European Imperialism in Africa1800-1914

African History Review

3000 B.C.-1400’s A.D. African civilizations/ cultures develop with little

interference from Europeans (Ghana, Benin, Mali, Songhai, Zimbabwe).

Trade networks, learning centers, architecture, government, customs, etc.

1400’s- mid-1800’s Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade

What is Imperialism?

The creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination.

Powerful nations control or influence less powerful nations, taking advantage of resources and people.

Imperialism has had a significant impact on the past and present in Africa.

European Motives for Imperialism in Africa

Economic

Political

Cultural/Religious

Economic Motives

European nations were going through the Industrial Revolution (factories/ manufacturing)

Increased production = increased demand for raw materials

Africa was a vast land filled with opportunity for raw materials.

Industrial nations began looking for new markets.

Industrialists wanted exclusive rights to sell in African markets.

Political Motives

Nationalists (pride and loyalty to one’s nation) believed having colonies increased the strength and prestige of their nations.

More colonies = more $$$ = more power

Cultural/Religious Motives

People of Europe thought they had a duty to pass on their ideas/ culture and knowledge to the rest of the world.

Some people went to Africa for religious reasons. They thought Christianity was superior and wanted

Africans to adopt their beliefs.

European Claims in Africa

Major Imperial Powers

Great Britain Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Uganda

France Western Africa, Morocco, Madagascar, Algeria

Germany Tanzania, Namibia, Cameroon

Belgium (Dutch) Congo, very brutal colonizers

European Government in Africa

Direct Rule (hands on) France, Germany

Imperial power controlled all levels of government

Assimilation – people of the colonies would abandon their customs and adopt those of the imperial nation

Indirect Rule (hands off) Great Britain

British governor and a council of advisors would make colonial laws

Local ruler had some power

African Resistance

Many Africans resisted European rule with military force (Menelik II in Ethiopia)

Despite the resistance, most Africans were no match for the Europeans, mainly because of the weapons of the Europeans.

Benefits and Cost of Imperialism

Imperialism Benefits Europeans

European economies grow wealthier

Spread of European culture and values

Comparisons to American slavery?

Imperialism Hurts Africans

As Europe (and U.S.) are developing, most African countries are not.

Africa’s wealth does not benefit African people.

Conflicts between tribes (borders)

Many issues still plague Africa today