Gyanesh Tiwari Govind Kumar Arpit Jain

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Content

Why fuel efficiency is important Environmental impacts and public concerns A short history of electric and hybrid technology How hybrid and electric cars work Why they are fuel efficient Advantages and issues Technological challenges Next generation of green vehicles   Q&A

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Why fuel efficiency is important

Rank Country

Oil – consumption

(bbl/day) Date

1World 85,220,000 2007 est.

2 United States 20,680,000 2007 est.

3 European Union 14,390,000 2007

4 China 7,880,000 2007 est.

5 Japan 5,007,000 2007 est.

6 India 2,722,000 2007 est.

7 Russia 2,699,000 2007 est.

8 Germany 2,456,000 2007 est.

9 Brazil 2,372,000 2007 est.

10 Canada 2,371,000 2007 est.

18 Iran 1,600,000 2007 est.

Rest of the world 23,043,000 2007 est.

World oil consumption, 2007

World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises

US

Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook3

Why fuel efficiency is important

• Oil Reserves are diminishing

• New data shows Canada has world second largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia

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Why fuel efficient cars? Global warming due to CO2 emission

Combustion (burning)

Fuel(C,H)+O2 CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)

Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned hydrocarbons

CO2 emission 1980-1999%32 for Transportation

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Hybrid cars

Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possibleLess CO2 emission and pollutionLower maintenance

2009 Toyota PriusHybrid

 2009 Toyota CorollaConventional

5.3 Lit/100 Km 10.5 Lit/100 Km

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE

About $780/year fuel savingsAssume $1 /1L15000km / yearInvaluable benefit for environment

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A short history of hybrid & electric cars 1825

Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h)

1870 First electric car was build in Scotland

1897 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3

horsepower electric motor, Could be driven 50 miles between charges

1898 The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-

drive Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion

engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history

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A short history of hybrid & electric cars 1900

US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars.

In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam 1904

Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor

Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed

1997-99 Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car

manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars 2004

The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show.

Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history8

Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car

Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE

•87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted•Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels•5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake•17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque

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How hybrids save fuel1. Engine is turned off at:

Stops Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives

the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in

When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned off, Regenerative braking is applied

2. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone

3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

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A B)( 22

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1BA VVmE

• VB > VA accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased

• VA > VB braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is reduced

energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric generator and stored in a batteryit is called regenerative energy, or “Regen Energy”

A B

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Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased

no need for engine power

Braking, vey little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars

In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off automatically going downhill

mghE

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Optimum engine operation condition

BSFC [g/kWh]

Engine MapOptimum operating rang

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How Hybrids work

Hybrid Demo

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Click on the link below to see a hybrid animation

A hybrid System

Prius does not have•step gears •clutch or•torque converter•starter motor •alternator

Schematic diagram of Priuswww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

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VCU

Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission

How Hybrids work

Prius Planetary Gearwww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission

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Hybrid engine and electric motors

Prius Hybridwww.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

Hybrid engine is smaller than conventional the engine

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How Electric cars work

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Electric carsHave comparable speed and powerZero emission for hydro electric grids like BCHigh overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can

have up to 80% efficiency and lower emissionNo IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox

fluidLower maintenanceLower priceGood for inner city short trips Simple and mature techLow noise

100 years old

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Plug in hybridPlug in hybrid has advantages of the both

GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on electric power alone

Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40-mile range is exceeded

Chevrolet Volt

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Hybrid cars issues Currently more expensive than conventionalHeavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors

weightLimited battery lifeExpensive battery pack if you want to replace itSafety issues, high voltage battery and fuelReliability, still under study,More complex computer controlled systemsMay have drivability issuesExpensive to repair

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Electric cars issuesNeeds heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere:

home, parking and street with metering deviceElectric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and

distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type of cars.

Travels short distances, inner cityLow speedBattery charging takes timeLimited battery life Safety issuesNeed new regulatory standards and New building electric code

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Technology challenges and opportunities Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it.

This will impact fuel economy

Fuel economy is dependant

on battery capacity

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The Honda Insight’s battery pack120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V) Nickel metal hydride 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery life

Technology challenges and opportunities Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid)Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km

more)Batteries are expensiveLow performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the

batteryVery sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces

dramatically)Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

Opportunity for researchers:

Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments and industries

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Next generation of green vehicles

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• Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors

• Hybrid Buses• Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems• Hybrid trains• EVs everywhere

Hybrids on the Market

Fail safe systems

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A fail safe system?