRFF quota system. Some policies just do not have complimentary municipal ordinances. This hinders implementation at the municipal level.
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Table 17 Actions for Southern Municipalities on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
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Exempt fish corral and submerged cages from compressor ban
Designate close season based on local condition
Establish quota system based on MSY
Review of accreditation policy and provide the following: (1) automatic approval of application after 15 days of inaction; (2) simplification of application requirements; (3) clear penalty for violation and implementation mechanism; (4) distinguish residents from non residents (5) outright cancellation of accreditation after proven violation; (6) acceptable renewal accreditation, renewal period; (7) prohibition of trans-municipal traders.
Consider lifting of moratorium of new accreditation applicants
Require migrant fishers barangay clearance and certificate from their origin
Disqualify migrants and transients for accreditation
Review, amend and enhance the policy creating the ECAN Board
Provide opportunities for equitable access to fishery resources
Increase severity of punishment for enforcers in illegal fishing
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Study the need and reliability of CDT
Study trade system and dry-run quota for one year
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Delineate municipal waters with provincial government support
Zone marine area by use and to promote equity
Study SPAGS and establish MPA
Bid out concession management in designated zones
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Organize composite team
Train and deputize enforcement teams!
Provide logistics for enforcement !
Provide incentives to law enforcers
Disseminate policies to the community level
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Review and enhance MOA among LGU and agencies to improve coordination
Put up centralized landing areas to ease monitoring
Put up CDT laboratory for monitoring purposes only
Certify or eco-label the fish
Provide incentives for non-use of cyanide
Monitor all suspected cyanide fishers
Monitor law enforcement
Increase the number of judges for speedy trials
Conduct community-based IEC program!
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Train on use of environmentally sound methods
Establish hatcheries to achieve full cycle aquaculture
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Harmonize the
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Devolve accreditation operation of certain capitalization level to the municipality
Establish one-stop-shop for accreditation
Maintain registry of legitimate fishers and operators for monitoring
Group fishers for accreditation
Organize traders at the municipal level
Set-up ECAN Board for review of municipal approval
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Allow entry of other investors to enhance pricing competition
Establish market intelligence network for better access to market information
Identify and assess potential alternative livelihood
Allow accredited FCA trade banned species
Hold market forum
Establish airport
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To refine its policies and assist the municipalities in crafting their policies, studies on the LRFF trade and quota system based on MSY have been going on. A study on SPAGS is already completed. It has also a province-wide enforcement system (PCSD Connect) and has a BFAR-managed CDT system. BFAR is backing up enforcement with continuing IEC. It has also been training and deputizing fish wardens every 3 years where trainees are provided with transport, accommodation and travel allowance.
The PCSD is currently zoning the marine areas under the ECAN and it is expected to be done within 2009. It is also supporting a private sector hatchery (Palawan Aquaculture Corporation) in Coron as part of the effort to develop full-cycle aquaculture. The PCSD has sent to the Spanish Government a proposal for funding the development of livelihood options in Palawan.
Planned Actions
The provincial government and province-based national agencies plan 14 actions for the next five years (Table 19). At least three are continuation of its on- deputation of enforcement teams and IEC and support of private sector initiative to establish hatchery.
.
Table 18 Actions for the Provincial Government on LRFF Management and Timeline: 2009-2013
Actions 09 10 11 12 13
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Study policy on compressor! X
Study the effectiveness of the quota system X X X X X
Promulgate provincial ordinance to regulate size X
Review and harmonize laws X
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Review the system on CDT for monitoring X
Study the possibility of incentives to non-cyanide use
X
Study livelihood options X
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Delineate and zoning of municipal waters thru ECAN
X
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Continue the deputation of enforcement teams X X X X X
Continue BFAR IEC with provincial contribution X X X X X
Organize mechanism to flow back government earnings from LRFF trade to management operations
X X X X X
Coordinate with Supreme Court re Judges No year
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Support private sector initiative to establish hatchery
X
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Motivate LGU to register catchers X
On policies, the provincial agencies will study the effectiveness of compressor ban and the quota system agreed upon during the planning workshop. They will also work towards the harmonization of policies on LRFF at all levels. These agencies will work together to promulgate provincial ordinance to regulate the LRFF catch size. Further, it has three technical studies to undertake: assessment of existing CDT system, formulation of incentives for non-cyanide users and generation of livelihood options. These studies responds well to the municipal plans on setting up CDT laboratory, balancing reward and punishment in enforcement and expanding livelihood opportunities particularly to fishers who benefits the least from LRFF trade.
Two big activities of the provincial agencies that will have resounding effect at the municipal level are the ECAN zoning of municipal water and setting up a mechanism to flow back government earnings from LRFF trade to field operation. The first will guide the zoning of municipal waters and make it much easier. The second will allocate funds to the protection of ecosystems and displaced uses addressing the twin issues of environmental sustainability and social equity.
The provincial government and province-based agencies are relying on the private sector to develop the LRFF hatchery that will eventually generate a full-cycle aquaculture. It is also relying on the municipalities to manage the fishers and catchers. It is further relying on the judiciary to designate more judges in Palawan. On these aspects where the mandate does not
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rest on the provincial government and province-based agencies, they limit themselves to the provision of hospitable policy environment, facilitation and networking.
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Although the province of Palawan and its municipalities have been managing LRFF harvesting and trade, the issues drawn out in the planning process indicate that more work has to be done to attain sustainability and equity. While they have generated plans to take the current management forward, the way is fraught with big challenges. These challenges where outside assistance may be needed are as follows:
Reconciling and dovetailing planned actions of the province and the municipalities on one hand and among municipalities on the other. Policies on compressor use for instance have varying degrees of restrictions.
Limited resources of the province and municipalities to obtain technical information that will serve as robust basis for policies and decisions including water use planning and MPA establishment.
Limited personnel and resources for the PCSD secretariat to carry out its mandate and need for external assistance to undertake some of its tasks.
Weak vehicle to quickly disseminate best practices on LRFF management among municipalities and between the municipalities and the province
Conflict between the national and local laws which inject unpredictability on the policy environment and may deter private sector participation in developing full-cycle aquaculture.
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98:898358;!!
Aliño, P.M. 2006. Sustainable Philippine Fisheries Agenda (SuPFA), A paper presented to a National Workshop Towards a Sustainable Philippine Fisheries Agenda (SuPFA), Marine Environment Resources Foundation, Inc. and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), February 16-17, 2006, Iloilo Grand Hotel, Iloilo City.
Bently, N. 1999. Fishing for Solutions: Can the Live Trade in Wild Groupers and Wrasses fro Southeast Asia be Managed?. Pataling Jaya, Malysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.
Berrill, M. 1997. The Plundered Seas. San Francisco: Sierra Club.
Mamauag, S. 2004. The Live Reef Food Fish in the Philippines. In: DA-BFAR. In Turbulent Seas. The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Cebu City: Coastal Resource Management Project.
No Author. 2004. International Standards for the Trade in the Live Food Fish. July
Silvestre G.T. and V.V. Hilomen. 2004. Status of fisheries in San Miguel Bay, p. 292-299. In DA-BFAR (Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). In turbulent seas: The status of Philippine marine fisheries. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. 378 p.
Padilla, J. S. et al. Undated. Sustainability Assessment of the Live Reef Food Fish Trade in the Philippines. Draft Report of the Southeast Asia Policy Project of the World Wildlife Fund.
Pauly, D. 2004. A Brief Historical Review of Living Marine Resources Research in the Philippines, p. 15-21. In DA-BFAR (Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources). In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries. Cebu City: Coastal Resource Management Project
Pratt et al. 2000. Status Report on the Philippine Live Reef Fish Trade and Strategies to Combat its Destructive Fishing Practices. Quezon City: Marine Science Institute- University of the Philippines.
Sadovy, Y.J. et al. 2003. While Stocks Last: The Live Reef Food Fish Trade. Asian Development Bank.
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