Tuesday, January 3, 2012 SL.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 910 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.

Tuesday, January 3, 2012SL.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 910 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.Essential Questions:What do I have to do to be successful in this class?What are the procedures for this classroom?What can I expect in this class?Quick write: In 15 minutes write everything that happened over break like a story. Do not use I Only use third person (he, she, they, him, her, etc). To do today: Review SyllabusReview Classroom Policies, Procedures, Expectations!Partner Play: Procedures and PoliciesPlay Human BingoIntroduction to Mesopotamia

1st period 7:25-9:00

2nd period 9:04-10:39

3rd period 10:43-12:18 OR 11:16-12:51 1ST LUNCH 10:39-11:12 2ND LUNCH 12:18-12:51 4th period 12:55-2:30 Wednesday, January 4, 2012SL.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 910 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.Compare your Essay to anothers: Check for ComprehensionCheck for POVWhat would you give this essay? Place a grade on the paper

Review Video: Take Notes on the significant elements from the video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8v2vRlLL58&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeReview PPT elementsWhat are the significant creations from the Summerian people?What is the religious system based on?How does that effect them as a people?Compare the information gathered to the bookMake sure you have complete information on all parts of the Mesopotamia experience

HOMEWORK: Make Corrections to your paper, Corrections Due tomorrow

Questions from the Timeline Pg 2-3#1: Approximately how many years passed between the life of the historical Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and the assembling of legends into the Epic of Gilgamesh in Mesopotamia? #2: Why do you think there are many more events noted for the period between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 135 than there are for the period between 4500 B.C. and 2000 B.C.?

Mesopotamia:

The Cradle of Civilization4Earliest Civilization: the Fertile Crescentearliest of all civilizations as people formed permanent settlements

Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means between the rivers, specifically, the area between the Tigris River and Euphrates River (present day Iraq)

Lasted for approximately 3000 years

Its peoples were the first to irrigate fields, devised a system of writing, developed mathematics, invented the wheel and learned to work with metal

5Categorized as the earliest of all civilizations as people formed permanent settlements

Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means between the rivers

Specifically, the area between the Tigris River and Euphrates River (present day Iraq)

Mesopotamia is not within the "Fertile crescent, it is in the more desert area that the "Fertile crescent" arcs aroundIndo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE

The Middle East: The Crossroads of Three ContinentsThe Ancient Fertile Crescent Area

The Middle East: The Cradle of CivilizationHistory of MesopotamiaOver the centuries, many different people lived in this area creating a collection of independent statesSumer- southern part (3500-2000 BCE)Akkad- northern part (2340 2180 BCE)Babylonia- these two regions were unified (1830-1500 BCE and 650-500 BCE)Assyria- Assyrian Empire (1100 -612 BCE)8Mesopotamian Trade

The Cuneiform World9Cuneiform: Wedge-Shaped Writing

10Cuneiform Writing

11Deciphering Cuneiform

12

Sumerian Scribes Tablet House13ReligionPosition of King was enhanced and supported by religion

Kingship believed to be created by gods and the kings power was divinely ordained

Belief that gods lived on the distant mountaintops

Each god had control of certain things and each city was ruled by a different god

Kings and priests acted as interpreters as they told the people what the god wanted them to do (ie. by examining the liver or lungs of a slain sheep)

gods were worshipped at huge temples called zigguratsPolytheistic religion consisting of over 3600 gods and demigods

Prominent Mesopotamian godsEnlil (supreme god & god of air)Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)An (god of heaven)Enki (god of water & underworld)Shamash (god of sun and giver of law)

14Shows diversity of religion from different regions

Yet all of Mesopotamia shared the same religion and the same prominent gods

ZigguratsLarge temples dedicated to the god of the cityMade of layer upon layer of mud bricks in the shape of a pyramid in many tiers(due to constant flooding and from belief that gods resided on mountaintops)Temple on top served as the gods home and was beautifully decoratedInside was a room for offerings of food and goodsTemples evolved to ziggurats- a stack of 1-7 platforms decreasing in size from bottom to top

Famous ziggurat was Tower of Babel (over 100m above ground and 91m base)

Ziggurat of Ur -2000BCE15Important for gods to be honoured by religious ceremonies

Ceremonies performed by priests in sacred temples

Temples created from mud brick and placed on platforms due to constant flooding

Temples evolved to ziggurats- a stack of 1-7 platforms decreasing in size from bottom to top

Famous ziggurat was Tower of Babel (over 100m above ground and 91m base)

Political structure an early form of democracyFrequent wars led to the emergence of warriors as leadersEventually rise of monarchial systemco-operation was the basis of governmentFollowed leadership of god of the city which was interpreted by a council of leading citizens > or > priests > or leader of the city (ie. king)

Government

16 Sumerians

social, economic and intellectual basisIrrigated fields and produced 3 main crops (barley, dates and sesame seeds)built canals, dikes, dams and drainage systemsdevelop cuneiform writinginvented the wheelAbundance of food led to steady increase of population (farm, towns, cities)first city of the worldDeveloped a trade system with bartering: mainly barley but also wool and cloth for stone, metals, timber, copper, pearls and ivoryIndividuals could only rent land from priests (who controlled land on behalf of gods); most of profits of trade went to temple

However, the Sumerians were not successful in uniting lower Mesopotamia

17Established the social, economic and intellectual basis of MesopotamiaFirst to develop writing in the form of cuneiformSumerians are credited to have invented the wheelBecame the first city of the worldHowever, the Sumerians were not successful in uniting lower MesopotamiaBabylonians

KING HAMMURABIS BABLYON

(6th Amorite king) who conquered Akkad and Assyria (north and south)He build new walls to protect the city and new canals and dikes to improve cropsEconomy based on agriculture and wool / clothindividuals could own land around citiesArtisans and merchants could keep most profits and even formed guilds / associationsGrain used as the medium of exchange > emergence of measurement of currency: shekel = 180 grains of barley; mina = 60 shekelsMina was eventually represented by metals which was one of first uses of money (but it was still based on grain)

Hammurabis Legacy: law code

Babylonians reunited Mesopotamia in 1830 BCE

central location dominated trade and secured control

YET AGAIN, Mesopotamia was not unified for long

Code of HammurabiTo enforce his rule, Hammurabi collected all the laws of Babylon in a code that would apply everywhere in the land

Most extensive law code from the ancient world (c. 1800 BCE)

Code of 282 laws inscribed on a stone pillar placed in the public hall for all to see

Hammurabi Stone depicts Hammurabi as receiving his authority from god Shamash

Set of divinely inspired laws; as well as societal laws

Punishments were designed to fit the crimes as people must be responsible for own actions

Hammurabi Code was an origin to the concept of eye for an eye ie. If a son struck his father, the sons hand would be cut off

Consequences for crimes depended on rank in society (ie. only fines for nobility)

10th century BCE, Assyria emerged as dominant force in the northCity of Assur- became important trading and political centreAfter Hammurabis death, Babylon fell apart and kings of Assur controlled more of surrounding area and came to dominate Made conquered lands pay taxes (food, animals, metals or timber)Rule by fear as kings were first to have a permanent army made up of professional soldiers (estimated 200 000 men)Made superior weapons of bronze and iron iron changed lifestyles in Mesopotamia in weapons and in daily life ie. replaced wooden wheels and applied to horse drawn chariots

Assyrians Assyrian reunited Mesopotamia and established the first true empire However, states began to revolt and ONCE AGAIN, Assyrian Empire collapsed by late 7th century BCE

By 539 BCE, Mesopotamia part of the vast Persian Empire (led by Cyrus the Great) Persian Empire dominated for 800 years until Alexander the Great

2010th century BCE, Assyria emerged as dominant forceAssyrian reunited Mesopotamia and established the first true empire Assyrian army was most feared due to their brutal, bloodthirsty & terrorizing tactics and use of iron weapons, battering rams, chariotsAssyrian Empire stretched from Persian Gulf north and West to Syria, Palestine and EgyptHowever, states began to revolt and ONCE AGAIN, Assyrian Empire collapsed by late 7th century BCE

By 539 BCE, Mesopotamia part of the vast Persian Empire (led by Cyrus the Great)Persian Empire dominated for 800 years until Alexander the Great

DevelopmentOf WRITING Development of WritingClick here to see the development of writingfrom pictograms to cuneiform

Pictograms: picture to show meaning Ideograms: signs to represent words / ideasPhonetics: signs to represent sounds

*Phonetics are the basis of most writing systems

WritingGreatest contribution of Mesopotamia to western civilization was the invention of writing

allowed the transmission of knowledge, the codification of laws, records to facilitate trade / farming

Sumerians wrote on wet clay tablets with the point of a reed > then dried in the sun to make a tablet

Scribes were only ones who could read and write and served as priests, record keepers and accountants

As society evolved, the first form of writing was developed called CUNEIFORM (meaning wedge shaped), dating to 3500 BCE

Cuneiform spread to Persia and Egypt and became the vehicle for the growth and spread of civilization and the exchange of ideas among cultures

GilgameshGilgamesh is an ancient story or epic written in Mesopotamia more than 4000 thousand years ago

Gilgamesh is the first known work of great literature and epic poem

Epic mentions a great flood

Gilgamesh parallels the Nippur Tablet, a six-columned tablet telling the story of the creation of humans and animals, the cities and their rulers, and the great flood

ANALYSISGilgamesh and the Nippur tablet both parallel the story of Noah and the Ark (great flood) in the Old Testament of the Jewish and Christian holy books

Modern science argues an increase in the sea levels about 6,000 years ago (end of ice age)

the melting ice drained to the oceans causing the sea level to rise more than ten feet in one century

Royal Tombs of UrFrom 1922 to 1934, excavation of the ancient Sumerian city of Ur

City famed in Bible as the home of patriarch Abraham

discoveries such as extravagant jewelry of gold, cups of gold and silver, bowls of alabaster, and extraordinary objects of art and culture

opened the world's eyes to the full glory of ancient Sumerian culture

Great Death Pit mass grave containing the bodies of 6 guards and 68 servantsgrave was a great funeral processiondrankpoison, choosing to accompany the kings and queens in the afterlife

25From 1922 to 1934, an archaeologist named C. Leonard Woolley excavated the site of the ancient Sumerian city of Ur

City famed in Bible as the home of patriarch Abraham

many great discoveries such as extravagant jewelry of gold, cups of gold and silver, bowls of alabaster, and extraordinary objects of art and culture

opened the world's eyes to the full glory of ancient Sumerian culture

Great Death Pit Found at Ur was a mass grave containing the bodies of 6 guards and 68 court ladies (servants of kings and queens) servants walked down into the grave in a great funeral processionthey drank a poisoned drink and fell asleep never to wake again, choosing to accompany the kings and queens in the afterlife

Interesting Facts!Mesopotamia, specifically Babylon used a mathematical system based on sixty as all their numbers were expressed as parts of or multiples of sixty Some parts of the base-sixty system still remain today: 360 degrees in a circle, 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in 1 hourDevised a calendar base on cycles of the moon (number of days between the appearance of two new moons was set as a month; 12 cycles made up a yearWho was the best?Sumer

Closely tied to environmentIrrigation techniques for farmingwheelTrade- barteringWriting- cuneiformReligion tied to government as priests and kings made decision for godsziggurats

Babylon

Production of food through farmingPrivate ownership of land vs ownership by the godsDeveloped mathematics and calendar system and system of units for currencyHammurabis law codeAssyria

Kings conquered lands to create empire of Assyria Cooler climate could produce crops with little irrigation Deposits of ore allowed for development and use of iron Assyrian army became most effective military force

Legacies of MesopotamiaRevolutionary innovations emerged in Mesopotamia such as:codified lawszigguratsCuneiformIrrigationMetal working, toolsTradetransportationwheelWritingmathematicsprosperous living based on large scale agriculture

28codified lawsthe concept of kinship and the city-statethe building of places of worship (ziggurats)the birthplace of writing (cuneiform)Invention of the wheelOldest written records of a story of creation date back to MesopotamiaFirst civilization to make a prosperous living based on large scale agricultureSumerians

Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic

Enki

Innana Anthropomorphic GodsSumerian Cylinder Seals

Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh Epic Tablet:Flood Story

Ziggurat at Ur

Temple Mountain of the GodsThe Royal Standard of Ur

Mesopotamian Harp

Board Game From Ur

Sophisticated Metallurgy Skillsat Ur

Sargon of Akkad:The Worlds First Empire [Akkadians]

The Babylonian Empires

Hammurabis [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] CodeHammurabi, the Judge

Babylonian Math

Babylonian Numbers

Thursday, January 5, 2012SL.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 910 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.Essential Questions: What are the elements of an Epic? What are the conventions of a Hero?How does this influence our text?

QUICK WRITE: What is a hero? List five to six qualities and two examples of a hero

Collect homeworkNotebook QuizEpic Hero/Verses Tragic HeroConventions of an Epic PoemWhat is an Epic Hero and What are the traits?Modern Examples of EPIC (not Tragic Heroes)Find your answer and present to the classhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD51mcnc9Hg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeCheck EngradeBegin Reading pg 20-21

Notebook Quiz #1 January 6-you must complete all parts to receive credit!What does the word Mesopotamia mean? What is the name of the two rivers located near Mesopotamia?

What present day country is located where Mesopotamia used to be?

What are three major creations Sumerians are credited with?

What are the two natural resources found in Mesopotamia? What is at least one way this natural resource is used?

What type of religious system was practiced by the Sumerians? What are at least two prevalent Gods/Goddess and what were they responsible for.

Epic DefinitionAn epic is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society.-Sometimes called a heroic poem

-Beowulf , Gilgamesh, the Iliad, and the Odyssey are all epics47Epics oftenConcern eternal human problems such as the conflict between GOOD and EVILWritten or told on a grand scale and often in ceremonial style48Tragic verse Epic Hero-"A tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgment error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction. A tragic hero is a hero who undergoes a tragedy, such as Oedipus the King. He has a tragic flaw (pride) which leads to his downfall. He undergoes a reversal of fortune, losing his fame, fortune, and power to become the shame of the town. He recognizes that he is at fault for everything and comes to accept his fate.

"The epic hero participates in a cyclical journey or quest, faces adversaries that try to defeat him in his journey, gathers allies along his journey, and returns home significantly transformed by his journey...Epic heroes are superhuman in that they are smarter, stronger, and braver than average humans."Examples: Odysseus, Achilles, HerculesAn epic hero goes on a journey or quest, such as Odysseus. This hero is basically good. He must prove himself many times over the course of his journey and often has supernatural help.49Epic CharacteristicsThere are 5 main epic characteristics

50Epic Characteristic #1 The hero is a great leader who is identified strongly with a particular people or society.51Epic Characteristic #2 The setting is broad and often includes supernatural realms, especially the land of the dead.52Epic Characteristic #3 The hero does great deeds in battle or undertakes an extraordinary journey or quest.53Epic Characteristic #4 Sometimes gods or other supernatural or fantastic beings take part in the action.54Epic Characteristic #5 The story is told in heightened language55Some other Epic characteristics calledEPIC CONVENTIONS- Shared characteristics of epics that bards/scops drew upon to recall the stories they were recounting and that writers of epics drew upon to establish the epic quality of their poems.56EPIC CONVENTION #1There is an INVOCATION or formal plea for aid/help.This plea is usually to a deity or some other spiritual power.57EPIC CONVENTION #2 The action begins IN MEDIA RESliterally meaning in the middle of things58EPIC CONVENTION #3 The epic begins in media res and then flashes back to events that took place before the narrators current time setting59EPIC CONVENTIONS #4 Epic Similes- elaborately extended comparisons relating heroic events to simple, everyday events60Epic Hero Characteristics The epic hero is a LARGER THAN LIFE PERSON who embodies the highest ideals of his culture61Epic Hero CharacteristicsThe epic hero usually undertakes a QUEST/ JOURNEY to achieve something of great value to themselves or society62Epic Hero Characteristics Epic heroes LIVE ON AFTER DEATHmeaning they are forever remembered by those who live after themachieving a type of IMMORTALITY 63Epic Hero CharacteristicsOvercomes great obstacles/opponents but maintains HUMANITY64Epic Hero CharacteristicsEpic hero experiences typical HUMAN EMOTIONS/ FEELINGS, yet is able to master and control these human traits to a greater degree than a typical person65Epic Hero CharacteristicsIt is often necessary for the epic hero to connect/make contact with LESSER humans in order to succeed66AlsoThe epic hero is an ARCHETYPAL character.67ArchetypeAn archetype is a pattern that appears in literature across cultures and is repeated through the ages. An archetype can be a character, a plot, an image, or a setting.

68Epics

Epics

The Traditional EpicThe villains that try to keep the hero from his quest are uglier, more evil, and more cunning than anything in ordinary lifeThe gods or other supernatural beings take an active role in the story

Epics

The Epic Hero

The Epic HeroGreat Stature- Larger than LifePossesses the character traits most valued by society (i.e. determination, courage, wit, wisdom)

The Epic HeroPursues his goal in the face of many setbacksHas human traits and failings that make him seem like a real person(i.e. too curious, foolish, tricky)

Friday, January 6, 2012SL.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 910 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.Essential Questions: What are the elements of an Epic? What are the conventions of a Hero?How does this influence our text?

QUICK WRITE: What is a hero? List five to six qualities and two examples of a hero

Collect homeworkReview: Find your answer and present to the classhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD51mcnc9Hg&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activeReview Epic Hero CharacterisiticsBegin EPIC HERO Project