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+ Genetic and Environmental Foundations Ashlee Karsteter

+ Genetic and Environmental Foundations Ashlee Karsteter

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Page 1: + Genetic and Environmental Foundations Ashlee Karsteter

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Genetic and Environmental FoundationsAshlee Karsteter

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Different Possibilities

GENOTYPE

“Is the genetic make-up of an individual organism. Your genotype functions as a set of instructions for the growth and development of your body. The word ‘genotype’ is usually used when talking about the genetics of a particular trait”. ("Science learning: Sparking," 2011)

PHENOTYPE

The observable characteristic of an organism. Genetics and environmental factors influence a person.

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+The Apple and the Tree…

Brooklynn

This little girl is the perfect combination of her mother and father. While she looks just like her dad with her dark features and big, beautiful brown eyes, she acts like her mother. She is completely spontaneous and laid back. Her carefree demeanor makes her a great companion to most girls her age. She is opinionated, yet reserved when necessary.

Jackson

The spitting image of his father, Jackson is all boy! This rambunctious boy has eyes that squint, almost completely closed, when he smiles, and a nose that curls just on the end. His ears stick out more than “normal”. The funny part—if you place a picture of he and his dad side-by-side not many can tell which is which. A complete athlete, Jackson stands out among the rest when it comes to coordination and speed. He has found his niche in basketball playing on an AAU team with older kids. However, unlike his dad as an academic scholar, Jackson is an average student.

Lakeyn

This blonde hair, blue eyed beauty is her mother made over. Her smile fills a room, and her light skin tone makes her prone to sun burns. Her mother is a professional photographer while Lakeyn enjoys taking pictures and the arts.

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+Natu

re v

s Nurtu

re DOES THE AGE OLD DEBATE DIFFER DEPENDING ON

LOCATION?After studying 45 personality characteristics in over 6,000 sets

of twins, scientists concluded that if your DNA or environment influences a particular gene more depends on where you live. Some traits are “environmental hotspots”. (Collins, 2012)

ARE BEHAVIORS GENETIC IMPULSES?When your son or daughter gets into trouble for misbehaving,

will you accept the answer—”But, Mom, it runs in the family”? When people are no longer held accountable for their actions and choices, society has a problem. The problem with saying it is in his nature—he’s hyper or has ADHD, he doesn’t need to behave is that a simple misbehavior can escalate quickly and become a larger problem for your generations to come if everything is based off of genetics. (Kearl, 2010)

Your child must be held accountable to obey regulations set forth and to know right from wrong no matter the past

choices of his family. NURTURE and the environment must greatly influence our behaviors of society to break the cycle

of wrong doing. Responsibility must be taken for choices made.

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DNA Unplugged

Neoxyribonucleic Acid is also known as DNA. DNA is a molecular blueprint for all living things. Breaking it down, DNA is a bunch of atoms that are stuck together. Each individual (aside from identical twins) is truly unique because their DNA strand matches that of no one else in the world. The 20 various types of amino acids make up proteins and proteins create living creatures.

A single strand of DNA is extremely long and cannot fully be copied. Living inside the nucleus, DNA creates RNA. RNA then shapes the proper proteins. After proteins have their unique, proper shape---life can appear and continue. (Perry, 2012)

Amino Acids Proteins Living Cells Tissues Organs Living Creatures

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+Everyone’s Related!Each cell in your body contains 46 different strands of DNA. Each strand is made of millions of particles called nucleotides. Four forms of nucleotides: A, C, T, G that make unique pairings to code your individual DNA. A GENE is a “stretch of DNA that codes for something: information for a cell to read and use” (Perry, 2012).

A single strand of DNA contains thousands of genes. The various length and sequence of the gene determines the size and shape of the protein the gene builds. The proteins then make up ALL living things.

Scientists believe that all living things are connected because of the same basic DNA code: a combination of the four different nucleotides: A, C, T, G.

(Perry, 2012)

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+All humans are made up of the same 22 pair of autosomal chromosomes. And then, each individual is given a pair of, what are known as, sex chromosomes (XX or XY). ALL females, all mothers, carry two X chromosomes so they will always give their child an X chromosomes to pass on. Male sperm are made of either an X or Y. The difference in a boy or a girl is, simply put, if a Dad gives his unborn child an X (girl) or Y (boy). The father cannot control which sperm meets the ovum first so the donation is natural, but the variation of sex chromosomes, the X or Y, boy or girl, comes from the male.

Though parents may wonder about gender as soon as conception, the development will not start until WEEK 7. If a Y chromosome is present, so is SRY. SRY is a gene that starts the development of other male genes. The presence of the Y chromosome and the SRY genes signals testosterone development and the development of the testes.

The internal and external genital area is made of the same basic principle for both male and female. The difference is the presence or absence of the Y chromosome; Y allows for SRY and then the process begins when SRY signals the development of multiple “boy genes”.

Parents will not know the gender of their unborn child until the ultrasound around week 16 of pregnancy.

(Corporation, 2012)

boysandgirls

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What is Genetics?

Inheritance is a funny thing. For every gene, somatic cells have two alleles. One allele is provided by each parent. Genes can be possessed and not expressed, skip generations and reappear later, and create limitless unique possibilities as to what your child may look like..

Scientists use the term phenotype to describe the outward, expressed gene of an individual. However, there is also genotype and that is the scientific makeup of the particular allele. It is most likely impossible to know which alleles an individual carries.

The most basic way to understand the variations of a gene pool is through a Punnett Square. This works similarly to a multiplication table. The parent’s genotypes are placed on the outside and then combined together to form possibilities of offspring for a particular gene.

(Mko, 2013)

Genetics-

“The study of the way in which an individual’s traits are transmitted from one generation to the next” (Johnson, 2010).

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Peace of Mind Causes WorryKnowing about a disease that runs in your family is scary. If you and your partner decide to be tested before conceiving a child to know if you carry the specific gene could save your child’s life. However, it is vastly expensive and may only create questions in your mind. If you possess the gene of a deadly disease will you still have a child knowing that your chance of passing the gene on is NOT 100%? Will you elect to not have a child at all? Will you continue to question this decision the rest of your life?

Just because you carry a gene and could potentially pass it on to your child, you have no way of knowing if your child would simply be a carry of the disease or would become ill. What if the test results were sold by an insurance company and then you were denied coverage in the future? There is always the possibility of your child developing another disease that has nothing to do with the testing.

In life, there are NO guarantees. Is “finding the answers” really solving anything? Or is simply finding out the possibilities creating more, unanswerable questions?

(Myers, 2011)

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Is ignorance bliss?

If done under the care of professionals, genetics testing could be very beneficial. Genetic counselors help you to understand family history and medical records, order genetic tests, evaluate the results, and help parents make the next move.

Humans have anywhere between 25,000-35,000 different genes. An error in just one gene can cause a serous medical condition. Genetic counselors help hopeful parents to understand the limitations of genetic testing. Understanding the results is not an easy process. They can depict the presence or absence of a gene. The results do not tell you what that means—enter a genetic counselor.

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+Modern Science Babies

Donor Insemination

“Donor insemination is a simple procedure that uses a syringe to place semen into a woman’s vagina to assist her in getting pregnant. The semen is normally obtained from someone other than the woman’s husband or partner” (“Infertility and donor, 2012). Most of the time with donor insemination, the medical history is not known. This could be a concern for parents. Another thing to consider too is that your partner will not have any biological connection to the child.

Surrogate Motherhood

For surrogate mothers, they simply want to carry the child to term. The child will then be born and cared for by a couple who had always intended to take the child. This arrangement is set up before a pregnancy takes place. At times, the father’s sperm is implanted so that the male has a biological connection to the baby. At times, both the sperm and egg are implanted into the surrogate mother. And sometimes, sperm from a sperm bank and the surrogate mother’s egg is used to create a child. The surrogate mother knows the entire time that her intention is not to parent the child, but simply carry the child for the intended parents.

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• Arrange for a medical exam• Consider your genetics• Reduce the toxins you control• Ensure proper nutrition• Try not to stress• Make sure you are a “healthy” weight.

Getting Pregnant

is not always easy…

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+Works Cited

Collins, N. (2012, June 12). Nature vs. nurture: outcome depends on where you live. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ science/ science-news/9326819/Nature-vs.-nurture-outcome- depends-on-where- you-live.html

Corporation, M. (Producer) (2012). Boy or girl: How genetics determine your bab'ys gender. Parents.com. [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.parents.com/ videos/v/ 63953585/boy-or-girl-how-genetics-determine-your-baby-s- gender.htm

Infertility and donor insemination. (2012, April). American Pregnancy Association, Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/infertility/donorinsemination.html

Johnson, G. B. (2010). Essentials of the living world. (Third ed., p. 613). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Kearl, M. (2010). Nature vs. nurture: How much free will do we really have?. Retrieved from http://www.trinity.edu/mkearl/socpsy-2.html

Miko, I. (2013). Inheritance of traits by offspring follows predictable rules. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topic/genetics-5

Myers, C. (2011, March 31). Advantages & disadvantages of genetic testing for parents. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/ 218502-advantages-disadvantages-of-genetic-testing-for-parents/

Perry, J. (Writer) (2012). What exactly is a gene? [Web]. Retrieved from http:// www.statedclearly.com

Perry, J. (Writer) (2012). What is dna? stated clearly [Web]. Retrieved from http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY

Science learning: Sparking fresh thinking. (2011, June 10). Retrieved from http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/ Contexts/Uniquely-Me/ Science- Ideas-and- Concepts/ Genotype-and-phenotype