189

~ eotnJ~~ ~OJcn€)JWZ5)~zrl B6®lk.chm-cbd.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Polinators... · 2019-08-05 · • qJOJOCl qJo.ClQJ/31'l.eci. go!lleCi3o) (Clcmo6), OOJ®ElJ®1:lJ oooci1!!ltAl

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    3

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • ~ eotnJ~~ ~OJcn€)JWZ5)~zrl

    ~oo~~-®U~ B6® 8~G?)~

    @~JZ5)J6 ~lel-d®

    G'G'ci€)~~w~€) G'G~® ~Jb'~Je~

    ~6-e5o q~h~)sJoCfcl~

    2012

  • @ @O!:1l)@~ eO)G)~)!!il!:1lCJm QQO~CJ dO® 86Q)C:; @CJ)!:1l)e! C!z@le5®

    CllOtl\:®wO 2013 (go® ~\;tAlC)

    00(;)0 q®)O»)5)o(3)O, eeIlJG@,

    • qJeDOO dJi>l/3B.I5. l/3B.I5mailto:qlo.dJi>[email protected]

  • @@OC! 55ao5C)@c~ @ol@mloo5 k! t:lJC)] g~l;6 1;C)S~o) C!~ ~ @ce:llJC!, @@:ft:ll@di @@oC) 55ao5

  • @.lI

    QJ

    OJ

    ,gJB:JS~

    OOODQQJ

    ~<@O

    OJ@

    .' f::

    5.D

    Q

    -oo

    Oo

    QJe

    @Q

    JOg~

    ®('!

    ~~~@JQill

    o @

    )) ,

    o 90

    9o~9

    oaOJ

    9of}

    8.~@J@!

    • 10

    @

    )) ~ O

    lc9J

    @1f!

    J @J

    g

    >1

    10

    IQJg

    0-Q

    QJ

    .N

    l @

    JD

    o~

    @)

    e O

    ®O

    @e

    ®Q

    c9J

    Q1lJ@!g~

    9 ......

    00

    ...

    ...

    0-......

    ~ 9

    eJ

    0.£1

    ~

    0

    (()0

    DO

    g-Q

    QJe

    ®

    @JQJQJOa~

    t;;

    0.

    00

    o-

    QJ eJ9o~

    0 Q

    Jg0

    '[@)Q

    JOl

    P ~ ~

    ~ ~

    O

    }t.9

    5SJl

    0

    OJ O

    J ~

    ~ ~~

    ~

    0

    90

    0

    g g.

    ('>

    e~El

    lf::

    5.

    9 f::5

    . g

    ®o

    to

    .

    l £I

    00~

    9..®

    0 ~

    @J

    QJ

    o~

    9

    f::5. l

    J 9.

    . ' ~ ~ Q

    J 0.

    o@

    Jg

    @!Q

    J9.

    .@•

    0-~®O@JQJ

    o 9 OJa~@JW~O~

    ®@.~0JEll

    OJ ~

    au

    9 C

    I'i @

    )) .('>

    o @J

    ®

    0.eJ

    ~9..

    @J

    (l)

    eJ l

    ~ 9.

    .~ 0

    ~J

    0 @

    .o

    0 eJ~.n

    ®@

    J 0

    9..

    ® 9

    ~~

    ~(()

    g .n~QJ00gg.0~9

    9OJ

    @

    !gJ

    O

    @J

    '00

    .

    g. @

    )) 0

    ~ !:f

    gJ g

    J g>

    eJ

    @J

    @JQ

    JOO

    o

    OJ~

    9..

    0

    ~

    0,('>

    . o

    ge

    9..

    oJ

    .99

    gJ

    -Q ~@

    gJ90

    9

    gJ; 0~

    @Jc

    9Jg

    ®@

    J @

    )g

    O

    ....·2

    : 9oO-g~OD

    QJe

    J~

    ® 0

    .0

    I ®

    ~~

    g@J,

    ('>.

    c9

    Jt

    9 @

    .g 9 lJ~-S

    0.

    ~

    eJ

    e ~

    ® £

    I 9

    @~0~~a9..®

    ggg>(l)~tc10

    (;.0

    £I ~

    c9J '

    0 g

    J~@

    ~

    ~ 0

    l ~

    0 @))~ @>9&~~

    OJ09DgJr@~

    -Q0

    ~

    -Q~@J°O oeN@JtQJ~O~D

    o O

    J [(

    !)

    ~

    £I

    ~ ~OJ'

    9..

    O-O

    Jg

    QJ@>

    ~S

    9 §

    9..

    N @O@JeJ~

    .@Ja

    u OJ

    e>

    O

    l ~J

    90 g

    J gJ

    @J

    Ct

    &-e

    0

    10

    8-9

    9..e

    J ®

    @J

    0 9

    0 ~-Q

    0(5

    ,01

    ~.nQJ~",,' .n

    99

    O

    o e

    ~.Nl0

    'QJ@~

    .~@

    g9@J~g)

    g~~@O@JQill-&D@J

    o~ oPo~8'

    9..0

    1

    @O

    (;..

    n 0

    ~

    0.@

    J 0~~9J@

    Ell

    ® 9

    0 ,

    e ®

    0

    ®'9

    ' ,('>.o~oo®QJ

    QJ ~

    ,('>.

    J-Q

    0

    ~

    0 (

    3O

    ~ D

    8.

    8. -

    Q 8.

    ~ ~

    g ~

    £I

    c9J:?

    ! £I

    0ll

    ~~@!~CiJD

    £I

    000~0

    QJ9

    @0

    9~~

    9..

    00

    ~eJg>g>~g>~gg.~

    9 °

    @!Q

    JDO

    ' gee0eo.®9..~

    ~1D.

    g~~9..

    ~ggDgQJ9'QJ

  • @ooa~

    or;inBOlgd @ms OOOl(1) 9@~(3;) o@~ (3;))0 55adoGl GClOOO)6)G)Ol 5 000. OOCl® G)m®O}S, gc.)O mOG)di6)} (3;)]0 o@ g5®rn& 9 96\i:J@Gl61. gc.)o mOG)di6)] (3;)JO o@o ~@c.)OJ~6)O o~mJ OJOOO [email protected])oci o!';5® 8®!J0' odo oCJJmolmoodi q8>oJoo®Gldi ® qO(3;))5 ®a. OlJ®!l oOG) 018> o®mO 01@10 oOJG)®!lO @f:lOO G)di®di gsoo. Cl®O ~ go, oOJG)®!lO 6)@g OJOoao ®OOJE.J @QJJ~@I@ 5®rn®dOOe:1l ~Odi6)] 9 002di, (3;)JO QJ~OlOOOO qO(3;))5 @a. OJ@dj ®®di ® O~ m] ag@di ~ g900 00)G) o)moodi ®otil. 0)0000 @oc))odi m) ero qG)od, oo6e:1l®®!J0 m) 6)OOJO OJG!)OO®ou OOlm®!lO 51~G)d 5@@ @1!i3qE.Jd, m(6) @lOJ:';; ~l{:iJod 0.))00 q~o o. ~@mi3di 9tilod6) 0@01~6)@c5 8>00l godi m) @l0):';; 6l:00l)a ~ qlO2@da gCl~ ~)ai;) 8BOe:1l ®aOl ®@ qa(3;)l5OlJaO aClJd OJa~O ~1~@ c;® 5®d, oOlG)OJmO-(3;)]o [email protected]:J)oo Oo)aOO roJ O~ ood6)) @CS do ml~@U om 8.l® ml~®d qro@oimoci adi®di ®&\c.:lJ®G)d qO@G) 0000 o~a6\ a@d Olchd@u @aro~ 0(1) 8.l158>.

    @®® @o]o]a O[@1o® oaoO q®JOl)5o(3;)O md ~®oda®oro G:lJQ 96\a@Gl61. a®mBdi, ®OJ:';; o6)OlJa, oooci®i!OO 5.;~Bdi, 5.;~Bdi m) qo Ol@aJ®, q®JOll50 (3;)0 me) o]@I@:faOl 8000u gOJ

  • CC

    CARP

    CRI

    CT

    DOL DOArch

    DBG

    FD

    DMEC

    Dl'.'M

    DWLC

    MA

    MCA

    MEn

    friED

    MEd

    MHEd

    MEA

    MH MPA

    MPI

    MIWRM

    MBRA

    MWLC

    MBGPR

    MSS

    NPQS

    NRC

    NSF

    PC

    ROP

    RRI

    SLC

    1RI

    IDlt:l).!lil 0':;

    t:llJ@1:ll6® o6

    qi:llllolll q@J01llJo(3)O

    GOo qGlllJOI:ll q@J01lSJoUlc:J

    a®~rn I:llClgYl q@J01llJo(3)O

    @O:!i'i)ll q®JOl)5)ornO

    Itl/@CJ®OJI;I:Il q@)01)5Jo(3)c:J

    o,El(§l 1:llc!>J6I0l q®101J5Jo(3)O

    OlQ®J61 em o@ ol!iJo~ t:l)G@llllt:llO

    (;j@lO ®citll q®101lllornC

    O)BJ01 rn)1:ll

  • 0)61 OBc:lO Cfl@HSiq@J ®01 O®i\~ClG'l

    OBc:lO q@JClllo(3l®c5 @@CleJq@l) ®01

    @06 0G,w

    (5)IOlel@

    1. (5)l~roa@

    2. @l}[email protected]@G(3ll:ll §@oo@

    3. Cl@@oro C'l(5) qo~~

    4. ~ @ol:llJ@B OOJG)ClJ(5)l:ll 55oo)OCl

    ag

  • 6)eJO=Joe!itl:J ®O®;:;OeJ(3 (3.))t:il (jl:)aooJtl:J®~ OeJ& qO)O, o®cl®®oo ~ (3ot:ilJ®O, ®@ (!J)c)r3)e!itl:J] (3.))ol 5@cl® 4300 olCl eJlCJ g®J®>JC:lci @o. elOJ(!J)JOOl o ®(!J)i Cl@el ®tl:J)®I6\Cl, 19l00)

    ®oe®5®6\tO @O))O 9 OlGlOl '1lg01 ®Ol®Otl:J OOl(3)®mailto:O(Jd@(.')e!imailto:oOJ(3)�

  • &}e5J~ qb)6~ Ol~ &}e5JO~ OCJJo) e:llw.5'lO 1S,1@t:illOo)

  • N

    ~

    ,~

    @1

    -Cl

    £I

    0 -C

    l @

    @

    o

    ,n,

    -Cl

    9 @

    JB

    i!2JI

    OlO

    O

    g~.O[()

    0.0

    I,r,

    . @

    J ~

    '"

    ,r,.

    &~

    !3 9'

    9

    J0

    ' ~

    9' 9

    )';;

    ;'3 §

    °

    ~ o

    Ou

    . @

    )'-

    '.o

    o@

    .®>

    :;;9

    .0

    01 2

    90@JlJJ®~

    " 9

    .9)g

    g

    89

    J

    8S

    j'®g

    > (l~,Qg>g!;l,.

    0,'

    " e@

    0

    ,C!!

    C!

    ! 0'

    ",g

    B

    e.g

    @

    Bo

    oe

    90

    f}!w

    @

    J [(!J

    @

    @J

    l 9

    ®C!

    ! g

    ""

    91 9

    ~(l&",,",,

    w13

    ®

    !li

    . u.

    9

    c,

    ():)

    .o

    \!1JO)g)OI®(lJO~

    9.o

    ~~,

    flo

    .

    !;l,.9'C!!~,n,0

    91

    3

    g®iil

    ZI!l

    JI

    ~0

    v °

    0w

    e>

    ~~~

    !J i

    ij 0

    , 9.

    @Jl tg

    9

    . 9

    ®-9

    9

    g>

    @o

    go

    ~'

    " .

    wC

    !! '"

    '"

    @

    ®

    ""o

    o9

    .0

    £I e90~o' ~

    13 O

    l g

    g g@

    J9'rc

    ,l'@

    lg;£l~

    [ 9G'l~J~1l

    9.

    '"" O

    l !J

    ,n,

    8 9.

    (i1

    Jg

    O

    wu

    . C

    !!-

    (1)

    o,g

    , 9J

    ®

    G'lB

    w

    ~g,

    C!!9

    J w

    ""

    C!!

    Ol g

    ) en

    0

    li 0

    -g

    § @

    )C!!

    9@

    0

    B

    ®

    "'"

    9

    g!J~

    ®g

    1':

    '.xo~

    9 ~C!!

    !!OI

    ~ 0,

    9.

    ®!l

    J 0)

    O

    J 13

    De

    .Nl~

    @lJ

    OI

    .('0

    f)

    @

    Jl O)~®

    9.'"

    9

    l'ii

    ~)

    g C!

    ! 0

    gj ~ ~

    t:l 9

    0

    ®

    B.

    OlC

    !!8

    ®9

    (;)

    59

    .50

    C!!

    o ~ B

    .r8

    JJ

    OJ

    @9

    9.-

    g>

    u.C

    !!w@

    JltJ

    S"

    o

    C!!

    09,n

    , C!

    ! 9.

    ®,0

    -Cl-

    @

    13

    !::dL1

    f9 CJ

    (lw

    O~

    CD8

    o @

    @

    (I0

    ",0

    "

    ~

    .Ne

    S"

    l!}.

    @Jll£

    l ""

    " ®

    ""

    ') w

    tJ

    9.

    08

    CD

    o

    OC

    !!

    e (l

    B

    Xl@

    )§!;

    lJ@

    J ,r

    ,. ~

    I!lJI 9

    !J:;

    ; o

    lO

    !;l,.

    099.®J'>~

    t:l"'0

    0

    9

    wO

    "'

    J3

    9rf

    l8

    ~O£l

    @)

    @9

    @)0

    0'

    £'J

    . ~,9'

    @

    9.[l

    tj@

    .o

    9 w

    13

    OJ@

    O

    J£!

    9 0

    (i)

    ,n,

    ,n,~®[(!J

    oU

    . €I

    (\I) ~ P

    » °

    Q,

    13

    tJl

    !l'D

    !t ®

    rtI

    £'J.

    ~~J

    ~ @J~

    ,n,(

    !;.&

    9.

    ~

    -C

    lt&

    ' !3

    ",~

    9,~'

    0~9l

    9 9

    '"

    @J

    9 0

    rfl

    G'l ~

    ~@

    £lu

    . 8

    u.

    g 9.

    £

    IC!!

    "

    C!!

    C!!

    OO

    O)i

    i'i

    o o

    Ol

    ~g>

    !il(i

    lw

    \!1J

    0 ,r

    ,.

    '@l

    g>

    9'9

    @

    B

    C!!

    @

    Oi O

    Bl0

    9

    13

    C!!C

    ll '"

    w!l

    i.

    0"

    g)g

    ow

    o

    0 N

    N

    '"

    ",C

    !!o

    o

    g> 0

    ) :;

    ;0

    o o IT

    @J

    0 SG

    b@Jl

    B f)

    o

    B

    o ~g

    9.

    9.

    @Jl!

    ;l 0

    ~ 9

    0

    9.w

    o

    mailto:u.C!!w@JltJ

  • q:JC!l)JO O

  • 3 . ~@@C)m (5) qeil®O)OO

    ~ @Ol:lll@CJ OOl0l01mI:ll8ti1 OoOe:DIl1>tOOQ 6\O@1!i QlQll:lll(j O,(f3z0® (PCAP)ro

    /')@@Clai otil®dJ ~ @ol:lll®CJ OOl0l01m1:llCltil 8g

    • Cll

  • • oo)enCJJent:il8di@0J 15t@t:l))O Bgii)~ gOJO@0J qo'i;Glci q l 616la® (I)) oogdi gOe5®ell 6la® BGii)~ ®ellJ0ot0l t:ilG®eilJt:ilO~C) 6la®.

    eoell qci@Cleil t:il0ll.'!'l 0Gt:ilJ @1@®@ ~, O)61t:il oO)enO)eot:il OoO~Gl w~eo) Q}GJJt:ilJI3 0l@lel®ci wt:ilel 6la@@ ~ qOOJeilGJa @ci t:ilOeil gO)eil ®)elllt:ilJ oeot:il w~eodi oOG (10)o(» t:ilG CV(6l GJ.

    • oOJenClJeot:il8di@0J Cli@t:ilJE 8g@~ ~o Ol5)Ot:il qO@ii)ioGlci

    • oo)enCJJeot:il8di eo) oO)en~ wooci@@GJ 8Gii)~ qlenlC3®ci. @®GJ O)61t:il PCAP 8&\gB® WJG'lJo@lt:ilO~GJ 6l0®a @rootClI5)C)) (flell, o@®di®, e;,Bdi I5)l5JGJJrn®t:il ot;l5)®ci 01t:ll@el.

    • ciCl1eo)Bt:il l5tel O@ oO)enoJeot:ll(jdi oooci@®;)GJ 6l0®.

    • 6a1t:ll)O Cliel Cl@ oO)eno1eot:ll8di qJoci@J 6l0®.

    • woClOC)I5))rn®t:il ol@g@t:llO~c:l eo) oOlenE1eot:ll ooOci@@GJ

    • oOJenC))eot:ll8di GO@GJj01 t:llOenc5)®.

    6

  • 4. ~ C9"e:I')J®El OC»(3)Ell/!Oe:I') 66(0) ElGl /!OJ Ci"Odll.ll~Gl aSQ)t; uOa~O(3)!l)Gld

    4.1 ~ (S00}@!:') OCuGlo}Gl06a Gll OOlGl~G) q)~O qCljjG)O

    OO)GlO)UJOli.3a UJj OOJGl

  • .ljl8\COJc:lC c:lGl:ilJ Q)@6) 50, qo®C5'i q:R;OJol:l5 06) 01~1;1:l5 @C5'i 80(6)JoJO ®Q)®CD51:l5 0

    ®te» @c;y(3)O (1976) CDl (') (1993) BotD @CD)~tD O/:l)c! 0l(6) @t, OOJG)@.;) OO

  • G)J t:llJ® @ii>lJ(3)O@U 01i!l®®;)1CiJ @Gt:ll@l i>i"ll 1'l@GI®odi t:ll6®ICiJJt:llO;OOO t:llOICiJ qgOl 0. "®@Jt:ll®c5 @ii>lJ(3) OOJ(3)®;)O 8gw~ 1CiJ)®JO@O"(Crane & Walker 1984) 01&) olG(3)oI \1t:llJrnCldi I$:; 5oellO @t:llJU Qlo1@01 9GeMl OOJ(3);OOO 01CiJ ellJ;OO G)) ei O®JICiJ 01@l5 G:lz0' ®@JO gO) ql 61 (3)Jt:ll I"l®GI®351 0\ O®;OO G)J ellool @i;i)J®G)J®ol:ll OOlm®;)Cl odi®di i>ie52di ®eMl woe. Buchmann & Naban (1996) e:Gjdi @ill "q®elll:\l 9 oOJmCllG)I:\l@CJJ" 1CiJ1®161 ~di()@c5 G, ®11:l1 @~(3)O (1976) {'J8di G q{!l®)1CiJ o(3)@Cldi (3);OOICiJCJ @1:\lJC) Qlo1@01 @@JI:\l®c5 I:\ll® @i;i)j(3) 5@GI® 3000 6ldi 2/3 I:lI ® oO)0);OOCJ odi@di oO!,di ®&di i;i)08. i>i"lldi, o!'@ti!lodi, i;i)®Oldi, otOll!l6lCJdi, Q®ICiJ@odi, Q@i,Vodi, ®(OQdi, og@di ,PG) 00\&\01 0l&) 0010 5@GI® GG)O (3)®;)1CiJ0\ ®®® @oo@c5 o0)eSi® G06l. @@:l I:\l \1a~Gl OoOo\®®;) Bo ('JG)5J~ 10500 5G)j)~, i!lalooal.iil. {'J@odi2 ('J8di Buchman & Nabam (1996) @Oell @01CiJ @G \10elllOICiJ)@01$:; ®®@O o~G)di @O.

    n •••• ..... gilio Ga)t:ll cq~ ~®)®ilCltll() ~O~~Cl Q~G)J t:llJ5di qOGll'l @El ....... H

    "@@l@e>dO O~(3)O OO)(3)0)G)tll6m G:!1CiJ a ClICiJ QlOO Q(0) Cllrslil

    qO) Ql@@ Gl.......... "

    "............ tli~l

  • w6lo g @(5)1 O~ 5 ClJ@®ci @G>iOl~ 00J0)w15)0J8ci c:JQOcl®®IlCl tilC5® c:J~(5)1 t:il()g~ tilO®() qo Cll®O

    1 01320 : 63000lID 0/8 aIDlciOJGClt:il aaa g OGJ0)",,) o~a6l 0(9 Cloi.illlJOJ (GilJOJ 1990) q/\;lBci c:Jt:ilO t:ilGID (9(!.

    fJt1))£i,SJ;O dOOO

    oOJGJ~ @Ji;So Il"',," GO Il= 0000 "" 00 gderoo I'lwal", % G:!c,ail$]O I'Jliiel", % t;}oQ)15JO

    "'''' "'{M\ 3,8 (1) 3.6 (8)

    0)6,6(9\ 1.9 (1) 17.7 (J9)

    ,"",I , @D"" 80 e®"'l 44,1 (13) 2l.8 (48)

    W6J& : "'la) 7.7 (4) 16,8 (37)

    "'l6(0)",00 15.5 (34)

    Cj@5)@QeO L9 (1) 4.5 (10)

    o@w8ci 13.5 (7) 7.3 ([6)

    @@ol J,g (2 ) L8 (4)

    aBC) qC:J) t::1lJM 23.1 ( 12) 7.7 ( 17)

    ),2 (7)98'"

    @'" G:lM.5:l 100% (52) 100% 220

    OOJGlaJ(5)t:il qG))5CltilClci Ifil gG)JtilO3® og

  • ®l~~C sgi2lt; 9.::lc9 9 ®t1)lOOJO( 15@®ll61; &~gl:l)cl 6lElo® 9®15G:lcl (®(5)j GilOlocl) ;>j~ll), ®(clOll), O®l:il(9G:lll), OiOlc9(9ll) ®(5)j Clfj(9ll) El(& 150)GlCllGlOlG:lll) @t1) i;)cl 15®Gl® 1501GlOl(5)Ol®G:lcl ®t1)

    Ot;J ~ G:lll)1:l) 6. ®S Ql® 15OlJGi(.) ®OlJU qzol®oI ®JOl() (1982 Ol'i) 1983) BElll) Cll:l) q't1)0, OOlGl®ll 15()oo 15~lllEl S@iilt; 1:Jz;lCl) @(5)Eldi (Apis cerena) O@i2l-!5lG'l

  • Clllliili61(Apis dorsata) ~o OJ5JOtll 0lOiO®o) q10i gGlltD 061(3)01(l)CllOl ®ei Cl(@aO g~ o. &lgi:ll ®(3)i:ll 018 @i>ll(3)i:lltDl (3)lCll ®Clltll6@ g®lOOOO) ®O 1;l S ®tDl c;ci tD§ci C;(l)ei (3)®;)tDo) 50 cqa OlS q~®ltD ®Cll®6. CJ@coci ®@

  • o®6l0J ®g l>l~1:iI 0010 1'lilH3!oooore;l/!ir) qo(5l@cl:iI Clll;Glti\ 01Q)!:ll;;) ®C;!:lld Oz@I5\@@ 0 cmo

  • .:. ~ (3OOl)O qnlJC. ql@®OOlll2l ®®J~15o@cl qlOi 8'@ ni?)eJ@GlJI2l qgOlJI2l®Ol ®i;) l1'l2 ®10~a" ®) "qJ8GlJI2l ®~ lI'l2(6)@G) oO@051iil 6i&tj)@(36) @G) ®10~0" 01& ®(310 gO) qle\) ~ @!l @G:l)(30 Ql@Gl6) Q,®1@!l00l O(@J 016 ®)aJ OlGl 0 iil(30)~, g8~eJ 0J10t!'l 0J(6) 0(30l1 iil(3~ 130, ~ (3OOl)O 01& t:\tG:lJ ':;005 OJ61i:ll B@i3l@@Gli:ll® 01(36i@®oi BGl 9t)J Gl. (Needham et al 1988)

    ~ (30011 @"~Gi®Cl @@oOB1'lGlolO qJOr.r®Ol qo®®c5 Ol)@~ em

  • I';zl»O cotiil» 151»61 roJ ~tii atii 0(3 qltii COlGlOlroOlGlci rol @Jgci @m ocOci@ooG:) 8§i;il~ Cll,OC) Cll,1» O(3Oll ;) rnOOJOJO m) ~1;0l® ;)a) I; i§l1'l®&ci ® /5I»JCIl 5 al!5l,

    15

  • • l:Sl~~ l:SlJ0 ~ l:Sl l:Sl Cl g tQ.

    ~ I:JJ e i>l JGl l:Sl~®I:JJ) o@JI:JJ Q)@ or;:,) q p> tildi OEl) GlJ I:l I:JJ 00)G:J ElJ Gll:Sl cdi eGl ElJooc)J

  • B®~c'ilo qJI:;l)®@)!l1:D C'lOGlG:l.tD @~c'ilo OOJGlaJ(£)I:DG:l.tD @I:D@O iiiJ@OI qellO 016 gB>O@ClO ®@O qJCDJO O@Oo) ql:Do I:DOmClO q lB> 50 CD11:D·

    OO)0)®l)Cl qa@i;l)jC) I:DOGl,6J® O~0») alcii'l1:D 5@ci

    17

    http:g�JOO�Gl.tDmailto:qm@c)C'loc'il.tD�01http:O.tD�.tDhttp:oa40Cloc'il.tDhttp:OOJ0)aJCDI:DB.tDhttp:15�G1http:OOJGlaJ(�)I:DG:l.tDhttp:C'lOGlG:l.tD

  • 6. ~ @oQ»)€lE:) OO)G)C})('5lt:llc.:l~ ClQoc5~c.:l t5iO@i! ~ il@O).!:I) t3®J illClt:ll

    6\CJb~l.:lJl @m ocogb Cill:lJl @@ q 0 5iCJ g~@ @1:lJJC)el 6\Ci)oCJI:lJO @i:IJ@~•

    • @O}l:; t;l~bo) i:IJ(;) @l.:lJl®ltil El®

    @ol.:lJd OJi3oi31:lJ gCliI.:lJ (;)@ ~ @@I:>l ®, @O)~ OI.:lJCJJ qCila OO)0)OlCOI:lJG\a> @m o,l';0)d 1:lJ® @l.:lJl Cilldi®o I'; @1!i\Cil (;)a>@~ @l.:lJl Bo!:;; '1)I:lJOCJo® OO)0)D1COI:lJOa> @05 be@d "gcilCilCil ell61l!>lJ" @coDd "OOl0)(;)lCOellGla> @05 Dl B

  • • Oz6~ Ozo~® .5\CJ '6o@ci 63@oJOo!lS' Q)clJt:lI®Q) Q)6rn 5)J63(;ClQ) Q)ClJ

    "Q)oo61o!lS @03 G)®!JJOlO c)Q)6Jrn 0 Oll{!l Q)l

  • @iil 6ei:il~ C! 01300 q®)Olllo(5)Gl (MEn) @0')eD qlO) §@OlO)C!Gl g(5)ooa\Q 0. Ell;llJ gOJ®O 800 qo (5)1® @OJOlJO ®~o, 01300 q®JOlllo(5)®oci 010g ;!!i@OlO)C!OiJ O(5))Gl 0 Elo gq Gl. oro go® 500001 @~o 0000 q®JOlllo(5)Gl '§iCliil (5)) (5»)0l 5eiiJ~ g6)ool6) (5)) @Gl)1;l®Glci qlO), o®®tfJ ® OO)(3)ol=BtfJ OoO/:m!JIWO 6l0® 6giiJ~ CeDtfJ~ool 1;000eD q®JOlllo(5) (5)) oi:il~Oliil @(3))@O)OlJO 01~10® &8Gl]Ol)O a @on;il®Ol 6l0® Oq ooo)@ci q(;(3 qJOOltfJ ro (5)16)(,:\)0 ®Ol 0. 0000, Oll®OlO®, o(El@ OlehtfJOlQ, ®(5)0(@ 0(5) OJi3@JciI OlG®m) OlOi!>J QeD @@ q@)Olllo(5)Qci t'lll®OlO®, OeD ooOol@~), OeD8CJ ooOoleIWQ OeD @C;OJOOl@l@tfJq (5)) ®Oll® 0000 qEiOl)OO, ®(5)01@ qi'5Ol)aQ 01& qJOO I:)J6@)00) 0(5) O~ oSao) t'llG®eDJOlOIW q®JOlllo(3l qJ(!Q El8tfJ @ ®18 OJ(9eDO e;lo1a® o~(s)J OlOeD OliJgq o®tfJ oOJ0)O)(S)t'll ooool®IWQ (S)101~ aO a9iJoO))oool qlB:,OlO 0)1a\@ '§iO)J ®ClJG)15Cl G). ®@ 8GQ)~ 0 @G) j o~) tiJeDci '§i'i;i3ool ell€; (S)10l. ~ ~@:

    (q) OO)0)C!)(s)Oli3tfJ (5)JaO)) t'llOeD ®(S)] l'leDJC>l OlOeD @(5)] qJO/:m!J) OlOeD ®(S)j qJG)OleD (5){;~) e(3)eD

  • (q)) oO)G)

  • (qJ) "OOJ(3)400 0500 1?':;lSlCl" (I)) o~QlolC) oo®a!l!Mi!)cola q~~(I)C @iil) ®':;1'.Il OO®a! qJCll:lJ1'.Il (I)£I'.IlJ (3),!Il® (I)J ~o®ol':;l'.Ilc

    00J(3)4000 8giil~ qf,JOJf,J ':;'

  • &ch0'< t:!le £;101 @(5, qJO@(S)@c 1! 0600 q®JOl)lo

  • @03Cl

  • • Ci),&\elJ)oi!lCi) o13QOQlI:l5 tll,S Qool!:lll!!ltOOQI 6)0®

    @Kl))i5~&

    o@ 0)6!:llJ @t:l)o®il. aG\5 OCl!:ll®c3 ®®t;), !iIi®® i»~o qo&O q'zO)

    25

    mailto:[email protected]:qOGlJQt.JCmailto:[email protected]@Gmailto:l@t;).ffi

  • gCl@JC01ci, CtiJ OCOO @J':;I:V GtiJ':;I:VJt:llOl@lOi .:;coo aJ@CD@@CO

    51'>lOl @1:ll100 I'>@ CDJ 80~@~ ®I:llGI'>O t:lll':;@ OJI'llJ ®aJl'll 8061. tI@CDci @gl'llo i>llG)JCJcl ®I'llJ@CJ. @gtiJ @t:ll)O B ciJo~JI'> OlI:llJ OCOo @.:;tiJ@tiJ 00 OJ®JOl:llotiJ ®O@2tiJ aJ112J O(iJl:lll Ql@1'll Clo, @gtiJ @QlJ@CD) 50

    Cl(l;\t:ll@CDO @.@. 10 01 o®@

    o(9@lQlIGl I'llJ(3)t:ll qiD8 @lei cm50lJ 6iBi!> ®&tiJ @o@ool'J3 @lGlJGOl

    OtiJ@ltiJ 06JaJ01COt:llCltiJo. tI@co8tiJ @lGlJi:l0I'110 80 q)OlOtiJ@0"JtiJ

    26

  • oOJGlC))w!:ilG5~ 0 a!;, tl G5 w,ell w)&i C Glll5J O@!:il) Q)@), OOJGloJ{!O!:il8I:l\o 9 {!OJ6\cd Bs;ol5J @@O o@@Q)ja 15J1Cil!:il @G5I';@@ CJlliJOO{!o15J I5Jl0tll O!:ilO !:il0 Gll:l\l5Jl @@o GOliH';O 'GG5 gq @o. @@)G5 BS;!:ilG (!O,!S OOlGl£!\\l 0600 5

  • 0)di1:ll1 @@1;i)J0)G'l I!lzO @ol:llol Ol@l() od\' 0@c,C3 @(3)100l1@1:ll81 06(1)(:» t:iJ(r,®;]6\, @QlJ(3) I:)d\ ro) OlOf5)G'lel @I:llJ®(6\ @l:)tDoI 01o@ ,,00 qJoel®) t:iJ0 (3)1.5'\@) £lel6\gda> ea.

    (GJ)

    OOJ0)Ellrot:iJi301 (1)0 "qJOJa> t:iJol®;]J@ool" oooloJ 0)01 qa>o 6Jlaa> @@ GJt:iJG'lJO®\)O t:iJG 2lOJCl.

    28

  • ('W) ~a oO)Glel)('l)~ elJG'lGiouSJ B61g13®

    @ @eI Bg@crJ!1l qlaL O®6)@"OOJcrJOltile:ll qJOe:;)®:Jel" O~GlJ @®@ QiC))@l)()crJCl e:j\@® ;;:® af&lCl Cl.

    ix. Od@c5 Otil~1!J

    q~@ Od@c3 @. 06 ~ci qadb) otG&@~O 0J8i®!:iJ, 0® 00 (£;wo GJ€Al)wt:l Q)J &l~dieG5 O),.;@

  • BGQlI1;CJ @.e1JJ1;z'2lCJellCl @l!iJi @!:l)@0.e1J !:JlogO), CJ@ ?; "OOJGJCJJI!iJ!:l) OoOe»@®

  • 01300 q®)O))j)OCilCl t; OJBool:il Q)@oziill 0)e;)@e\01 6\a® (3)) Gl0lt\® 0~(3)1 Oe;) @O)JU 801'l) 5@("k.,~B

  • • CPOe»$Ol Q®t!Gl 6J@Cl

    ot;())J (0)(3) O

  • • (ai)1:ll liJ@iSl.!»O

    @OoJ@(§ @&tSJ @ ~c5ot6 (Xylocopa spp) @m] O§ (»er;t6 €1m&. @iV)@roi oo@ Cl60) .::m Ol@ @QC)@ 06J0)1OO00 V{!J ~6td O)l

  • ~ClJl:lJJU

  • i

    L

    ~ G:lJ tllJ Otll® a0ll5lc:J (;ll:i,l q:JGlelllll I;'l)J@ Ii'!®JCJ 11 OOJ0lblCJ @CilJ oOJmEJJ0lt:lJG:l1ll

    ;;~:i OO@O&;lWO~v OCilJO a1ll

    IvlEn,MA,DOA,ROP,'Ylli °1000®

    }\1ED,MA"DOA,ROP qg, 1

    35

  • t;j} C) l t:l) l 6 t:l) ® eiGJ6\C) 9~ CPC)= t:l)l@ a®JC>

    1 06l(3)eil GJt:l) ql6t:ll l§lJeiO q~tll@ ei 8Cla t:l)l®t:l)lO@Ol g61~ g~~ ~leiOl OJt:ll®cl07 6\Cl®

    MEn,MA,MPI,MIWM, BGla 5 rnei 5~~l@

    q§. 3

    ii ~~O oei6\~ 06l(3)eilGJOl eiloc50l~ ql6t:ll®l 6\Cl®

    MEu,MA,MPI,MIWM q§. 3

    iii ~ei 06lGJOlGJt:l) eiloclOl~ 8rog5® MEn,MA,MPI,MIWM q§. 3

    iv. C)O> @O®lalOJClO q~Balo GJl.1i)C,ClOl 9 85al ~alOl~® Oz @ld5®

    MA,DOA,NPQS,SLC Clz®50®

    L 0 6l(3)OlGJOl oBo65~m®a qO~=Clalei g6\Ol~~ Clz0C3®

    MEn,CARP,NSF,NRC,MA,MPI OGJ BGlCl 5rno 5~m@

    Clz®50®

    ii 06l(3)OlGJO> (odE» ®@Q1~Cl ®(3)lG) lGJO> (g®o) ®@Q1~Cl ®(3)lG)

    06l(3) OGJfjt:l)® orog 5®

    MEn,DBG

    MEn,DBG

    q§. 3

    qg.2

    MEn,(MA,MFA,MPI,MWLC,DBG) q §.3

    L qalOJOOl6\o> oBoO O> @lO ql~@OJ ClGJO@i>Jalc:Jo t:l)og~ 6\B®

    MEn,MEA Clz®500

    ii OlOJ~alOlO ClGJo @MOOll oroOJ o>og~ MEn,MEA Clz®5 0®

    iii OOl(3)OlGJt:l) Oood®@!)Gl (3)1~ ,:;dJOl

  • (!)a/!!lt:i'l Gj!lSlOlJ ~G:lJt\))ut\)e:

    1. qO(!)G3 o13ou o~otilc:l oao')a] (3)1t.ll® 0i;1.'!D) Ou)(3)

    8. ®OJi:;@a OO,)0) $){to eat'S) t::>&t:1)C) @§(€l gu€:tttIDOC ()l,5t»~® {3) @~d ct'" cl= I)1 o. @®o mC(!lu/)!:fJroo eoiG)~ o41gaoc> al'l 'I,""

    " /'»6@ell 1>",,0 "lI Q®

  • 9. OOJ0J®Il qGJllClI2l ~O(;l !:ill@12l CllllOJtilCld @O Cll@tilCl 902Cl. ~ll2lCJ CloOd®®Il Bgiil!:; q1til CC;@lll0JCl CO@Clf0) @OllCJ @0JI2l, "Flora of Ceylon" ~OCl Clo@GdfGJI2lCl OlG £102 @CJ. o@o 6l0@@ ~ @®® CllIOO cion!: 6)l0&>®D OJ@ Dc))di 0Cl~0)lSQ.

    38

  • 9. 6)omoo q:l@e3deHlllC} Ql"'leli (l)J5ell) 60e@ gClIl)e:ll)OC @(l)El c. (4.4 @clC;Cl i;l)@~Il)). ®@@O OOJG)oJ(l)ella~ G)1~ qCl@i;l)iGl ellOG)l.t\l@@ ~ qlBiO~ go@ 1iiJ

    39

    http:OO)G)Cl)(l)l:.1lmailto:J()@G)lo�~GlI;.))Q)t"iImailto:OO)G)ClJ(l)I;.))@Cljmailto:1;.))1
  • IDffi[.f!:5 ~cBffirr.rolffi 6Tr urr~ffirrfh~~cB ffiiT 61JJ

    ~60ffiJ61Dffitill6l.ir !J)L6l.IIQ.cB61Dffifh ~LLtb

    1J6\)Q\:llLUl[flUJ6\) GCFUJIiOIT61TO" ffiIT[flUJITIiOUJW

    ffi!DrnITL6\) .!)I6!DLDUffi

    2012

    http:60ffiJ61Dffitill6l.ir

  • lDffilTl6svffiffirr61llffi61T urr~ffirr!bsv9llJffiffirr6lIT .@j)61.l11iHilIlffiu.lieir [DL611ll].ffi6IDffi!b fbi t:.L1b Qlff,QlblDU(r 2013 (1.!'JJ,6lJ1bI ui19ULj)

    Q6lJ.muIl(B~ro

    Q[l)ITlJl'roQilLU W61T (&!!i'fib@i6

    [JJ@i!])l Uroa; 6IDso/ta; ~a; lb, WITU UG1TIT6ll1, a; lbLj(OlUUlLi!)w,

    11la;!J1i,~/tlbrr61]a;Gir UITlbIi£IT fi;[l)ro tfi[l)IT 6!IT

    ffi!D!llITLro .!iI6iJ)LD&/li (

    • a;6C'ff(bl~, 61l1LjSO WIfiJUIT

    a;~'UJrrGlV1l UI(&!fW~SO$ffi,

    urofiYll1ll!flwro w(6))lbili

    ~8i(!lIT6\,~

    ©a;6\~!;llI, ~,ujl6i'rULj,(&a;,Lji§IfI(ll~6lJrr

    .!)I(I'/Frrl'ill& ,',llffffifi; !;llI60)Gl1lIffil&G1TlD

    iii

  • .(Ii]61lffiJ6ID1£ €Y® ffirDiw ~y)aSiw il>Q6lJIiliTUi!)IL6lil Q8'@60lIDWrr6!J1 u6iJ!:\liullljjw6iJ i!i1iliT6illlOOJrr~&ITGlSlIli6i1. ~sf,;:!iIwrr6lJJlwlDff6!J16i»6lJ.

    LDI£~!1>fb5 (];1f!I856ID1li 6!6!frug.! .(Ii]6U6lJlflDfffllf @WsO!w6iJ @6ID!!l6l5JlD5 (i8'6l5J6lJ 6!£>;b&IliITGlSlsf, QsoIT6IDlliffib1llGlTIT6iJ 6lll6lJIJ'ITW "-!li u,5 !l51&6TI LD!li!!llLD 6lll6lJIfITlLl- @W6DlUl6iJ @6ID!!l6IDlOU U6ID 6ID ID,;!, i!)I6lJ LD 6!6IDUfllf ~1i8i!!llsf,fb§llJffiffirr611ITaSiUJ6TI611 GlT. .(Ii]&Jl6lJ1£ 6T1 61liJ;>&&ltu6IDLi,bfb ~6iJ6\l§1 .(Ii]iJ?il> ffiUUL L .(Ii]Llblffib1ll6iJ

    6lJ rriJ;>6lJIT fbIT""" &6ID 611 [l:fIfjU UfbgJ @ IDITgJ aJ1.W6ID 1Dil> @IliIT6ll'H!>,;!,g.!6lJ rB6ID L@6ID!lJIli6TI (]; fb6ID 6lJ Uu(I) aSililiT!lJ611L

    ,,-ui1tj1UI6iJ u6iJ6lJ6IDffi~IiliT6ID1D IIl!DrrGlT 1TlD6lJllUJrl;~jJlE@j 1994 .(Ii]6iJ GlSl6i»\f6lJrrGlT 6J!li!!ll ~rliIi€iL!jl~6ID6U ~61lIi!>fb [5IT(jJ&@]>6i1 .(Ii]6\l{bl6IDffi 96ID!J)rr@Gw£ti!)l .!J18ffi6l>llll ~(r tfIf!lliS5b 6UWffirrLL6\lfI&6l.jW ~""trujtb.

    LC,ffi~a;rrGlSlffi6tr UITi!)I85IT~~IliIT6llT @6\ll!iJ6illffiuil6dr !llL.6U'78;l>6la;sf, !bILLW 'Luiltj1w6iJ u6i16U6Q)a;>t fb6!fr6lllLD tJlit;ff6llT IflD6lJITW>t!bl£

  • "-GU ffi 6lT IT 6l5I W6lT6l5I6U IJ)ffi~$ ,;!iffi ffi IT 6l5I ffi 61lI6Oi (lDffi $I W;:5 §;I 6lJ ;:5 §;Iffi @> @I ~ ffirj'l ;:5 §;I 6lJ QljW 9Qlj @I r5J ffiffiIT~W $I61ll L ;:5{l)16Tr6lT§;I. lJ)ffi~$,;!iffi ffiIT 6l5I ffi 6Tr UIT(bIffiIT ;:5,;!i6U "-u.lI!fIw6U U6U6lJ 6Illffi;:5,;!i6Oi6Ill1J) LD,;!iIT 6I>T IfIJ)6lJITW W lD!iJ[lIW 6J6Ill 6I>TW Q,;!iITL~l.IUL L "-GUffi U6Ui;\lJu.lI!fIw6il@j!lllffiaffiIT6Trffi6Tr lD!iJ[lIW @GUffi@>ffi61lli;\lJW

    /mL 6lJ6l5IUj[ll;:5,;!iUUL(j)6Tr6lT(bI. "§ll!JI/i$,;!j GDr5JffiIT" lD!iJ[lIW "@GUr5J6Illffiu.ll6U U6Ui;\lJu.lII/iW6U ,;!i6Oi6llllDU

    UIT§;IffiIT;:5,;!i6U - !l>L6lJll}.ffi6lllffiffiffiIT6I>T 9® ffiLL6IllIJ)Ul.I" 6T6OiU6Ill6lJ ~6I>T a,;!iiflw !l>L6lJll}.ffi6lllffi;:5 ~LLW lJ)ffi~[i;,;!iffiffiIT6l5Iffi6Tr UIT{l)IffiIT;:5,;!i6l5l6Oi (!Jld;$IW;:5{l)16lJ ;:5§;1ffi@> @lr5JffiffiIT~ ;:561ll,;!i 6lJ ~r5J$lUj6Tr6lT6I>T. IJ)ffi~[i;,;!iffiffiIT6l5Iffi6Tr UIT§;IffiIT;:5,;!ir;i) 6l5ILWr5Jffi6Tr LD,;!iIT6I>T @lnl16>j6lll~ffi6lll6lTU Qu!iJi!lIffiQffiIT6Tr6lJ~@> 2012@6U

    - - ffi!iJDlITL ro-'SlGafUilFifl6Oi ffi\p 1J)~$,;!ia;ffiIT6l5Iffi6Tr UIT(bIffiIT;:5,;!i6U ,m(ll6DITIf6lll6I>Tffi @>@ !LQlj6lJITffiffiUUL L{l)I.

    1.Dffi~,;!i8;ffiIT6l5Iffi6Tr UIT{l)IffiIT$,;!j6U ,maGUITIf6lll6I>Tffi @>@6l5I6Oi Q!!iI'ltl6U IliILU !L,;!i6l5l lD!iJWJlb ~'WUJSI;IUjL6Oi

    1.Dffi~[i;,;!iffiffiIT6l5Iffi6Tr UIT§;IffiIT;:5!b6U LD!!iI'6I>T (8,;!iiflw !l> L6lJll}.ffi6Olffi;:5 ~LLW "-Qlj6lJITffiffiUULL{l)I.

    @$,;!i !l> L 6lJ Il}.ffi6Olffi;:5 ~L L W @GDr5J6Olffiu.ll6U U6Ui;\lJu.lI!fIW6U ,;!i6Oi6lll ~60i UIT{l)I ffiIT ;:5,;!i6U lD(iJ[lIW !!l1l}.;:5!b "-UaWITffiW 6T6OiU6lJ!iJnl16Oi LD{l)I QffiIT6Tr6lllffirj'~WIT6I>T u!fI[i;§;I~;:5,;!i6U lD!iJ[lIW 6lJ~ffiITLL 6Uffi6Ol6lT

    6lJ~@>QIJ)6I>T [liIT6Oi !l>Wl.I$lCliDl6Oi. @$,;!i ,m6lJ60,nb !l>L6lJll}.ffi6Olffiffi@ffiffiIT6I>T {l)I6IllDllfIT~ (JPffi6lJUffi6Ol6IT

    @6I>Tr5J ffi6Oiir(j)6Tr6lTQ,;!i6Oiu§;IL6Oi, !l>6IllLUP6OlDlUU(j);:5,;!iW Q"W6Oi(lD6IllJDffi61llW @l6lJUffi6lT{l)I "-"lfULif

    ,m,;!i~6Ol6lJUjW !l>IT6Oi 6TIlllUu~ffi$lL6lJll}.ffi6Olffi;:5 ~LL;:5~6Oi ,;!iWIT!fI;:5!bi;\lJffi@j ,;!ir5Jffi6lT§;I !!iI'~IT6lT "-!b6l5lffi6Tr lD!iJi!lI LD ,m~6>j 6T 60iu 6lJ!iJ!))JffiffiITffi .@I6Ill"";:5{l)1 [5i1.l6ll1!TU ffi6Tr lD!iJ [lILD "",,(8 6DITIf6Ol6I>T ffi @j@ !L!))JUUl6I>T~ffi@ffi@> !l>IT LD

    QUI/i{l)lLD !l>6Oi!lll "-6OlLW6lJ(rffi6lTIT$l6OiITWffiffi

    QlfW6UIT6lT~ ,

    a;!iJDlIT L 6U @l6IllLOifa;.

    vii

    mailto:l>L6lJll}.ffi6Olffiffi@ffiffiIT6I>Tmailto:U6Ui;\lJu.lI!fIw6il@j!lllffiaffiIT6Trffi6Tr

  • .!iIW6lll lOOlii!L6\l~~6U, 61";'&tg9@)LW@)$!iU rJiUITM!D 61MI!)ILD UiJi6IDlDIUIT6lll, ffUUU5!SM G&IT.,,;rL

    ~, ,;!JT6Ul)1llJffi61'ildr U6lmJ@)ffi,'i; 5!SM@)lD Lif1f~~6iJiiJllilll. ~ffiUXf6

  • CC

    CARP

    CRI

    CT

    DOA

    DOArch

    DBG FD

    DMEC

    DNM

    DWLC

    MA MCA MEn

    MED

    MEd

    MHEd

    MEA MH

    MPI

    MIWRM

    MBRA

    MWLC MBGPR

    MSS

    NPQS

    NRC

    NSF PC RoP RRI

    SLC TRI

    6l~"JiFifW ",YjiTWlfillffi QiEm;ir6

  • Qffi£IT1J6ll @I615lLD

  • ,&IlU,," ~L6\X6)ffi61'il6\J iZlIT61J~rtls61'ilii>lT U6U61J6lllffi~iZlii>lT6lllW >LifaW1~I~6i) ffiIT6llilTUU(iJW 6f6TI1U@lLii>lT

    @irDlumffi @w"'6OliHUl6U 4300it(i1iw (gLOfilULL Y,8@W $1lfT61J~ 61J61>lffiffililf)6TI QffiIT£I:1ili¥(I1)ItffiK8!ll1W.

    @ciJ(gffi QU®WG1T61'iIWlT6ll1 $1l'f61J~rbJ/DGiT 1!ilWii16lffiull(g6\lIT ~~ /DW6il)61JW16il)

    $1lIT6\J~~ GI$1lIT@istlWIT/D 1L6ir6TI@lLii>lT ,&IrbJ(gffi GlUIT@l61JITffi ,&I®ffi®(gffill.j6iJ61T §)IT61J~rbJ56iJ Q61J6iJ(g61JillIULL

    @6mThJffi6il)'"& (gifiJJb i!i6lll61JWIT5 IL6ir61T6l)r. ,&I§)IT61J@I ,-,6iJ Gl6)JIT® ~IT 61J ~(!JJW Q61J 6~(g6)) Q)I @6>ff ~6il)!!i&

    (g51j!1i!i wj6lll!llW i!iIT61J~nIr5"TIT'\) @;y;UUL'¥®!1ib@l· .!l!,6lllffiWITGil, @i!!l1$b,:z, !!iIT6)Jry @6>ffrbJffi61llii>lT

    >LuJ.~61JITiJ!,:z,6\J LOfilillilD IDLllSU Lll6lllw:iJID615Iii>lT Q§)ITL~~&l6il)W >L!!JistlUU(Jl;:!)@I6\Ji!iUl@iW !lJ6lll6\)~stl®&®t.b

    6ll6llli!iIl.jUl Uibstl&5ITffi UWl!!lIillIstlWIT"" Wffiry!1~& (g'flj &6lllffi WWWILD ffi®&/DLL6U SfEt'U6lJW6lll!ll ,&I6il)L6\JlbrD@i illffiif!l51b l1XiL wll(Jllb ILU5l6ll1:6Jffi6il)&TT ILU(gWITl6luu!!iIT®lb.

    @i!u® IbIT6lir 61rbJffi6TI@I @i>ijl,ilW6\J :.hfJ61D!ll@LD6il)WU (gU!WJ6lJstl6iJ 6llwrbJ@iffi'ir '@16\J6\l@l ffijJl8"\tllUUIT,,"

    LDffi~j;ib&&"6W&61i\6li1 (!JJ&I£':W,;is@l61flb Qib,olu(iJffi:ii>lT!ll{l;I. (gw~lb, ,&IW,," lD6iJ1irU;o lJ)@)lJ)lt &IT(iJ&61II,u

    !1>"","L &rl'\) .!l!,w61'il6iiT i516lir6ll1~, UIT61JIT Grii>lTU6lJlf (J 990) ,91W6!Il@f 61'l®,;li;t18@i

    ~$Ib 61'l6OOlJffi:@f 'i?fr ,&Ig,stlWIT6lJ81WlDIT6~W6\J (!JJ6ll)!ll6il)Wffi6il)6!TU UITg,lffifTUUstl6U ,'9I6ID6)J 6lJtblt5@)W urr,;i,~~$\bl6iiT

    (lj)6\lID 'U,il'lf6lju UITl;!jll!>rrU6IDU ,&I\blffi[fluu!tn~ID ll>:!l!llIW ~6lJ(g661>l611 (gwWu(iJ$@I6lJib6llJ) 61'iI@,i€bff6lT ,&I iJl61l, LJlIlW LJ):iJ !!lI,h ",Ji 6lJ) $!lUj£l:1il i2l!lJLD 61'iI6U!bJ@iro,W";1 61"","Giffi)&6IDffiU~6\J ,&I61J$!l'f6l1ilffiffi

  • @6Urill6l!l&WlGJiI W&9 ib $bib&rr &1~ &s11 (I'lj!Jll!ll$5IT"" rilL 61J19 ibrn&!Il (Wffi~ib§Jib ffiIT6il1ffis1T

    uTil;JffirriiiC!ioo rilL 5l1l9ib&11&!i>$1LLlD - PCAP) ;;r.muil;J ro6Urf,r(l'lj$ (I'lj(lj?ffid>roliJ)IGir6fl IDffi~!iJ§Jffi ffirr61~""'Trn@1

    l,I,ti81&Gir, UlD.,,61J&Gir lGrD!!JIW (9'6ll6UlIJ,L.t9d>Gir ;;r.mUGlJ~ji1.m IDrD[lIW 0)19;1>(1) uLUGJirUITL19rn@l

    1D91l>&;D!u uuS;~&6'i1 u6U l,I,ffcflffi6'i1 (jPrulGIT@I

    LDffi~ib§Jff ~"'iJffi6ID&u~oo $!j'';'$l\116'i16l16ill 61.mUil;JL.m (J;",.my,tilila;6'i1 t!la;Gljlb (lJ)ffi$lWlDIT.)T

    @(lj?51JITffi 261'1611il;J, ~",.mY,fffl1&Gir 40 uSioorow6'ir (tp6ti111 I,j,ffi@ib $bIT51J9ffil&Gir

    l,I,uSiWioo ~§JIT.m!lllUJ Ui.m"'riJ ~;JI51J!iJ!lll.m ljlg;1>~(J;wa;IlAT@I GlJ."ILulioo

    Uljl6lll!lTLDtb ~)J6il)L$il;JGir61T6ilL Gl$!j.m I,j,lf81tb&1llWW ~)l6lJUJ;D!.m lL6WlGlj tlOO6i!l6\ltb@J>Il>@Gir

    @@ffi$l.mUJ IJ,$@ib ",rr&1J~ffilffi@ffi@ lDtbif$!1iff Gl8'6il)6~6il)W GlJll'illJ,8jGlJ",[iJ(I'lj \iliJ @L$!j$1611 (I'lj6il1$ lL6lHmil,16mrrsv Itld>61jW UUJ!llDl[lI~LUITG!1! 'ijlfJ L1rr{i,~~;1>6ID§) GlJ$l,s$l.m!ll6"L I,j,ffid>@ffitbrr"'l 6il11:2LUifud>Gir, ffiIT51j§)OO rDUl:JllW IJ,ffia;&1lI6Uff6Wioo 38 8'rr~a;Gir lDtiJ!JliW 4 @(i)WUffiltb&1ll6U

    148 (J;(1)GilI \,!,lflil Wi"m';'tb 61T u!61Glj Q8'lD LU UU L(i)Gir6TI6ilL .!\l,61J 6IDlt:Ju(i)Iii;llI:J UL(i)Gir6fI (g(1).m\,!,IfcfIWi"lT,';'tb@)611

    6l~®$GlC!irrtbLJlb ",rr61Jg 6lJ6lltbif,Gir I]irrL,,!oo 1[5 8'T~tb6iT lDUJ:Jlltb 44 ",rrGugffi @(Btbuifutb&1lloo 167

    ~G!1!ifua;illil6lTit Gltb0@li1(i)6iT6TI@I, Wil;J " "'"illillDUJrr"" ;;r"",6lI'lfi&6IDffi6IDLU clL uSiif,61jW @illilUJ!!>(1)§)f1tb

    ~61lrrtb, ~1Dg))ltb, ~61lJfu6i!lffiu5:wGir61l 6lJ61f)&ffisfl ~:JI""6il[~tb Gurril;J6lJrrG!1!6tr:l6lJLUrrtb &([!)§)lJUI:.(Btb

    LDdJ!JliU; ,§)j6Ol6lJ \,!,,s@tb &$§J(ruuifu&&1lIOO lDL(illDrr61!l 6il1@!D§Jrr&1ll&mrr& lL6iH;rr~&lmOO @l61JtiJuJlGilT

    I])!lliil@ @:@T~.>J8S"')6T1UJW @®6lJi) &6lJ61lJ,9;if,loo Qa;nGirI@J61lITgllt!ll6liI, @ii>il3u ULlQLUOO Qurj"il;JU; ",j]!fI6~@)[_UJtb.

    ~",6iflffiin@)6IT1ii {l)6il19'- ,91li)ds~ Glurr(lljw Q&rr6llNL W6Olf!\Jffi6flrrG!1! 6'J ""'Gmliiil;Jl:J'J,8'ffI&.ir. 61W1l.fJq&611, 6ll6lYkCBtMir, @6TIGilla;6iT, .@ld,igJUld,tft#l&6TT, :1'c&.:&611 , Qffi!T8iff,cMfr, Q6li6if6lJfTruC:i6TI, CZ~6!hcfll~"CB&ffi6iT,

    'J,&C:ltbrr0~&6jl, Q&nuJIit(lljw 6il16Uc,;,@&Gir (lJ&&@ffi(2, 6lJ!!>il;J GlUIT@tb 8'I;D!w (tp6tr:lruU"l,t:. ,,!&@W

    anL ,,® 6lJ$lurrd>,9;6lllib& Q&rr6wng®it&6\)rrtb) .!\l,ffilw6lll61JUjw tD&~${l)&&IT6il1&6TTITffi GiHwdJu(B$1""DJ61lJ.

    6l6iJ61JrrfDrruj]lilJIW LDffig!i>ib& (lI1l'~$6Il)ffiU~61) ~(i)u(i)w U6Il @6ilTffiJ&Gir WL(iluu(il;iJ§)UULL ~inD8'tI1

    (tp&$lw!fXlil61JIT.rd>6ir tDrD!JliU; U'T{bJ&ITLII..Iib::D&rr6lfl !ll£!!ffi(2,ii1lluLj&6ir tcliJiJ)JtD !1\I6lll61lWIT6iTI W&J$",&ffi06'.lIffi6ITifffi

    ~u!]wlTffil:f;$5m 6!@rU61IwJJl61Sf a;rr'JG®1lDrr ffi {]UfT§JLDfT@T 6UE1J18)u51E;iJ ~Ul.I@6fUUCB~§)UUL6"jj6U6iDru.

    1990&6fI1GilI I]iGlJu(2,s5I&61lloo, L5\J&U; (ljl@'1J~g))ltD"61lJ roi®@Jrr@\iffiGir IDrDiJ)JW 6ll161J&"wtb~6Il>,ll

    il'IT~!i>ib6lJ~&Gir lJ)&~(i;ibll>ffirrro&&1lI"" UOO61J6lll&$bib""""UJ&61lloo lL6Il&6l16il16\Jn&l1 9® ii1llW&ffI @(IlI~

    &!l18'@)6il1 QtW""'L61lJ~, @i!iJ 19 Ql d>@li1Lil;J. 2000~w Illd>udsil3&ffin61ll&G!iI.m ulTil;Jif,null rDUlJllW UiT6lJ6ill6llfttffiITffi 'i}l(r

    "'IT5lJ~!b '" {lJ)""Q61lJ (B U6illU 6lil§J nl~U u (1)UJ(Ilj !) uJl,fIW 00 U00 6lJ 6lD8l sf,Sb""""w wSbn61lJ UIT il;J8lIT LI LlI61ir 2

    mailto:uG'i)@I@&s:b~,;r;I@!.DU5l6d1mailto:Ul.I@6fUUCB~�)UUL6"jj6U6iDruhttp:liiil;Jl:J'J,8'ffI&.ir

  • ffi@,:iJ,w~i'!\ If,lJUljffi.mom (COP) 5~6lJ@I ""Lull &V6lJm~ UJ"'!J1j;i/ialM6ll1",61i (!pomQ6l>I(j)ULj

    (IPI) 61Gl1Ja @iill1uliluJULL@I·l£®sb,w~,:iJ i/i~ULjili6!ilom 5 ~61J@I ""LLlIl 8'~6lJ~8' lDffi!J1j;jbMrr6ll1lb6lT

    (!P""QGlIJ(ilu '1a"'ITa; !J)L6lJ"l1t6llllbsb $!lIL U;;llDlf""0)1"" !L®6lJITtta; $6llli/i' m6lJ601il"l Ii;

    .@I@I 8':ry Giu:r(E6DIT Ul~a;LGlIJ\il$!ll.-51®!i>i/irr"" (Sao Paulo Declaration) u!l1ri>\ilI~a;6U16lir GiuifJru

    GlmJ~6lir iIL@')JITaili,:iJ\ilItt@i Gi6lJ601il"l1t GIili!T@lffi, .@I;'i;$!lILLlb 2002 1@6i:J a;®0,wrbJ@i$ i/i~LIL!a;61i1""

    6~6lJ\ilI 1m L L \il$!ll6i:J 'l!D I!II ttQa;IT6116IT1JU L L @I.

    u6i:JGi61JI!II .@I~8'

    "tDa;g!i>~Ii;a;IT6ll1a;611 '

    ilLl!II$!lIWIT61>f6O}6lJWITa; ~lba;uuLL\ilI. 1@6'llf6r6O}$uJ16iiT LJIT~6O}6UuJ16i:J, Giw§J@j @il6l>IIT$!lIu$!lIuJ1"" al(fJITa@i

    'walifi, fij iIIfi, !Jj1iD""uJlW " !;bg U ut.: ffi6116T1!l,J1, .@I $!lIGGJJrr® .@I\il ~ UJIT UJ WIT 6111 • \il ~ !]5I6lllGJJW IT@l1

    6r!ll1~6bIT6@I 2020 61J6ID~ "§1flJrfifi;fij liI)l!iJBi/T" ib1&Wll'810 ~Lub ~tilllllti5UU(iltil 61""a @i!lllLIl.J1(jJffi);D\ilI.

    Ii!!l$g, l@&llLwu@l\ill [email protected] .@IW6lJ6IDLi/ifill, L6OOJ6lJ L!DU$!;i!\l mlJlTom!lJ6lJ!D!!llMIT@l .@IIl'8i!!ll~fill

    iJlUIT6iiT!D $!D!lJrru;D lC"!D!lJf!\Ja;61flroi®ri>\ilI Gi~'Tom!!lltb UlgiHfl&ll61l1a;®8;@i $~6lJlb6O}61T IDrr(jJ6lJg,!D@i 2010

    @r,iJ®!i>@I "i'Q !DL6lJllf86ID1b$ ~(!PruU(jJ0il)uu(jJliJ 616Nffi @i!lllUtllLffi .WGl/8'ITW0(1)lffiillITIB

    L!0g,rrItili (!p&lJ!lJffi.m 6lir .@I!IlI(!PffiuU(B0\il1lbfill/ 8i!D!DITL fill UJIT!D!D$i>\lllffiiliITill !DITL llf"')6I)J;!J g,UJIT(ru (jJ;!J!l,Jlil)fill

    Gi UIT6iiTlD6lJ!D"'llD ilL6lT 6TIL ffi@iffil6lir lD(jjl. ~ 61J!D!IlI W61i, UIT\ilIilirraili U U L L 6lJ 6IDrul,U6 6111 L ffiJ a; 6 "Gf6ll'r u $521 ili IT 6liI "(llL6lJ191t@a;!b $!lI LL!b$!ll6iiT • . ®it 61l' 1j16lJ UIB $i/iGDIT@ilb.

    6J6iiTU6lil, lL!:Dl!llw 6ll1IiJJIfITWU U6UillJuJ1lj1w6U ib6iiT@)!D ~ffilw @~",;rll/illJlb UIT\ilIffiITitib,;l) 6)] Lwf!\Jffi.1i1bb ID~Ul~ri;&IT6ll1a;61fI6lir UIT\ilIffiIT$!;$56U 1.cWI!IILb nJlg$!;~ ilL uGiWITa; til 6T6iiTLl6116J'J5l6lir W(bITGilT

    UJL(Buu(B$!;$5ULlLL .@I!IlI6lJl6lJ. 'ijl~ @60L(,)6lJ61fIWITa; l1))6illllir a;ITWILb 9® QUIT\ilI6)JIT6N ~6'J6OOJlDrr@iLb.

    wa;!J1j;i/iri;&IT61]ili61i UIT!!iJffiIT$$5€D iIL®6lJITltililD, LIn\ilIffiITaffiUUL lblt&fl6ll1ru6lT 1D[iJ!!llW g,rr6lJ~tb - W&~(tlba a;ITmffi61T "'-lD61Ia;61T

    LiJIb'l6il1 :l)6iir@j 6lJ!Jf6)J6il)wIi;a;UULL ~uJ6lja', &!iJ60&&6Th6U UW!iiPl6TI61TjDlr& @®ffi@jtil.

    3

    mailto:[email protected]

  • 0) lDi5,1j;~ffiffiIT6lilffiGir. uu.l\~ iIL!iJufi;f/;1uJ,6il U~6lI6\lITffi @j'5J&ffi!)1ffiffiUULL lD!iJ!!)JW upffi$'WlD.I601

    ~1!i>f/;1wITb1J81w @j;CJ)6151u.J6il Ci8'6ID6lJffi6Ul6lT 6lJ UJ""®ffil6r6JffiIT6lif61ll6lJ. ui5,~ii;:.!lj ,

    @jL~6ll1@i!>~: !!iL6lJ1\l$61llffiI£Gir LD[l!!)Jill !b(DilUIT61ll§)W 61516lJ8'ITW [!>6IDL @l61ll!IJffiGir 616llrU6

    @liiil.ll 61ll Wffi® ill 6lJ 61lla;u.l\G\lIT6Iif !bIT8a;i!>6If)!b8 Q&1T6'Si!I\l(fijffi& t'PIJ)llj lb.

    4

  • liX£lf(i;l!jffiffi~;ilIffil>1'1 UITI!iIffilTsbSbGD !IlL 6lJllfffitIDffisb $lLL sb$l&i! @rOlffi(B&ITI>1'1$1>1'1 iiiil6tlr5J6llltUlf;lllm6ff

    lDll~WtIDPlUjL tnl1HilIT If,lLLsb6lll!l> L@6lJIT8;@611SbIT@tD.

    ~6l)~ @' .

    urof;llluiliflUJGD

    ffirr,ilIffi6l1ITGD @j6ii!8;ffiUULL @>jj?61llW6\l (lp6ID(!ltIDlD @ljj?UUUUUT"" 61Jtnlffiuilro

    \

    L!Il1 If,lUUlBsbI!il61J S!>(b@, ~€\)ffiJ6lll$uil6U LDffi~(i;""li;ffiIT61llffi6lll611U UITI!iI ffiIT sbSbGD LD:D!!lItD ojI6lll6\JUJIT@T

    6lJ6IDffiuJIGD ,,-u6U.

    LDffi~!i> ",,$ ffi IT 6lll &m urrI!iIffi rr""""ro lbL61J tg~ oro $ sb If,lL L II; $!l16lir @nl1UU1L L 6lJ oro lliuJ]rorr6liI @nl1 ~ (B ffi rr 1>1'1 &1>1'1 ,

    • (!Pffi$1WlDlT661 lD LD!D!!lIlD 6T$!l1&&ITfil)

    (pL.6lJtg8;6llllliit&rra; (Ip&i! f!!llIrj'lSIDlDIli6lll611U urj'l!f,Iil/61llg!5!l)ro.

    • lDffig(i;~lIirr6lll1li6i! QSblTL.iJtJl(1)lT6ll1 !bILj""'~$6iiI&i! \ill@ ULtgW61ll6\) @j61nsb""ro, LDIlilf(i;",,8;

    &lT6llI&6ffl&i! UfTI!iI ffilT ;$!l)ro GI SbITL tr UIT61lf 6llIL UJ r5J ffi 6iil6iJ

  • • ~ LOffi~!i>!li&/£II6lJlffi61ll"'J urrg)jffiIT Ii>$bW LOlD!!)lw

  • 4 • ~ 6U rtlJ I>!) ffi u.ll6i) ill ffi [f16 fb ffi ffi rr 6ill ffi 61fl &iT u6i) 6lI1>!) ffi $h fb &iT I>!) ill ill!iJ lD1 til urr !l)J ffi rr ft; fb6i) Wfbrr6lITGi fblT® W61'r ffi 61!,,;ffiibIT61~ib61' lq:iJ!lJlUJ lDffi~Ii>,,;8c 1]8'D' ffi@lib8c 1]8'@lSUffiGil L6DffilGil o>61liirL 61J~6l.iIT!D6ilJ!Dffi

    QffiIT61liirCBGil61JWl (LITa~GiI 1876, !lJl~ 1895), tfJJrolW6lJf LDffirr;!;)lj8c 1]8'(rffi@lffi

    1Jl!D!!J!I.D I£IT!DnJ'GiI (lpSOlDIT@! WI£~S!)8c I]if(r£'''''1£ -!J.\ffilUJoolSU(gUJ )ljIT61J~lbJa;@~GiI Ulffirr~S!)8c

    1]8'(rffi""ffi (lP"l[Jl£mGil lfI.a;6ljLC GUT§)!iillITWl@lSUlUT@iUJ, I"J,8c8'lJ.~61![ lDffiIT(i;~IT6lJla;m""L\1lw,

    LWffi16U l]S!)oof'it I£(gm u5l1£6lj ill 6ll1"" 6ll' sb $5l!D "'TIT 6l!! Wffi~!i> S!)ffi I£IT 6ll11i; "" L L WIT ffi ffi®S!'>uu(]lffil!!l§)!, 100 illGilsDiUJGiI iill®Lffilffi@ffi@i QP""US!'>ITI£ !!i@lL!;,)U!:iJ!D -4f'IT.lJ~'!.Iffi61l16liJ

    (g,,;IT6liJ!lJlI!>6U !bITiillrr'>\!I£61l16liJ u!fi6mllITlD!b\!lld;@i ,,~ @;!!llulllLL

    @l1]!b @jWlffilli;61l16liJ if'!iJG!DIT® I"l,6ll1GiI G,)U611Il'U!!\Wffi@i uUJ!i\!lI!!J!$1

    UJIT61J1 iill6>lffiuJ1Gil i1j)LUJ U1!jiJ!!J!SUI]{j), @)(i;l!>u 'J,i'f8'lffi @i(\jf&ffi61l1GiI (!Pi±;$IUJlL\161J1 u&!1>flUJIT@;lb.

    UlT!i\!lIL€lllWru!f$lWIT8, loo;g!lJ~ (liif!f8;@)a;uJ1,,", QPffiffilw!;b\!ll6lllb (§)!!ll!;!i!bIT61l, QP!b6l.iIT61.I\!lI

    ffil (JP aiLDIT(r JOOO 6l1®Lffila;61l16liJ -!J.\61tuJj1WIT~GU®!i>\!lI (Assyria) SU('[,ffil6liJ!D§)!

    (Lji'fUl61l'1 & !1)UITW 1997). -!J.\~ UlITUJ6liJffi61l1GiI ~6>lg Ullg.ULj !!iITGIlffi6il (L- lb: UlITLIj!L

    @iiJl1u.l(i)I£Gil), lDTw6liJffi611 LCO!b 1]1!>,,",8in(i)ffi61l1Gil iill6ff(rULj ""LL!b6l!bU QU®8;@i61.ll!>dJ@ilb

    LD!:iJ!!J!lb ffi L(]3 U U CB ~§)!SU!bfD@ilb 6IffiITCB 8;@i1£ Gil ~'9I!:iJ!!l (g$llElll8;1£@l61J 6Q) su!b$61('[,[, $ll61J1if 61,,",U@l1!>1f /liL '4'ffi ffiITLCBffil!D§)! (lDCbrrli>l!>ffiILIT6ilII£,Gil w!:iJ!!J!lb I]if(rd;66liJ61J18ib(g)lj Ga;IT61liir(i)6ir6IJ\!lI ()ljif!!iITwffiffiIT &

    I]Urrfr6To(gu(rffi 1976-2002, !!l!:iJ ~aiUJIT 2002, €llli!lilWai!lJ!Dg 2012), Wl£g!i>$llffiffiIT~ffi6ir

    i1j)Gil Gl)IT \!lI i1j)!i> !brn~!'i I£ITWl UITifjw uGilIiYJuTIifjW6U 5I>6liJ MW a;rr@l1luU(!)@J$ll!D(!J)

    @lUJ61l1 I.D6lJIi1L6tJ IJliillJYii1 ffirr(i)ffi61l1~6ir6TI 99% 5I>IT6lJ~ffi6ir mE;()lbJ'@jtb61JITGil

    IlLUQlU@6llUJIT& UITSUIT (1990) ffi6llllftulllLLH(r, I"J,ifli'lffi6ir wiT QPffi$lUJLDH6llT 6lJffil8iffil{!iJ

  • @)(BWUW) 6IEli!U6M Ul~IlJi;~wSf,~Eli! uSlffi .!lI~ffi6116lll6llrr6M (Ipli>lLIWlffi6M LDffiIJ!i;~8;ffirr6lllwrrffi

    1L6IT6116M 6IWlW ,,--6iliiT,,"w,,"w 1116IT "--!lJI$luu(B~~lLIiDrrO" . ®.iJ""!ll 6lJ,,"~. 6llL(B~ C8~LU"

    ffi 61!16\lIT6M lDID ~[i;~8;ffi rr 61lIffi 611 rr ffi C8ID6Ill'8; ffi6IT 1ll§;IT6M .!lIC8(Da;W u5I a; 611 W 6lll !fi6lJrr6M .!lJ,W611

    QlDEliItlf6TiJ (1989) .!lI6lJ~a; 61!1 Eli! u6ili>Ila; 61!161lI(I!J.i;{JjI 6lJ®1LI,,"!ll{JjlL ""• .!lI $Ib,,"ffi W .!lJ,W611 a; 6IT

    6Iri;a;611{Jj1 @;!.ll61llwoi:> UP""!ll,,"lDID6I!Ioi:> C8ID6Ill'8;a;6I!I,," 6lJlLIurra;!5""IDu '-I!fi[i;{JjI Qa;rr6ir6lJ~

    (liIT(B UP:!96lJ$lillJlffia; [ijLrr!5lbuu(Blboi:> C86lJ6iliiTCBW. @6Ilri;,,"ffiu.li,," 6lJ~6\lIT!iJ""!ll8; ffi6lJ6M~~6i:>

    GiDrr6ir,,"ffiu.li6i:> 6Ir!.Jffi611t!>1 a;C8lblllw w8;a;611rr6M "C86lJL~ffi61llEli!" 6lJrrW6lJrrlbrr~W .@IuL516TiJ

    ($Ln;'{fLLff (Apis dorsata ) ,@J6i:>6Ilt!>J ffi(l!J.i;C8ID6Ill' (1IIr!.Ja;611 Qlffi\iilu.ll6i:> uwu~ · 6IGMuu(Bw)

    tLlil!lJlW .@IuL516TiJ G!{f!J6/JTn (Apis cerana) {fnfbn!JG5irTib rBfb,;ff 6I,,"U6lJ!iJ!!lI"" C81b"" enCB

    ffi6l!l61ll®!ii~ ffil,,"L8;@)W C81b"" ~ .!lI$la;w ~ffilu.li®!iilb~ (Q/f61llri;lffi,," & Q{f61llri;lDIT,,"

    lllri;a;611 urr~wu!fiw8; urrL 6i:> ffi""lba;6I!IillJW 1t@6ir6116lJrr!lJl u $1611 Q/fWWU U L (B 6ir611{JjI

    (Dep 1956).

    q®@o ocleo @lilJo,15f 'II» 80~

    ""ee' £leo:"" @e' /l)eo C15f de",

    q~15f 0025) e(",~ I»,25)ZSlO '''~

    @wo 15)"'" '1'" ",o1Sl,~ec:l

    !5!JiC8urr~ @)6\lr!.J,,"u.li,," 61lIi§l§rr6lflla;6ir u~ uu.lI~a;6ir tLlil!lJlW ~""GMW ~6lJ ~ri;a;61II6i:>

    I,l,if1IIu.li6M Wffi~[i;1b8; ffirr 6lllffi6ir @)!!lI!5!bIT,," 6lll!fl6lJrr6M .!lJ,uJ6lJffi6lfl6i:> ffCBuL (B6ir 611,,"~

    (@6\lr!.J,,"ffiu.li6i:> C8tLlilQffirr6ir6IlUUL L lDffilJ!i;~ffirr6lllffi6ir @)!!lISf,lbrr6M .!lJ,W611ffit§8;@)

    @6Ilri;,,"a; 6llli§l§rr6IflIa; 6ir 11161l!fi"" U6ili>Ilffi ""6118; a;6lJ ""!5$l6i:> Qffi rr6irt§ IDC8 urr{JjI (LW6TiJ

    2006. a;®_~Sf,GM tLlil!lJlw 6T$l!fiIllri;a; 2006. QuC8~~rr tLlilQ)lW uwu~QID6IflIw 2006,

    UlC8~LD!bI 6I)8;a; tLlil!lJlw @~!5[ijrrwlta; 20 II , '-li§IIIC8~6lJrr 1984. '-li§IIIC8~6lJrr UWf!J1W

    6jGIJJ6/JTUJ6lJ;'$61'r 20 13. ~ !!;(brrw8;a; UW!J)lW 6j6?fJ6/JTUJ6U;'$6tT 2006 ,@J, @~!!;(brrwlta;

    UWfl)1W 6j6IFJ6/JTUJ6U;'$61'r 2006 .!lJ,. ~!5!DrrW8;a; UWf!J1W 6j6?fJ6lfTUJ6U;'$6tT 2007, ®ulllr!.Ja;

    tLlil!lJlW @~!5[ijrrW8;a; 2007 C8urr""!ll6lJ~ffi6ir) ,@J~ Ilu.li6i:>

    "wa;~!iiIDltffirr6llla;6ir" 6T,,"U$l""""U '-I!fi!ii§;l Qa;rr6ir6lJ$l6i:> . Qu®w @,,"LQ6)J6I!Ia;,,"611

    ~!iJu(B$~tb "wa;~!iiIDif C8/f~8;,,"a;if @;!.ll61llw6i:>" 6TWJtb 6lllLwuQurr®6I!I6i:> ~rrw,,!II6O)W

    C8tLlil Qa;rr6ir 6lJ $l6i:> "--6ir611 IIIIta;6\lIT"" Ib""""LD tLlilQ)l tb III~wri; a;,,"611 QID6I!I6lJrra; Q6lJ 61!1 U

    u(B$§;IlLI,,"!ll{Jjl. Ul~ifIll6O),," C8lDillJtb ~61lI~lffia; GiDrr6ir6lTuuCBGlJID!iJ@). "LDffi~!ii§;if C81f~lt6>l)a;if

    @;!.ll61llw6i:>" 6llli§l§rr""!f~wrr,," .!lJ,uJ611a;,,"611!5 C81b,,"6lJuu(BSf,{JjIlLI""!D 9® (Ipli>lLIwlDIT,,"

    6lllLWU Qurr®611rra; a;6lJ6M$"~6i:> Qffirr6ir611uuL6lll6i:>,,"6IlQw,,"uC8§;IT(B .!lI1b6Mrr6i:> @GiJ6lllLWtb

    1FrrO"!iiID .!lI!!lI6lllw6i:> @)6O)LQ6lJ61IIa;""611 !bI~U'-I6)JID!iJ@)' .!lJ,~rrW ifllla;t§8;a; rra; C8 urr~ lDIT61fT

    !bI$la;,,"611 9~8;@)6lJ$l6i:> 9 ® ~iUI!fi""LDffi@) "--!fiWIDITa; ,@J~ a;® ID U U L 61lI6i:>,,"6Il.

    8

    http:ulllr!.Jahttp:6\lr!.J,,"u.lihttp:6Ilri;,,"ffiu.li

  • ~6\J61Jrr~rrujlli!)ltb, uGlir61l1jJ ~#lfrjltJJLDoTII$®tb 61J6nJtbujl6\) tb®!iJ(]l~Glf! 6>16\J61)i,!lJ ~lf:wrr6'lll",'r @)~rrL1f!D (]l!DGlfffi ffi 511l6liJ (.@IuUlffiJ !3ur[r In:' Lq,

    lD!ili)JJtb ili6lJG!TIT6lllTI 6I))lDU uujli)' a:;sIiI6liJ !D6ftUJIT&lIT ffi~£irI,J,8'51a:;61ftGlir U6\l

    6Illa:;wrrl0!D6'\) u!floll a:;~6il)lJwIT(iJffil6li!!!l!lil. 516\l (g'1.bffi1WlDIT&lIT b!6lJslilul(!JtbG!TIT6ilT "!L.6OOiU

    8inL ff~~ (LJt€bslalfillll6llIT

    !L.bG$6'lTIT6lll6\lIT6ilT $Drr61J~";'$6Til6liT 351 @)6iJT";'$6lJ)G!T lDL(iJ(]llD 6lllurjlii;all6liT!!lii'liL6liJ

    &IT:il!Dl6iJTrrro ID$~!.i>!D1f Gs~ l.b@lffiB; !L.£ir6fTIT@iW Lj6'\)6\'i6ilTril$Gir IDjifllltb ..9I6lJ!iJ[lJL Glir @)6~)61"lrr$!D6lJrbEll)!!l 6'lllL U61) G$D6liT 1,J,8'1iI&6Til6iiTrr(]l61)(]lw ID$~[5$DiT ffilfirffi6lll$ ..9I6I1JLffi1E1l1!J3E1lT.

    "LDIll8;&UULL ID$!J1i;!D& $IT6'lll$Gir" 'Tli!)ltb !D",,$611!li1 UJlm>6\J LjffLDrr6lil lD!iJilJltb !!lITu",r

    (1996) ~all(JiuJIT®ib lG!iJflllW IDffiallGlaa:;®ib (1976) !L.6\:>all6li1 ffi61J6'lTIT6lllTI6lJ)LDU IJll~iJiE6TilGlir

    3000 ~6lIT";'$6TilGlir (!fGlir!Dl6llllf6l'JT(jJ&@iW

    6lJE.b561wGir, f!8;a;Gir, Q61J6ll6lJITroroGi! lL'!ilJl)Jib UIJl6IDoUa;;;j,

    616liTu6llrD6lJ)fl) !L.Gi!G'ITL&ffi1WiDITw u6'\)ruil1.Lliaffi iE;Wr8;ffiITsm 6'lll6\lfiJffil6'llffil&Gir (8u6lJ)QJ$@i

    QUITi)JJU UIT6'll@l6lJWIT@i lb. §'~ruafls0 ..9I!!llwUUL L UIT I\Ol$rrrf>lllro §'ujllftwruc,6'IT~/

    liJi,W~wroIT6lT~, 61Lm6lJiJL ~ 61l1WIf6lii', LjffLDIT61lT LG!Dfllllb !!l,u6liJ (1996) ~ffilQlJJmflGi!

    [!)Jf6(i]!iJ$rr6ilT $D61lT\DJ c!pGlir@J6lJ)~lLl1.U 1J,8;@i!b $b~6lJ~",,$61ft6\J b!U(!!)lburr6UIT6llf6lll61J I!61lTU

    QU®8; wLb QIfW 6lJ,'!}~i @ l,j,lf 1fi1l'>6IIlG'IT 8; Glll'>~""; 1SJ®rf> $D6D m6lJ"";ilI Lb. . .. !L.6\l$W

    1953 6l11ffiU-ltb Quw§l ~~rol, ,bIj@J:J u6b~J5ldlUJru UIT{!ijffilTUll

    Q;mLlfurrffiGljW w!iJl!Jlw ffilifrr\J,~L Q""ffi:!fL Laureate) (l®wGDlUJ!!llJ"""T"Il ujlmliY§ !HD6JlIT61!1{ljl, 1990 !ills\: (8UITIi'o 6Jall~GDl'" uffi1o!i>!liI Gi&rrbiJEllUULL!liI) bl,,"U6lJWr6is\: tJl!M~ib Q56OO.rrdY,§ Q~mL ~LlJITffi g)___JmmrrIr ~mJO 11}~ 4t(OlttLjffi6IT ~l$YTLlfuff~ 6tl!roU6futmQ]~QilL6Sr ~ 8'fJPffi ~LJDlif'AJJG\)T6TT®Lftr6)JITJj (UfT~&ro6l.llb 6/~ru,g:&ir 1994),

    mailto:c!pGlir@J6lJ)~lLl1.Umailto:l.b@lffiB

  • (!p@61Iffl1ij)l1W7ffi S!>"" 61lfi if Gll Ifwrr61lT Wffi ~ ib S!>1i3 a;IT6lll ffi 6li 6ll'\i!& iii ffl16ll1®!i> iljJ a;6[)soffia;uu(jJS!>roa;6li 6l®TU GlJ!lJ!llIT6il 61TIGlJITa;ffi (§jul!utll(jJ

    ail6tiT!DIT~.

    u511f!flQ6l)[~ (2000) ~6llTiljJ U6!lJLUUIT6Ilr ·~uroailrJir (B~Ii'Ifla;6li" 6T6tiTUW6U S!>IT61I~r5J

    a;61TI6tiT wa;ry!hS!>lf &If~ffi""a;ffi&ITa; Llllf ~IT""u:rra; urf&mITwLb 16,OOOffi(IDW &wdJ

    UL L ;1iElm'5J a;6Il) mffi G.&ITGJ1lr L !J)ffi~!hS!>ffi ffiIT 6l~a;Gil wdJ(llIlD &!llWffi a;6li 6T 6>l1 UGlJ dJull6>l1

    (!pffiailw~6lI~6>l1 @V I!li,IllWIT6llT !\LLUITg6lllGlJiii))llJ!iJ 5'i®aiI!JlIT(r. ®Wffi (1989) w(iJJ)JLb ,;;(jj6U w;iJ(llIw lf l'irU\) w®ij1ii; IEITIBa;6ID61TU (W6tiT

    w!fllJ)Jt.b lillw!D""IEIi3$1""UI.ilro ulTffila;IT>tlliw IQlIliITLO"Lj" 6T[!JIIQIWIT(f]) a;61J& 8> Ii'lwfTan S!>""roul.li,urr6lll Q6lI61TIul'L li).8J Ur5JIE,1ft$i;Ib6lJ~&6li "'-..6Ul€.so l'irL61J i!iIro";'6lllIEul'ii\lI61J6lf 6lfJ\rlEl@>1b@riJ @\.n; UUJ[!JI6il61T

    6llylla;ITL'9-WlTffi5 Q/TwriJULrollrb. @!b5'i Q6lI6TIiul'G 2",6>l'ir6[)wul'ro m!D!!JIbIbITIE >L6lT6lfiljJ.

    10

  • ,!)I L L 61J "" """ 1: 'ii'~ .!9IUJ6!IT IJl6lllirL 6D LD6ID iJ)/i; ffirrt:.. l9.6iJ Gi6\Ji!)!Lll:. L LDI5~d>iliif (81f~8;61llffi (ljl61ll~6IDLD ffi61i16til !ll'15 bQiliffiIilI (UIT6\JIT 1990 ,!)I6\J~15 61116iliJ ili(lj) Gl~ 6TCB ffi 15 UUL LiliJ)

    lDill~!iig;if Gi8'~8;6lJ)ffi 6ll@ffi

    ffiITLl!f6til ",,'. "",n,,, Gtli§)IT"'fUU6IDL !iLu Gtlig;ITiillfUU61llL & $bQULJ6IDL @""ffila;Gir % l1!lOOJffiUhGir %

    ~rum6lJrr6Cffi 6iT 3.8 (2) 3.6 (8) (3ili6

  • !;b6illir(iJGlr6116lfl61JU"W &L 11ltb~!1>!;biF G8'~I'i;6!f)I",b@I:.1 u";IIl;;;mI'i;$lOii1!ll61!L Il!!roffil6!f)I£Wlro

    :LWlIj161Jlu u@uDlUJ6D Il!!Lrn:Jw(iJI£GIr "\illlJlLD u@utllw6i:i UrtJ!ll"ffi@6lfl!llffiGir WrDllJlW ~(ll!1)

    (llUIT6tiJa:1I LDlh1rct;!1iffiI£IT6Ulffi6il W:DWW lD&TIliili" (ll"ryffi6!f)ffi G;!!1)ITL(IUIT",T ~m.iJiFlfi 4JIT6i:iffi6Tr GUITW!ll6>Jwnli6i:i !1iffilffilllj6il6Tf!1iIT" ~!1i (lJl6ill!ll6!f)lJ)&6il

    (lluffilEiJ & GU,sI£(r GT6tiJU6>J~I£6TIrrro (! 982 & 1983) 6UI(IliiiJ$1 G1If1DwUULLiliIL6tiJ UlffigO;5i)lf

    (S"(rI'i;6!f)1£ @\Ji61~W6116U ,?56U19WIT6Ol ~TuJ8'S'1iiJ $1LLffila;6lfJ611ffi GhITWr(iJGir61l fl)IT(llasGlr. . U6D6llrtJnli6i:i ~$1ffiGT16U16i:i LLJillUJrr$lffiiDuu(iJ$l6lil!lllbl: Il!!Il>! @(Ili 1hl\i6OlLDIT61Jl uiilllIJwro6D

    51li1n.lililLW 1!))!!;!1i6!f)&UJ 4ll'l£ffiIT6Ulffi;;m6tiJ ulflDUro: (Sll'6ilf ~OO6UIbl /F(IjJi£ !6ll)lJ)t:J

    U(ll!!;lbUULL'" 1ll!1i6lI£I£GIr .§Ioo""'il'>J 1f(ljJi£ Gll',;;jfffiI£GIr mmuEllrtJ!Jl16tiJ EllffilUlTl£ffiJ85G1r

    !1i 6liiI stlbl Ell lJ)ITGiff6lfJEll wlT@lb. S)/LJJJJsriJ IJL mj{fL L.7 (1£ ll1j$(llll'6ilf ~oo""'il'>J I!))lfm':'/F!1i st Gl!1iGO!), .&IIJUIGriJ G£F[J6IJT,7 (£F{[{!iITlJ-rJ; G!1iGO!), ,'!J/uUlGriJ I.lP,6T[,7(fJ[J (lfIiPJ (jSlJl"il') lDJilWJlb

    19rftQEb{f6lJT{[ !fiJJrfii9QuGr!ilsriJ (Q/DITffi,t(Bi!)GO!) 4

  • 6jfifJiYmU6JJO'lE.tr (2010), LJi§Ii1.],$IIjiWIT!fi6N u61>1fi1IDm, !J)ITW Lll6NLlnJ!!lJ61IiD!b@j, 6l(j)~Il>I&IDrrLLOm6:l}61fWIT& IL"161!,"L

    • J)lUUl6W (JILfl0'8'I"LfT (Apis dorsalaj w~l!l1w W,,"6ll!DITLI\l61ir iLlfli1ffi61TlGrll@!ii!!JI «(JPffi):iJ

    ffiIT(8ffimJ ibL;iJID&ll!Jll U@j,;8lffi®ffi® 6lJ(r,LIlJi;$5lD l!'$LlbGiuW!J6lJ§jIL6N g)liill61l l!'$LwQuW(r,lD

    UIT""$5U~~lm61T ~,,"6iIf$!!JI1f @l1l!6lilwro UJlii"lID6illlJ)ffi@)611ll1lD ILm611Li&$IWiliIT& U6D

    iliIT6lJv @6ilfffil&@)61TllIW 6lJ(r,LllJi;ililil Wffiv[i;:'!)1f 1lI5(Jli;iill)ffi&@j ILLU(8$!!JI$I6NID66' l!'$[i;:'!)

    6lJ®LITill:'!) l!'$ubGiuUJ!J:'!)6lil61ir llIuIT!!JI 6>IGll)61l iliiilibIT6lilffilDITlD en(8&Ll1 UrrtDuGll)6ll1i; GiaiIT6llliT(ilm61l66L ~61lnJ;D!661If6U !J)61ir6:l}W QU[lltD ,:tff6lIVrrir",GiI Ii'j)GliTmQPlD ~UJLJULrr\llJGir61!i!>I,

    ~6lJIrr~ltD ~6lll6lJ 1,OOOffi@jtD (lllDWULU>lJ6JJWrr& @®li;ffi6llITW. 616U6JJIT!!lITuli!il)jlb. ~:'!)!t

    ill$5€ii1ffi&Gir 6IL';T ~\l>I @ulY:;;;uw~[i;\l>I W6U6\JJT$5$5nai ILGir6Tl\l>l. 6>I§j6llfITGiJ, J)I{JlJloriJ

    4 6lI~~$5ffi$b !]~tr1i, 4il(J}~61V Q8'g6!5lH(fl)fi1Hl (gurr~o:n ..9IG:n

  • Gia'lJ6if[,Y !!iilUarnrLIT6Uil>! (Ipiii.$lwLDrr"", lDffi~Ci>$!l&IPml1WITa; a;®SbUUL6D 1E611arnr(j)QLDwlrut8!liIT(B

    .BI(jjJ Ol:TQl \J,UIT61jltYTliiH U~WU@)6l)8; QIPrrarnr(il@6il6l1(jjJ, .BI{l;l8SbIT(ij !!iil$Sb !!iil6>TffiJffi6l'! '1J~{l;!lJ8

    !I'!Bwrr"", t8",6Oi' 6lJ6l1~Ull16i) LUGW.T.$lli;ffiUU(B6lJ",IT6i) !!iilcBSb !!iilGlil,8a;6ir €1!)ffiWIT,>rsb$5ffiffiGll6>J .

    WITl§')lD (Lj'.§1Flt8iill!l6lJIT 1994). '1iI~ &(il ffitmi) 20,000 J1. 61lL(ijsh ~$!>ITLLlfuffi®ii;@ u51ffiiiljlD Qurr®iDililDITGlT LDffi~:j)$!>iti'!mUlffi6ir

    ,"61irUGiliil(13 a)l""61J"'JLD8;@ ",8;a; u51ffiiiljib lDfT!lJIu(i)ib iDwlrGllLD Qa;llarnrL !!iilGlili5Jm6l'!. 9~

    &(i) 8i LD"~ 2,000 6lJ6i>l~Jj]6D1l6>ll l8lb61li'ii; 1£6ID6l11£ QffiIT6il:iJIJ,l(I]J8;@Lb. "if/i',ii; Qffill6\)G15i

    !!iilUIl5uJ6lllllilffi6TIl61ir Ib61J!DIl6i>l UIT6)J6i>lGlT (YJ8;ffilwLDIT6>lI .BI5ffii!)lsblb6\lITffi L6ir611iDl.

    ~ffiQl6lJ, @l""6')T${l)I ~Il61ir @ 6ll ""ffi{b GlI!>61li'it ffi ® IE LD Lln !!)JiMIi; ffi U U L GlSlJ 6ll>iHJ,l UJ

    (iiiDGllIill6i>lUJ5 Q.a;narnr(iJ6l'!611(jjJLwlr (il);

  • 4.4 .@l6DffiJ 6li),su.!l6i> Wffi~[i, ;!)d;,sITGill 8 6lfi6l!i UIT !!II,sITill $I6i> Q;!)IT L 0- UIT 6l5f 8'L L lOrD I!)J 10 ~6li) LD ULI!I'$I W IT 6l5f ~ lD8'fbJ 8 6ir

    ~(rp6DuCB$!!II!bro !f$lWIT6llT ffiiillil(JlwvlITLLSili5161lV,r5!!11, .@l~iillilCB (lP8IBWLOIT6l5f ~rb8'rbJ86ir

    a;6lJ6"$$I6i> Gi8IT61r 61lUULL6>1I. (lP\!J6DIT6lJ!!II, !J)ITLllfro .@l@ffilB61ir!lJ UJa;~r5;l)ffiffiIT;illa;6li)liffu

    UIT illl a;IT$;!)ro. .@l~"'" L rr"J!!II, Giffirr6ir,,"ffiUJ IiJ!ll (lP""!lJul16Drr6l5f .@l!lJ,sf!!jLO$lffi6ir (1JlWlDIT8 G611.-m!!irrLllfw®[i,!!II GiffirriillilCB 6lJ~UULL .@l6l5fml,s6lfl61ir ®l!)Jffi"'CBiliGr\h;;l1®r5~ .@lml(Jlffi

    ul':@,sIB61ir!lJ LDffi~[:i;;l),sffirr;illffi 6l61TlJ urr~ffiITUU!bT ® U). LDili"t!bffiffiIT

    lll!ill!)Jrb ilirrUUI1JllI!)J!bro ,ma';',W ii!i:$!l) ii!i:g"'''{j) @lW8'ffiJili6il iD\\!JrrL~urrili6ljrb ii!i:@ (lP,,"6l5f

    ~ (lP""iIJ6illW ~)uCB~6lJi51ro ;ill,)JiTLrlu$ ~&lYo1l1lT,sili611W (lf8$lwlffiWT @I"»LDUUtT'"

    8(f!>j!JUUL llPllftLJtD.

    ii!i:®&IB61iriIJ W"'9lj:,;:D&ffiITi;1~"'6lGllU U·T(j)lffiIT$!bGO 6W;lU!!II [D61ir® ':rrD!llI&GffiIT61HmUULL

    SlIJ o)16illGDWIT®W (!ilIDlffiul1w, ilidJo)ITL &J UITIljlffiITULjitffirra; ,@I(lP61lliillJGiTGfI Q61I6iJl6llUJIT'" iLGfr6n6lrr. ~!J)iliUJT6l5f Q!b'ILIJLJULL

    trLLiliJill6Tr LD[3IDILD 8iLL6uHlTT8= 8'l~Ln)jffi6TIfT6116(IT: 6ll6lTI8; tbLL6iD611& SLLlt, >!;fT61Jf1

    lll!il!lll1D 61ll.vc5J® 6lJ6lffiffiGfr Ulf!!lllEfTULJ 8LL@l6lllf J'LLlb, &,;b1flw ilirDiIJrrLW

    IfLLlD, (Jl!l)41w utT~wucflw 6ll@1U Uf!!j$blffi611 ~llilffi@)6n!i; ~it,;D"J IfLuil

    IDrDl!)Jtil !bIT6tI~ UITIljI&IT$bI1i;\l "'LL6Ol6TTlf IfLLW 616trU6ID61JWIT®W. ,m6limGtl, 1fl6\)

    iF!j;$W'UUITil,s61ll6" l@!1!b" IfLL-ITilffiGfr &61ir(Dl6iT (1J1J)Gi) lJ>:ilQ~T61ir!lll (JllDfi;&61ll$l61il!D!bJffi6ljtD LDrDl(lJ til 8l1N If LDW 15Jffi Glfiw g}J6tJrD!llI1b tEl 60lLW1ro (y;;y61>Or uQl $I6iT!!l@6)JWIT"'6ljtil ftLGfr6lJ61>T . 6tt61>Td; 8LL@61Tlf irL.LID lll!il!!llLil 61ll6D1Til® lDrD!llIW !bIT61J~ tlLul1!fl61>TU UITiPI,sITuLjffi

    ffiLL6l6lTIf IfLub GT61iru6JJrD!lJITW U"!!IIffiITMUULL U@)$blI£Gfr, ii!i:WrDiXllffi& lffiuu8i6Jffi,iT,

    il:$!j1flJJLJ IJ,I\lJ1Ett ffi&6i1 il:urr61iriIJ6tJdJ!D:W 6lli6Dffilf!!j&6i1 lDdJOlJID !b'T6lJ~l\lJffi6lfl6tr 6tJIT~@lLf6iffi6TI

    UIT!!II&ITffiffiUU(j)$I6tr!!l6l5f. 61ll\i\lrbJ@) lll!ill(lJlD !b1T6lJJ ~ .. tI~

  • '.' IclGlJ61fiU;"L iq.6\l1(ffiif, 1!iI Qa;".m(B 6llifU UL L l!i}6llfffila;6lfi6il (ffi Wl8; ffi'(Blb 6lfi 6\l1(ffi(i; illl

    l!i}ffi, (lla;uli(ffial all6ill!l Ula;lf(b ~d; lb"6li1 a;6lfi 6il U" 1!iI a;rr !b ~ ro ~6>.lffil6llla;1f Iliffi,a;~~6Iir !LU~!fIW6\J U6il6;l)Ul~1!iIGlJU 151Ji6l! ~ruffiJ6IDa;I£@jW LC(iJ!})lW

    @ruffiJ6IDffiuli6\l1(ffi!f,1!iIill 6ll16\)ffiI@j lqD!})lUJ lbrr6lJ~ ILulI:ft6~W6Iir GlL"6>JiJa;,m QUWU:!bIUJIT61>1 ill!b6il

    "-Jilu,;bg\1ib 6lIlffi~Q,:t>ITWbm6DU UIT$b'ib@jLb ·411,liIw GlbOlf @L(B6llliT(;)I!]] [!jIGlLb illu"!I)I .®)6\llbJ&IIl&@WU illuIT6Iir!D

    IiIWl stoll JflI\lUUGllLulI6\lIT61l1 !J)rrCBffi61l iliU06D;1\lffilOO6IIT ffi6lJ6llTltg\161ir Gllb6O)6lJGllW ~ 6inLW6llf

    6lJ"a; L61lGfl6llf (r6L~UJ 1jJr;JJ6dTi11611(r836rr 1988)< 1999 iq.inburf,6\J< UIi'6;l)56l1L(B

    6rillgiliilmO,u161t 4u,;i)$6lll;ffirrS1lr lDffi9!iJ!!>if ~8'(r1£Gl)ffiihma; 61~6iJ5I1UJ(i; ~Gll6!f61il>ffi61T $1;~6Iir

    !L$1;!bIGlWITa;'j,(rGlJ JflWUl!blU6lll6lir" (Bumble Bees) @Olli;@juo!bl ffil'lfGlQ1UOITa; I\lOluLl9®1i;a;1i;/ful\lw!il(ffi

    Glu0~tD Jfl6IITiJib!l'i~6ll)$b ~!D"(B ,:t>(il~!b(iJ@j I\l1!ilGlJITa; @®1ii)li1!il @6\llbJGllffi# Biffilffiib!bl6lir

    !J)L6lJI\l1£601$ 6J6liru1!iI U!bI6l! QIHDwuu(il,:t>GD ill6lJ"""(ilQLDIiirUII,lILIiir 6lJ6\l1wilJl,:5$bUUL(B

    !Jjl6in6llf6l! Qibm;TIWUUL2lJIll CB6lJGl §I6lJ U UIT 1!iI ffiIT $b,:t>6\J Lll!fl6li16llfIT 6\J n ~!!l0lU U us /fu l\lW i]la; ffilw lDIT61>1 6)Jffilu"ffi~&IIl!l'i UUJ6llfalllii!l)l GilnIT61l6lJ!I)Itb 8mL.. (l,j)1 (!pm 61l!5 sr)Gl

  • @jlUGlUIT5i'J®8ffi16Or!!J 8'LLfliJffiGiT LDrDq)JLD 9@fliJ@i6lJl5i'Jffi61~6U Wffi!T!f,$!j8ffin6lJlffiGiT WrD!!IILD @l61JrDrG6Or

    UIT!DIffiIT~$!j6U Q$5ITL~UIT6Of L~~5m6lll6OfffiGiT UrD!D18 ffi61J6OfLD QimGiT61J0rDffiIT6Of 0® Gl06lll61J"-IGiT61T!DI.

    @~ U; 6lll L(lp6l))!!J U UIT !DIffiIT ~,;5 6U Q8' W 60r (lP6lll!!J ffi 6lfi 6U @l5Biq)J ~0 6U ffi 6lfi 60r @jl6QffliJffiIT!i!!!!lI06U

    (\lJ8ffi1W WIT 60f ffi IT~""'~ffi 61TIT@iLD. LDffi ~$0ffi ffiIT 6lJlffiGiT UIT!DIffiIT~,;56U U; L 61J "18 6lllffi ~ 5i'J L L ~ 5i'J 6U

    UIT!DI ffiIT$ ,;5 Gil @I$,;56li.l!DIffiffiIT6Of @jlL 0!D1ffi@i,;5!ij)JLD LDrD q)J LD @I,;56Or ffiIT~ 61lilT WIT ffi 61J 6»)~ 6lJl61.l8ffi61lilT~6»)$5 61l161TfliJffil8 QffiITGiT@,;5!ij)JLD LDib!!llLD gJI5Biq)J,;506»)61.l LD5i'JudCB Q8'W!DI QffiITGiT61J!DILD

    (lP8$lwlOO6Of 61lILWr!iJffi61TITffi ~..GiT61T!DI. 1998@jl6\) L~Gl~'6n~6U [bITL"f6U if[J61JCl:,;5if 1.D&~$,;58ffiIT6lJlffi6ir

    (\lJ6OrQ6OfCBuLj u'l$5IT6Qf Q8'1U61.lLDtJ6lJl6U LDffi~$,;5ffiffilr6lJlffi@8ffiIT6Qf @l5EIi!!ll~06Uffi6lfi6Or @i!D1uuIT6l>r

    @jl6llTr!iJffiIT!i!!!!lI,;56Uffi6IT 1.161.l @ipjiULliLuULL6l>T. i,@rj;ililf QiflU61.llD[J6lJl6U !!iILj61lilT[Jffidr "[bL61J"f86»)ffi8ffiIT6llT

    ffiLL6»)IDULj" ~6>J""'~6ill,;5u u!I1d>!DI6ill~,;5!D1 COP·V@jl6Or u!I1d>!DI6»)~w@8wITffi 8'wtJul1l,;5,;5!D1.

    @jl(!jl, IDIE~ili8ffiIT6lJlffi6IT UIT!DIffiIT~ili6U LDibq)JLD [b16ill61.lWIT6Of !LU(gWITIliLD 6l6iiru61JrDq)J8wITffi !LU1>61JIT8;

    ffiUULL 9® (\lJ8ffi1W C;iuIT!DI Jl.\61J6l>OTlW@iLD.

    • Lj6lJl Q61JU UlD6>llL$5!ij)JLD ffiIT61.l[6\"'61.l LOOrD[!J(lPLD: " ..61.lffi ffiIT61.l!!il6ill61.l LDITib!!J LD IDffi~d>,;58ffiIT61lIffiGiT

    WrD!!IILD ,;5IT61J~r!iJffi(€'J>iJ;ffil6l))Luli6U '1Y[J C,UIT®dJ$5IT [b16ill61.l8@i ufliJffi61~UU,;5ITffiiJ; ffiIT6lf6fUuCBffil6Or[!J!DI.

    $5IT61J ~rtlffiGiT lDrtJ!J)J LD 6lJl61.lr!iJ@iwGiT U61.l6" rD!DI 60r u~ LDU 6U WrD!!IILD (g,;5ITrD[!J 6lJl W6U 6160r U6llT 1../6lJl Q61J UU LD6»)L,;561516U @jl®dJ$5IT6llT 5i'J6l>l8'ffi6lfi6Or U8;ffiLD ifITw$ili6»)61.IWITffi !LGiT 61T6l>T. ,;5IT 61Jgrtlffi6lfi65i'Jw wrDq)J LD Lj6lJlU.il6Or ffiIT61.l[6\6»)61.l lffirD!!Jr!iJffi@ffi@iu u5i'J61.l6lfi8@iLD

    61J 6l>l ffi 1Ll16U LDITrD!!J LD6l>l LffiI 6Or!!J 6Of. 0IT6>1 ~ '"Iw@lb LOrD q)J LD Wffi~$,;58 ffiIT 6lJlffi@LD ffi IT61.l[b16l>l61.l

    LDITrD!Jlrtlffi@ffi@i, @I(gU;ffiLD @jl® 0ifUl../ffi6lfi!ij)JLOIT6llT @)6l»!Jlib$561161j @jl6l>16ill®,;55i'J U;6Or6l>lLOffiGiT

    LD!iJ WI LD ifIT ~5i'Jw lffi6llT @I y)!dJ Q'iliIT y)!0 6U 6f6llT Cl:61J q)J U L L 61J 6»)ffilUki:> U5i'J6U !!118;ffil6T. IJ,8@iLD

    ffiIT61.lW (lP6Or 1m I:. 19 WiliIT ffi 6JrD UCB 0 6\), ci161) IJ ffi w6lfi 60r @I UrfI ,;5LDIT6llT ,;5 60r 6») LD IDITrD [!J L06») Lib!DIGiT 61T!DI L. 6Or, iliIT6>JgfliJ ffiGiT LOrD q)J LD Wffi~'r5 ili8 ffiIT6lJl ffi 6lfi Elil rJlIffi lPQ61J1T(rJ)6l>l LfJ"-I W

    LfJITrD[!JLfJ6l))LW61.lITLD. 0IT61J~fliJffiGiT LOrD(!JJLD LDffi~ib,;58 ffiIT6lJlffi6lfi6Or u51@i5i'JWfl6Of ,;5E1ir6l))LD LDjJ(!JJLD

    U~LDU6U 6l6iiru6llT ffiIT61.l[b16»)61.l 0.61.llILJlOOl)L.06U !!iIffili!ffil6Or!Jl!DI 616iiru,;5rDffiIT61>T u5i'J61.lITffi @l6l>lIDffil!!J!DI

    616llT61jLD !>.mffilffiMJUL.61.lITLD. 616ir6>JIT!!JITll~®lLD, QUIT!DI [b16l))61)uliEll'i16Or(!JJLD 6l.~61.l$hu Q8'lu6lir (\lJ6ill[!J

    ffi6ill61T B'!i1WIT6Of 61J6»)ffiuli6U 6lJl61Tr!iJffil8 QffiITGiT6l1ITtW) @l61J!iJpjl6li1 B'!i1Q8'W$56~\9iGiT Cl:lCljJC'ffiITGiT6l1UUL

    (IJ'"fWITQ,;56OrU$5!iJ® ffiIT~@1f[LD !LGiT6l1(bl. (lP6»)!!JWIT6Of 0~6~ffi6lTI6l>1!D1 6lJl6))IT0,;5!D18;@i!l1wiliITffi

    @jl(rJ)[f)!f) Cl:UIT5i'J!ij)JLD, ffiIT61.l[b16l>l61.l G'16lJUULD6l>lL.061.lIT6U 6J!iJUCB~01:JUI:.L. 9@f!ilffil6l>T6l>lW8® H5i'J~ITffi

    LDffi~r5$!j5 Cl:iftJ86l>lffi 6lJ6ill61.lW6illLfJUl.jffi6lfi6lir (lP@6l))WWIT6llT ffil:.L.6l>lLDlILI 6)J6lJl6l>lLOuJI:.CBIf'!!J!DI

    H6lirU6ill,;5 0IT61J~ . LDffi~dJ08ffiIT6lJl8 8'oL(j) ffirr6lliiJLl1ltffil!!J!DI.

    .• 6lJ IT W6l.!l Lit 8'n!!llU (j) If; 08i, LD6llTl0 G18'w!iJ UITCB ffi61Trr8i 61J IT lP 6l.!l uriJ ffi6Tr !DIrfl 0 LDIT w lClTdJ!DlD6illLiIl6Or!!J"'r. 8'LL6lJlCl:~0 lDJLD C:6lJLCB$56U, ffirrLCB~ i1i.!l!@1I[61.lIT6I1T (g8'0LD, [bffi~lQWlClTIi;&6U,

    @I Ll16lJl(rJ)it5i'J ' Cl:if61» 60fU Uuli~8'C>18'w Wffi H6liru 60f @jlmc5J6l>lffiuli6U 6)," W6lJl L. @l1f:,;56Uffi6l>l61T

    6J!iJU(j)lfJ{!jJLD QUIT!DI61JIT6I1T ffirf(f~ffi61TITffi !LGiT61T6llT. 61Jrr[Q6l~LIt Imq)JUCB,;506U 1.D&~0ItffiIT6lJlffi6lfi6Or

    17 7· eM 016824

    mailto:i1i.!l!@1I[61.lIT6I1Thttp:ffiIT61.lWmailto:u5i'J61.l6lfi8@iLDmailto:6lJl61.lr!iJ@iwGiTmailto:b16ill61.l8@imailto:Jl.\61J6l>OTlW@iLD

  • ffi>CBffiLCBlb §luillffiGiD611 l]i"'IT!~WITffiU UIT$lUU!!)IUN !Jj;I]i!)j6li;@jw GlW6\lrr Ib

    ffilQ!lt.61IJiIT41(il\ilbGID6IT .@jwJlll1iillffiu5lGil ILUI]iWiTwuu::b!iJ@j uy;ffilti.j6ir 6116ilT!l. Wffi!l]iJgs$@j

    GlJY;61DwullGil 1]i[5;J!\llUITffi §J6liT@w C'l£rr61llirL @6lJlUGilOO, ~6llTITOl]W 6lJ61Ilir6®Ti!>i!iIU

    !Jlfdlull",,6Jffil@>ffiffiIT'" (QwuUlQL"u(llL~rr) @jLlbrJ'u uQ!l&'lJ$!i$l[iJ@i 6lI,i!)"ITWITffi @Q!l$@itb

    !)j"GlJ~r,"ffi6llJ6TI (ffi6llJ6TIa;Gir) .@jGilwrrQ$'}ITylUU§)6liT (lpwlCIT& blGilw\lil aii!)Giffli;ffil@>li;ffirrQIT bI(!jl§)tD

    tn;fJQlI Lb UlI£JJ$,;f>rtJffi6i)16118; @i@iDuu§J6liT (!P61JUlTffi6l(lD QP&c6IlUIN6llT §JITffia;rtJl£6ID61TIi; WIT6l1liru;t(lJjiisl£

    (!jll!fti.jw. U6tlJL')jIT1#I(il\iI£6il !J8'41ffi61ll6iir Ii!l:!!JULjI£6llJ6TI I£CB61!JlDWlTa; 6)[ilu(j)stii,lJ6lJ!!)IL 61iT .@jw[iJ6l!l&ib

    $!l'TGlJrr '1l~ffil£~flll6TIU.jtD ")la;rDQlIffiliD\lil. a':ai~61iT & ai6lJII8ii1i!J (1983) ;z,a;6lJ6il 6JJ61ll61lUJ6l!llDU61llU

    ~JtbLlli;l;§J""ir, bI§J6lir tll6iir~ QP6iirQ615l\BULj Gl6ll&lD Q&T61IlirLijj;, 6l&lJGlJlTiDlTu5llil!lJtb

    uSiffi6\IW !6Q)l~Wll"" Lj$llU l~lfli'l#I6tlJ6lllffi6llJ611.$

  • UrfilU (Yl6lll!Jlffi6lll6TI ~6lllfffi6Yf r.l16!iluiiJJD1611mru wCillCBi5 6ll&ll6TIGUlIt@ID. jJlU!5J.

    • u@uLllw6il QiilL~I:lUIT(jJ, lOffi~:5lbiF

  • 61GiJ/t$lw,5(!ijIfIT 8O(mffi .&\uJ6ljffi6lll61T" "-6i16iil6ID6lRlI\bSb6\\ (}l6l16llli!Qlrb, GiUIT®61TITifjT~ (grulT,s$l6\\ \llru~IIfWIT6l1!

    ~bf)jIlJJIF Gllf61l6lJIT.m!6Illw ffLQl$l6liJ!D(bJrb uW:rlI(D GI!!iIf!ll6iJ6lrmiJULjffi6lll6ll L®6lJITffi®$l6liJ!D(bJLtl16ilT

    "u6t\l611r ullIli; GrSliITy)l6\\", "\llIb!ii£$l6lIT (Qlliitll»j1) uu.ll(rifQlTuJ@)lb" 6f6lITUIill!fJr:6I61llT6l1!

    \llUIT6lir!ll ,@I1ill1FlWlDIT6ffilQj /f(lpffi(!pw 4I!il!D6ID6l1T .,!lI6iil!i>Sb6\\

    1ll1ill6llli!(Btll, !'!J:u!fJ6il)ffiU UITi!iIlblT!i>!D6\\ \lllblT6llli1l!i$!ilro®(ij(!iI L6lir 6IDffiWITrn (lPllfWITSb &L(B6lJITl,jJS', (!p6llli!Jw!fJ!ll

    "g;6OlIWIT@1 (]lSli61ifIi;a;6»161TIi;" &L "6llla;wrr.nlli!llffil£ 1J)~g;ffil£n6iilI£61T1T1£" .&\/tI£(!J)I'f,lIIGiLc611llJ{!iJ

    20

    mailto:U!flffilT~f'llffil.@lffi@imailto:uu.ll(rifQlTuJ@)lb

  • /fIT!i5~UJ ID!T@jLb. @jGl~rr lbUlm (1967) @IJuuL(lJGirrn Iill y?lffilTt':' L I!i5!Jj1ffi@j Qa;rroodr(jJIill®lilllbiDa;rr6Ilf IillITWUurr@ilb.

    1998 ~, 50 &l,6lJg,J ffilb[i;~~ ~">lffi G>&rroodrLrrLLrl\J/£@!18;ffirra; Lilifl$lbrr6!ITlw -91~5 6lJU:151!;'6Iilai

    6lJ~lilliDu§)iDffirr6>!! i!iUJrr~u(!l!i5i!iGillm €il® u@i~wrrffi, ~i!i& &a;rruJ1Gill~Girrn" €il®

    Ibfi;§)d; (8a;rrGill~d;@i -91®ffiITiilllLDuJ1§l1Girrn "lLL6lJ,2;6IDSl\& QiE6\) G!61)J1ju(lJlb urrg,Jl£rrltffiuuLL

    6lJ6>lTIi;~m" lDffi~Ij;i!i8;ffiITGillffiG'ffrr@ilb.

    81$1iflwrrGillw ffi®fi;(8i!i6llTffi ImLUbJI£6TIl,,;, ,!'In,(ilIi;i!iw (bL61J"f&6ll'iEI£Gir ~";'!DmGill~lb &LIi;

    Gi i!iIT L~$1";'!Dg,J. ifI.$1if1 w wiD :lJ! lb ifI$1 ~lwiillllill LDIi; ~ uJ166 ~,-,;irrn L 8;$1 w ~!S?!iQffi6\)

    (Qu®WUITGffi6llf QIb";'U@i~) UJ(,iJ:lJ!W Ulg,JllJI,,;,Giffiw (Qu®wurr6\)rrGSf 6lJLU@~)

    .$1@LuJ1rorr61f[ 1.D66)6\)d;@imllJlu U@i~ffi6TIl";" -91[i;?!iu UI~Gli!iIf~g,J "!! lFLL If.\iJ:lJ!w .!'ll6IDWU4

    !f~WIT6Ilf .!'lllb1Frl\JffiGir" G!\igJlUl l]ifl61llm ffi'!,(lIT6>!! ffiG\l[i;@61llIJWITL6i!J6\) IbW6)jQlfW@ U~8;1£6)jtb.

    ~6i!Jffiw!T66, 6T~(rffirr6\)li;~w 61ll(8/fLlJ)(fa; (8:l)mw 1bIT&)J1J &!J)rrwli; Q$!iIT!DllJI urr@ffirru4if

    (8lF6ID61J If.\iJllJIw Gill6lJlfITwtb ~iilll6llll1d;ffirntb~m d&1JL!J)fTifl6!ITlffi6TIl,,;, u~6lJrrrn(r .!'ll~6lJSIlIl>Uo

    ~$lUJ !filllJl6lJ6IlfffilI£Gir &W!D Qffi!TGiri§W €jl",Qlillrr® !J)L 6lJllfc66i!JffiuJ1~w LDffilJfi;i!ic6I£,T61~ffiGir

    un@Il>[tbi!iGill,,;, (!PIl;$lUJtb@6lJ lb 6lJ\i1.~ll.jllJl $§)UU(il6lJ@L";', LDffilJ$ i!ic6ffilT61lla;Gir urr@iE"tb?!iGill,,;,

    'i¥P' -91lbiftb I£LL"WLDrrffi ~®UU@ woodr(iltb !fil6ill6ill6lj,LU:IU(B$1";'!1l@.

    21

    mailto:1.D66)6\)d;@imllJlu

  • i

    urnJ LL ~§Jc5 CE 6[Hill W ff@)Lb, Cf{O[DffL sO ~ 60) LDifcf]6Zl1 IT 6U CB LD[O G'ICEff GiT 61TU ULL (!J.i6i:iTQ615T CB ULICE om 611

    QiDIT L~!ii (!jJ (Z LOdJ QiDIT6IT6lJ (!jJ 0 LOdJ Jl)J 0 "-06lJ6lJ (!jJ tb !ij)u(il U"(!jJ ~!D1Gillww If(lPiD 001:?:\l16IT 6TT

    61 tfiJ iD 6TT 5ij) 6ll16lJ 6!!>IT(50, ~0 U [IiL 6lJ I'IA; 601 iDWITffi ffidJl!IITL W ~ 601 LO ifIfIT 6111 (!jJ,

    LOffilf!:5 iDffi ffiIT Gillffi61li6

  • GIErr.m@S1i6lll6\.l$ GIEIT@lir(j) 61JQ~61J\l)J u'l1E6l.j1.D GUITQM!iS1iwrr6lll~ITI§i.b, ~\l)J Q~ITLiJLlI6\),

    1l':®6Tr6ff61JITjJJJ @6irjJJJ (liWIT1f6l»6N1E6Tr (lilJJ!l'JQIEIT6TrSITUUL (iJJl\lltjl.Dc

    (&I) LJ if ~fT6ll1 LD ffi ifa) §)Ii,8m6111 ffi 6fr UfT{l,lI ffifT,$ ~ 611168 &Ia) ~ LDffi[f a) ~ Ii, ffifT ;;illffi 61») 6fT !Lu(llWffa31W$!jLD, &l6\J6V{l,lI &lg5I&@iLD &l6\J61l{!,ll Uff{!,llffiIT&@itD i!S1IDl61J6ll1flllffi61lJ6IT

    ~6lj[flllffiIT!l!IlJ~'il,)JLD LDJill!lILD ®®r6J85I61lJ6OOTs;b§)'il,)Jlb

    (~) LDffiifa){l)1'f ClIri:r&61lJffi @j,bl'6\\IW6\J (!P6b)!ll6",LD lD§)IT6ll1 ~ifITWl'fli1ffi@>ffi@i ~{l)if6l.j, &l61'iI6E@iLD ~lifEf DSlQlJ61J6ll1flllffim.61ir ~6ll1r5JffifT!l!IlJ~'il,)JLD LDdJQlJLD '81®flll85161lJ6 {l)d; ffi IT6ill ffi 6'Ir UIT\ljJ iii IT $!; g;61ll6\J ,@jli> $Ii LD ffilT!!; j1jd; ffi IT 6ill iii6ID6lT Lu(EWIT85Iffi@iW, &l6\J6\l\ljJ ,@j!J?l&@lD ,@j6\J6\l\ljJ Uff\ljJffiff&@itb DSlIDl6lJlMffrruffi6ll)6lT

    tiillMffrru [email protected] lllliJIDlUJ @®rrual]6ID_!1;g;§llIUJ

    Q U ff {f)J 61J IT '" {l)!Ii QUIT@{f)J &lGU 6V{l,lI W, ffi 6l.j Lb &I@J 6Ill lO ffi &IT 6V Lb 61J 61lJ I)' "1ll&1T[i;j1j (!pffia31WlD6lJ6UITg;

    aotbU61Jrfuffi6fTITffi "'®~UULL6ll1. &I(ll~8'lOWLD, U6!l)LI!)lTIi1~ffi6T1l61ir &I~a>6lT6lJff61lf

    UIT61J6ID61lf (]l~61iJ LdJu$li51ila>sir uu;>UUlifWlTffi @i6IDW61J6IDL!Il@ U6U 6lll6lJ&ITW

    ~m6!fl6\J Cl$!)GfulJifa'lffi6l'fI6b1@ &lLrfuffi6616fTU (]lU!l!IlJ6lJ{!,lI fF!iJ!l5I6il 8'lT~wLD0!IJ!liIT@lb

    ~ !§6lil6OOllUl6ll1W !iL,l"J61Jff&$lw{!;U, (llID61ir lLdJuMJu5lro:r661 6lJW5'81, Cl$!)iillr ~JD&@i~ IDIDfT661 ~ffi@LD$b1 61Jrfl6IDW !b'lEffiQl6lJ@Ju;>wQlDffQT> [!\16ID6Vffi@ ~11J&fTl!'i!ffi$l;6l»lDffi

    ffiLLfflUUUtB~lb w!iJQ!IJfTlfli (!plEffilwtDfT6ll1 !lifTlEffi$l;61lJili €JdJUtB$i;l!IllU{f)J. ~® Lj!IJIii~6\J &III6 fT rfu ffi 6lJ ®61JfT 6IDW ~ {f)J @i6!l)!IJ,$ID@ LD (jJlLjJD,$ §l16lJ L sir @>!J,$ Cl ID 61ir

    LdJU$liI!llLUT6110'ffisir lO6\\I6lJfT6lJT J12lJDffi@lD$iJ!i; (ll~~61iJ ffifT!J' 6ll1lTlDrrffi ffitB 6ID LDWfTffiU

    LLT~ffiffiUuu.61lJ!f. 616lJ61JfT!IJfTu.ll!l!!)lLb, d61ir61lJ!f ~6lT{f)J lD(fI)~61J$li IDwrrrflULjffi~

    23

    mailto:[email protected]:iJJl\lltjl.Dcmailto:GIErr.m@S1i6lll6\.l

  • @l!Il&@LD~$i; C%Sl)6lir UUJ@J(!lIIb'WITSl)6OO:> 61@JW If>lfJj~6lllil'i ffi(j~tf1W lD®;!;i!jl6lJfr&&iT

    il'iiiiZUffi!jl Q&lf6miT(il&iT6116lllfr. ~6lll&UJff6iJ @l!D&i,!!iw~~ C%il'i6lir&&iT ~w ~61J;!;

    il'iuJmjhj Ljlf>em6iJ illUffi!jl lDrr61IT U W 61IT [lJ~Wff61IT 6lll6lJ UJ 6iJ61l 6T6lir!IlQ6lJ IT(1J QUIT{!)J6lJITrn

    L601lTfr6ij L&iT611{!)J. L6IT@]Jfr;!; Cliil'i6lirIf>&iT LD!iJ(!JJW L&iT@ljiJ;!; Cliil'ilillfffi&6Ol611

    !1;l!~6lllUU!l)rD&IT61IT{!)Jw; wrD(!JJw LDa;!f$!l)tblf>lf6lll&em6lir urri!jllf>fT$i;!l)6ID6D 8'1T!l)&LDITIf>

    ~(ff1liJ6lJ ~rD@WIT6lIT '8'® tf1!D$!l) !J5i6Ol6D6'j)wffi@LDIT61IT 6lJWl @iJ{!)JCl:6lJUJff@W. QSl)~@

    uull~ Q8'wCl:6lJrr~ il'i~If>61T{!)J uull~&(@&@ tf1!IlID!l) LDlf>iJdi$bIfC%8'~tbliID&&If>IT6lIT '8'®

    Cl:Sl)IiID61JGllW £lDQUfT@\!)iCl:lD L_OJiJ~L6'iT Gl$b~@ ~rrw5tf1 !J5i1iID6DUJW QSl)6lirrn~

    a;ff6ll.m6iJ ill$bIillfa;a;60)611 6lJ61T~U$b!iJ@ 8'ffg;&lDIT61IT ~WI@(jp6ID!DIOO IT!) _LDIT6lIT{!)J 61 6lir u 6lll il'i ~®6lJ \J ffi 6miT!B Qaiff &iT 61T (!P1!f~Lb . ~liIDaiWIT6iJ, 8'\JG8'uJu.jtb (jp6ID!Dai&iT @iJ$Sl) !J5i(!JJ6lJ~&iT @IGll61lf~~tb "~It

    ffirr6lllffi6T~ 6lir UIT{!)J ffiff;!;Sl) 6iJ lD!iJ(!JJ tb uw 6lir UG$i;{!jJ g;6iJ " 6T@JLb \51(f1j f!i 6llll WIT6lIT ai®uQuIT®"lII6iJ ~®~al1IiID_uu~6iJ Sl)~$l~&iT61T{j)l 6T6lirU{!)JL6lir ~\!)i lIilffi6~!b

    6TemIiIDLDWIT6/l!\!)iUl lD!iJ(!JJ Ul ill03!fI!fWIT61IT\!)ilDlf@!b.

    (~) 'lDffi!Jr!> lfilf 1]8'& ffi 6IDffi @>W6\ilw61i (!p6ID!IJ61!lW' ul'lfiIT6lfI ~lfITW Ii' 8'lai(@!f,@ ~1J6ij .!)jemffi@til .!)j1J8' !J5i(!JJ6lJ6lfIIhlffiem6ir .@l6l!lffirffiITW~W lDdJ(!JJW 'iY®~

    $l6lll6>:md; iliill.ll til

    @l6il(Surr @IBb,~ ~~ffi6llla;u.~6\lIT"'! (SUIT!!i1l 6ID_61l1.mn;i) UiiJlfli1611"""",6ir

    6J!iJ U L L "" @I6tlIE]JIT,," ~!Hmiflf4iffi@$@ lL$i)m @I61l1ffi®tb '!)16\)6\Jg)l W!lllu.I61l1ffi®lb

    @I ""6llT !i> \lll j))l !lll0lJ ,,"!liJ IE@ i.b LDIE iJiii (S 8'~ Ii; 6ID ffi «!l, jjl615l W6ID6U u51@iif; $i) (!PIi;4lw~6lJ~ffi(Ili!flw mLWlDTffi ~/£a;!j1uu~ ,!)IOlJ8'l)'lDT6il1$i)IT®lb. ~ 8'!iJ~,uulli!lll6\),

    «!l,lQmw6\) (!P66)[!JGlllLD61J)WU (jlU!i!!lI>lJ~ Q~ITLfTUl6iJ, @I(jl!B/£I" ~Wll)'$ ,stml&,sIT6llf ~ITlJ~

    ~i!\Iffi6ir Il'tburf;g;uuumtb 6H'i1u(jl!1JlTffi. !llffi6ijtb !lll[!J6f, ffi®!iiJl~""

    (,(l}fuu6riJ (3U!!JlfLUf) $i);ilGlUlT\lll @Ijili[!l~6

  • lD6IDLW!fJw l6I{f)tLjlD6llI6IDw:5 &lD""6lJUuillf,t~ffilfliTW:1)l· ~6lllffiWIT6IJ 8i!fJWITL6IJ ~6O)tOO8i

    Q6lJ6liI6llI6lJffirr~ ~6O)tOO/j;LfliT @l6lll"'''!b~ wffi~!blD80 {8if~ffi61l)ffi w!flJl)Jlb ~6IJ6\J~ llla;~!blDif

    (]l8' ~ Ii; 6IlJ a; if @;1Jl6lllw6IJ 61 fliT U6lJ;il ;rj1£0IT6lIT tJl ~ if4160) 6lIT ffi 6ilJITu6llTlb (FAO), 8'~6lJ&!lJ8' ~Lll6lll®!i>{f)ffiffiIT6llT !ll,sffilw

    ~Qw:flffilE' (!!l1E6lJ~61l)lDULj (USAID) , QlDITy)1GiJl!lILU ,,$1>i!iI6llllJlUL[ffiffiITGllT (8@il~w6l\\lUJ ~JffiW (GIZ), ffi(]lwllfw C'O"6lJ(]lSbif ~J516ll1®!ii{f) (!!la;6lJU61l)lllULj (CIDA) , ~J516ll1®$1>{f)

    ~!!; i!iI6lllIJlU Lj15 ffiiT GllT (]liD 'f~ clallW (!!lffi 6lJU 6ID lOU L[ (NORl'ill), @ilU UlT ",ftw if~6lJ(8 Sblf @iti!il6IDYluLjffiIEITOOJ (!jlffi6lJU61ll111ULj (.lICA) lDJiJJl)JW Icl&mj1w C'!T6lJ(8)58' '5)iti!il6IDYlULjffiffiITOOJ

    (!jlffi6lJU61llwuLj (KOICA) (IlulTGirIll G61JGift!JjITL(iJ !J)fliTQIEIT61llL 611'l;vrru61ll11I!ffi6l>l61lu.lln a;,L

    ~Lro 61IL ita; OUIT liJ. >5rfd ffi6fT i!iI {f) L L eiJ IE .mGiJ WffiiT!b Sb 8; a;IT 61ll a; ro

    urr'i!iIffiiT$1>!D61llfliT (!!lffiffil'JJitJ!ll6lJ~6lll"'J @l61)rbJ61l)ffi ~iT8'rr";l/liW Q6willl 6l5I6lIiYfIJ .,fi)/6li1tNfili

    lD!ilJl)Jtb ~£OO)J!lI 8'(!jlffi (Il1f6lll6lJlEro ~6llltOO", fiffliTU6lJji)nJIWlTLITIE ~6lJ!T/li~ffi® ~nJIw!ii

    ib~~!bGiJ!lSGiJ (86lJ6miJ(iJtb,

    ii. G U IT J!lIW Ii; ffi ro 61ll y)1 UL[ 600J ~ 61l) 6lJ 'ilili UCB $1> !!iI!lS;;i)

    8irfJIII IT L GiJ Q>5ITL iT UiT OOJ ~6l>lWW ~6l>lGllT£'!!iI U WU If 416lllGllTa; ",)61IU (]lUffG\l(8 Gil. LDibu:;ii,'l)15IEIT6llIffi61~";1 (!!lffi4lwit!!il6lJ!i;6l>l,'l) ~6l)L8lJJuuQl!ii!!il6lJr;)l6iJ GUIT{ljllDii;a;GiftGllL!Jlw

    6l5Iy)1ULj_~"'l @l6IJ6\JlT~ ilil®uu(]l$!:> U1iT5lliTW a;ITiT_WiT8i ilil®ffiffilt a;iT_uuCB/£I6lii'!DlIi!"

    mil' DJl@lG\l@lW tUlb6ljtb ~tbU8; ffiLL!ii!!Ji(ll6\l(8W 8"~Q"uJwuu@$!:>GiJ G6lJ6OOlCBlb.

    '!)I~1frrr6ta; "-!ii{f)&WITIbIb~IE6iT ®® 1b®IbG;vrr!BI!Jl@l[D6l>lwffi Icl&IT6OOlCB

    6lJ@i),!$!:>!B® (!!l$!:>6l5IGiJ &!D!DlTLGiJ QUfflli! 16I!T6lJfflb ~@llDlf8i, tDlT8iITGllllT /fGllU

    W!lil!Jllil $GiJ6\~ ~Gllwif8i 616lii'U6lJ!iJG!DIT(iJ @6l>lGllllT(i,~ u6>liI'JJlTiDl!Jllil. ~6iJ6lJrr(81ll

    (;;lUff t!1J wit IE ~ ib ~(j)J~IE®L iTa; WIb iT [b $5It IE iT 61ll IEGift fliT (!!lli; ffilw !i;§]6lJ W U!D ;Ill ~!D1UJ Oulli!i;,'l) UUL;;i) 00!6OOlQl tb.

    25

  • Qib01iill1l5ffiUu(BffilGlir!lJ '(I," lf18i1J!i; !l)5(&1f~ffi61llffi ffi(1!) 8' lbuU; ibU UL L G,ifW Glir

    (

    ffi 6\1 6\fltt QiFW

  • IlL Gir GTn 6i1J 6W1 !l; $b 6D 61 GTO 6lll 1O WIT GOr 6l!' L CB !l'> &$b IT L L I'JIIQ U U 6IJ) L ur 61l IT "" 1'JI,)j$bITciluLjl£6iT wl;jjI 6lJrolLl!l)I$b$b6\)I£6iT L6lllLW$bITIli i1ll®$b!l56il (g6lJWfCBUJ

    61~6lJIT!lJiTJJ1WJUJ, ~UJU Q)161JJ6wi:';iJ J!'i)61Till U;1f_6lJ~IliWGT~wGi:;" QUIT®$b$bl(lT!bro" 616m6lJW ffi,i;;uIT,$b (If'L!!») lDjJ!])JUJ ffi.QrUIT.$b 6liiliTU6lJ!Ilnl!6iJ

    $bIT6lJ~ i1ll6l5fu G;lu®ffilE !Lu.lI!l1w6iJ u;;:iJOJIUJ 6'Jl6Uf'il@iffi6il !l)!TGlJO' L!ll6lJffi6il

    !cll6D 61l\l\J @i>WW1wro &,tGil)6Vffi 6il 6liiliT UGlJp';!lf 6Il'r @I'ba§lw U@i?fIWilffi

    .EJ1;D1@ffiUU(8;b$bUUL @lQ,lLIw, i1ll\l\J urolE6lll6Uliiffiljlffilii 1E6iJ6lllffi(/blO &lw

    .mrxruu 46iT61T1wfi"a;

    !!!l$b6lmr6U 8i!Il!llITL6iJ I'J16i1JUJif8i, GlIEIT6il6lll1li @l®!b!tl GllfuJ;broiiliT i1ll$$b 4YlJJrbUB;

    ffiLL$!tI&6Df8W UilLil'IT6IJJ6lJU um...61~;bIT6I5f!b016iJ lDI£~i1J$b1f &£f~836lll1E1f @i>~W6IJ16;)

    L6il

  • iii. w&~if; \!iffi &IT6ll1 ffi6ll16li! UIT If,Iffi IT $\!iliU w[!iI!lIw UUJ &iru(!l$If,ISbGU UITg lb u!f1UJ

    iD L 6lJ I!f ffi ill) ffi ffi G!'r (8 UIT 6ir !ll6lJ!D Wffi Ib IT ffi 61J u) w!l'l WID ili LU(tUJITffi$1ilf,IitlbITlb 6Wb)JIfITullffi@]jit@ m6U Q6lJ@w$l~.

    I!lllf,l @pjlUUITffi !;;'IU!l'IUJ wgl!\JffiGir w[!iwib 6il$lffi@ ,@1(!!i$l~6iIGff UIT@!!JffiGir

    I!llLr5Jffi6lfl&ir UITlf,lffiff$ID@6Uffi @jpjld>$l&ir!!JIf,I. "-lDfflJ-i'Olf,Ilb@, iJ1$l;j1UJITd>

    @&irW !J)6li!@

    6lJifITbiJ @ (

    616liTU@61J WIf,I ®®6lJiJ

  • I1;JtfJQa;ffGllfff IJitfJ11;JQu6l!f)6riJ JtDITJIM1i>",61'J (fii@li;ffi61!161ir 1m(j)!b61'J

    ffirfl5615)Gi!f$(fii!flW!llIT,s ~Q!j;!i!ll61'J @GU"';'(j)tb. lED"" a;6!\IGi) &(iJ /liL ~ ll..j6TI 611

    ffi®!5IB",

  • 6f58';)1iii@)tb (jPlbll1TIb 1b®(5~§j6ilf&&oIT Ifu(jllbLl9l!Y®Iii@)tb WUtlffi6ilJ6TI @l6ilJLWIf6TTU

    u(jlsbgil 6ilJ6lJuu~IDIT@)[b, 1b®(5(]l$56i1f&ffi@!>d5r,!l) 6fgil~IT6'lT 4)I[guurnLW!D!D @l58'1iJ

    se6ilJ6ll! Giii&11 1E@6lJ$bID@), a;Gllirli)'Dl!);IoIT6TT ,~~mlbib[J)(f6ll! ~$!>ffi (]la;rr61~61llI>ll'

    (!l)6\l§jlr UJITGffia;If) [1)l6ilJ6\l6ilJUl6WW 8'!D!!JJ U@juuffi[wib6il [1)1>ll!DIT@jtb !§J.i;ibffi ~a;rr61ll6il

    [1)1f6TTIT(5!!)[D u6i)6\JfTull~ffi a;6lllllffia;lf6l>l uffi§j~ffi6TTlf6il ru1l/W ID Q5WWUU(jl$lI>ll!!l!!JJL@1

    i€_~&;!!) f;l6\~Gw@u'I!l)6\)

    LO!iJ:llJ tb !lm~6lJ I;!J gila;61T G1 !Ii IE a; U u(jl6lJ~ tb ol1 a; lII!5~ 6lJ ® $I!!l~' a;®rf>(R§j6iIfIE

    WOOlLUJ!!JJ ,J9!@LWIf!!)UIl) L61T611615L @I!l)6llT "'_:lJ!U~6ll!~a;61T 6f6lJal~§Jtb !Jj81~&

    Qlblr6il6\lUU[: [_If6il UlI:(jltb 4)l6l\)6lJ @!JlDULDOOlL!il~ UIf~a;lfuLJIiia;rrffi ,wffi@j6TI!l)!D@l

    ~&l\ifl,_UU(jl$l!D~' WgJ @l6lJ!iJ!!f.6llT UITE!>!a;IfULJ (bL!5@)ib6illWIb ~6Mlli) 61~(jl6~gJL6llT

    L06iIf~ @l6il~ 6li'6\JI'iI@ja;61T !if@] 61]i,ibG'16l1IT® (b1h®U: j@6(J>WIT(jl @lffiUJlf('i1]>!b6il @6llTuiblf@jtb, $b1iil~wn6l>l al$!>6llT y,irm6ilJwiii

    ffi6lJ6m\bgil6U QiElfGil([!JJtb (]lUITi1jJ @I.1l6)J 4)I(Rilla;tb $!>1f6lJ~!5 $t>6!J6r(jlffi6W6TT (a;lOO~

    IOtl't[B SlY![:LLOllliill) $!>illlffi6TTi1jJ ifol:,(jlffiffilfliilT WLlWa; 1h')JilITl;!Jse6il Qffill61TiۤjlEffin6l'ii&61T ImLIB 4)l6ilJLWIT6YUWffi6l1ITa;" ffi([lJgJ6lJ!!)!Dffin6l>l

    &(r,~tb wuQun@gJ 6lJOlgJ61T6YIg,j,

    vi, "Li'6ilJL!JjITIfi61iii&6!l16IiJ" (jP6ilJ!fIW!DDJ UIf6lJOOl61lT 1hffi[_LDITIh Ullh~§jffi ffilT6l'iiffiGffi6llT

    4)lW6ilJ6lJ 1;!J !l) 1B::5 ib6l1

    06ilJL:Jjrrif161iiiffiGffi6llT UIT6lJ6I1l6lif @l66l6lff$\!il G1i:6lJ5nclJ 6lJ6ilJffilhGffi§)llW @~ !!)~ ol1WLD

    U)6lllL (jP66l!llWIfffi S1J:J;gJ 6n61lgJ, il)j~gil[r6!'1L6lJ'HDila; 4)1'11!D66l!DU UltJ6liJUGl;!J!!JJal6lJ1Ti[8>61T

    W(5lbU 06ilJL !I>rrifl6ll~&6TTn"J &!Jj~llfwrra;U UllseffilhUU(B$I@l!ll ,@I6ilGc'ilj! 4)lWdlgJ

    &UIlffil6llTW 6j6ilJ6llJclJ !I>6llT6illLDW61f8>@jtb lL'D!rlDlbJffi00l6l1 J!llllfiiilhilf 4)l6il6\l!!JJ 4)lal!I>ffitb

    ,@I6\JLil1wuUIB~iI)!$I6llT!Jj§j Lu](nD:biffiGffi6\) !clU®tbunOOIf6?5T66\lIl6il, 611i6lJ51fu]ffi6TT1l Qil LI!JjffiffiS",ftffilhU

    U(B$l6!il!!l6llT, ~16mIT6il 5U:u!i>ibuULL (§1Jl8l5lw6il (jP6!n!!lEilJIDU~6IiJ !Jj6llT6OiI6ilJ6\l ,@l6Uo1)!!JJ

    "o;6il6\) ~&~ITffiailu.J$6ill§j~ &U!iil!lJ'1Jgil6il Qu®tb Uf'\JlhGffiU6illU 6lJWhl@j$l6liJ!Jj

  • Gill6lJIfITW;5$b1@)W ,')IijWluGillffia; (ljJlfIWIT!i!>J. 4lj,@)a;wIT6iJ, Gill61J IfITWla;tiJ !!>'b]a;6TlIbI

    l;,15ITfi,lbu Uwil@)6Jt!llLjL6lli !!>!lliiEiIJ)6lT !li6!l'il@)Wuu(B!!J$bIu u;r~uu!B!il@jU U$blliL'O'ffi ",iJ (!Il(tJI@)UlWIT6l1l 6116>llffiuJI6iJ (§~ 1]6&W600.,fj lD,iJ(j)lLO U6i:{86lJ(j)l LIUirWli""b@L6Iffil6l1l

    ,')IiD6

    LD!llllb6O)6l)WITa;6Tjw IfuL!!J !liuL'i;:!;!i!>Jffi Qa;rr6TI6lJiD!li@j (lPlfIWIT!i!>J. (1,LXii!l!llW!DiD U6IDL

    \Jjff8'l6!I'ilffi61lllbffilbIT6)~1£61lI6&, @j!Jliuurrlb!!J iJllbJ6lJtb

    lD,iJ(j)lLO UIT\liliE:rUlj "'6 8'L(3L Il'LL

    lD!T@jw). wl£rr$$bIi;,sJGill,s~1]lffi/bIT6lil ,!)If1li!!J1bi1iT6O)W""WU QUIT(j)l?b!li@J6O)rr U6O)L

    \Jjff8'l6il1l,s,n ~(j)1 61l6lllIb,s6TlITIbU L'ilfffi,suu(B6lJ!li!iJ@j u:j1,tIbl6O):r&I£UU(jJffi!6J,

    ~6l!}6)jWrr6)J6IIT;

    • uS!,s@jlb tDli'/li~IbJ WID(j)lW @lUITwiEffLDIToog,J

    • uS! $b lDIT1f8i$blb6

  • ffi61J61>1l1QlW 6J~J§.)I G,;!iIIL~Lll@, ®JUQUT@\!iI @/!!lI6lj!lJJ~@ffi6TI L6iT6Jl6llT 6JhNu~Il)IT(jl

    ~ffiUJIT6llT UJ61J6Ol6l51UJIT6l1~ffi6TI «(!jl&$1UJUJITffi m61J8'ITullffi6iT) ®l!t",

    (j58'~1i;6Olffi6OlUJ f!l1ffiW!b§.)llD 1J,51i1t&@&ffirr6tif ~u!i;\!iIii;ffi6iT @jJD1!b",rrEllJ ~@

    /lil&llTI Ql ULl1~ffi~lDI ,#IiJ ffi (lJ (jl!1iI!!lI Q6lJ G1I1 cdL 6ID L8; Qt&J &llTI l!f@UU",ITffi ®J@!b$!)@ ffi61J&llTIQlw.

    viii. ffi Ql ~6111W ,g)j!l1la;61uu$!)!iJ@j 6TQlffia;UUI':'L @/61116llT,5/lil [ljL6JJL?8;6illI6a;@W

    LDa;v!ii!Dltl6rrG1I1ffi 6Tr (j5lJ)p'1) 61 $6l~ lO6ll)(lJWIT6llT urr$6lULjffi 6Ol.11 @/@6\1/lil Ll161lT6llT OOlL 6lj

    ffi 60lGfTffiw ~l$rr&llTIIif@j;t; $!)Gor. 4lj,6IDffiwrrb'U, $5!iJ(j5 U!T6111$!)W Gill61J8'frW ';06lllL(!jl6Ol(lJffi6ill6ll

    "lDffi~$Il)&ffiITGillffi6il 1I1C!i(l;16\d,~6lJUlIT6

    1I1!i:>!l1luu!ll!iJffirr"" (j5[!j~tD l'JI§.)I6lJIT@jW 6161lru(j5,;!i11(jJ ®J/lil Ll16iJ6lJ@6lJ/lil ~UJ6iJ!Jl usi)(g6lJ!!lI

    @/@lI@j(!jl6OlUJt&6ll)6f! 61QlIi; 1Ob6\lITtb, @/6ll)6lJwrr6lJ6$Bil6iJ(lJ 61JITwm LffiIa;6ill,m U urr/lil €Srr !li!5;;u

    (®J) tDa;9l5!5ffiffirr6ll1a;@ffi(l!j lI~W 6lJrr\J:l@~L"'ffi6ID6l1 ,g)j6OllD,5!l>bU

    (~) !D 60flSlJ 6illa;U Uul1 & Gill6lJifITW,5 6ID '" til&@6ll1ffiffiIT/lil U@6lJ6illffiU Uul1 ~ 6ll1SlJ8'ITUJ (i;6Ol$!) U$@jm!i;$5b-D

    [D6OlL (!jl6Olro€S6lD61l@ (li6lJ&llTIQlLb. uul1~ Gla'cuwuu(iltb

    $5rr 6lJrr $I> "" ~i1i ~Gill!t[5l!> (li6lJQ!lJ$ $lj~ l!>IT6lJlf(!jlw • ffi OOlGlJ» 6l6lll

  • C::UITL..f6lDUJffi @i6ID!D~!DW 86i:irUSliI O;WW 6l~61J8'",u (lp6ID!Du.%1'l (lpgM 6J@)£lITUJ ~@)6ID~!);I~ iDITGiJgl1l!ffi(@jJlb C::U6WTUU(ijIl>W C::6lJM8;ffiIl6l'il" 616lirtJ) Gilm6\)

    LuC::JJITi£'ffia;uULIT6l'iILLITiillItb IfuL, UrrgtbUiflllJlDT& lDffig!i>~a;IT6l'iIffi6iT @,!J)61SlW6\) 6lJGo)6\lU

    tliw6tIl6016\) QPffi$lli'miWou6\) lOffiifibll>ffidiIT6l'iIa;6!\lw 6lJIlW6l'ilLffiJdi6iT

    lJIT!);IffilT siill>6IllOD lilloUIl.i!III~!);I!l'i6\) C::61JM 6l'iI ul5J ih6ill6l1 ~6iIllD.$ !l'>W: Glw!iJlfutJ)UULL 6l'iILWl1l!di 'l5J&(@jJtb &6lJGori!i{lJlGU Ga;rr6TIrnuu(B§Jw

    !D&IT601ffi

  • i x. @II) IF ujli 1ll!1ll!!lli "LL!U~':;,LJUL,L @l1)8' !lli""""'ffiI56lTfl\!.$6Iil1iO QP61ll!DuJi6lJJT6Il1

    lfil!lliw6Iil!1i\!i1iO lD(DIll!W -'91!i>\!i Q5l\ITyj!Ii08'ITiJ QP61ll(!lWIT6l)161JiJllilTil UWIjIilIIll!,:t;!WIT6l)1\b1W lD(DIll!W 6lll@l)6l1I,$,:t;I!D6 Q/fwjliu(B6lJ$!i!fl@jlDITlI> (2UIT,:t;!W Ifil,:t;!

    w6TIJ~1iO (jP5\lLDT6ilJ @l1J816>ir 6llI®UUl\i!llfLITffi LDL(Bir ulDlll!lll!$ ffiIT61b8ffiIT6lllllilTil UIT!!iIIliIT!iilb6lil6\)" .!lJ(!pw

    uQl~\bI6lJ ifi]iJ@j .!lJ61JiJ a;61TI6Il'r !.L §;6lll6lilW U Qu]iJ 1lJi$ 1;1.$IT 61'r [email protected]

    .!lJs5~W~® ~~ 8'6ir 9l~all6lll6~6lif&/fuLLr6Jibrn "'!iJ!J)JW .!>16lJ!ili!ll6iil 6lJ'f\il6'JllLr6l.$.mm .!>IiJiuullilffl"61JJ QllUJ!ill!la;rn f2u!.nw ry\1a;~"'6rr.s a;",,"lliITm~, @/lil

  • [llrrLllfGiJ eJ[iJ&.mli6lJ ILui'Bwir&$!i~iWl6irro§;iILb LD[iJi!lJID

    &IT6\J§;~GiJ ILUi'BWIT&1&&UUL !1!I®&&1

    &1~LDlDIT@ 6lJ6IDffiWlro GiI'bITLiJLlIE6ID6lT& GiffiIT&l6r19®;t;~ (Ji6lJ&l6r(i)ID,

    • Ll'6illL!llITa'l6lll1IEtil U~611ITrog (RoP) LDWl!llLb &!b.if1w i6if611V (JI!llITuJii; Q~IT)iJl!ll UIT§;iIIEITULl8' (llIY ~6Iii ffi'W 1cl8'UJ 6\JITlD l!l1 ~6D

    Loffi~!E!li& ffiIT6llI 1E6ir lD!li l!ll Lb UIT{!;JIEITU Lj 6161ii U6lJ!li 6IDjIJ U

    GiUITl!ll{;t!li6ll6ill~, L16IDL[llITifl6llllffi6ir u~6lJIT6lTIjlsir Qa6iJ6lJrr&@jd;&IT6Ilf

    6llIL W1ffi6\jID &W6\)ff@ibIT@jLb, (BU8'8'6D a;rrIJ8'6lll1 15 U U L L 6lJ IT il,ll L 6\J ffilw LWlIjl6l!fri.Jffi(t]i&@j' !!i~8'f!UJ61l1U LlGlflL!!lIT816lll1IE6ir LDL(i)Lb u'l.s

    616ll6lJIT!!lrrWl!i!lllb, (B~6dI'&&6ID6lT& «Bw6iJ

    G.sIT&l6r(B6il6lT !J,5liMI"" ~~rr6lll&6ir ®!llIUUIT& (BlOO8'lOO"" [ll!+UJIT@{!;JlD

    (!psirQ6l!flf8'ljlffi61ll.s (!p6IDfll6IDWlb6ir u!fhjl{!;J6ID~ffi.sUULL@ (!ll1i;$lQ~.siJ 1976,

    (Il:rgITsirQasir & GWUJIJ 1990),

    ~61ll ffiwrrGiJ, Ll61ll L!!lIT 1#1 ",r.siiir U~6lJ IT 61T (r ,

    1I)Iit&6ir 1D(iJl!lltb ®!llIULj.s6lll61T (DIT(i)!bGiJ (ll61JiiOOl(i)Lb, 5!D!D1TL6D

    , \iliJ @!!l1UtllLL tll~(ilil>"'",$eD (lJll4l"'U;'lJJTili61j6i1!fff !yL(BQ[ffi~ 6)\)"""'@ili6i1 IJ);iJ!!lIW \!¥'!ffirihlili.n

    9' 5\J1l'",llllllI6iJ \il!r @j!D1UUlLL @>JlTmruJ"Tjii)!lv:i. (ilLtTI,:D&ll6!!1 .!Jl:6l';;",,,, e;twfr 100 uffi$rtilffi6!l6T1UJT61J§J !lL6i1!fffuUl W1(f!iIl>@)Qu;&iIU{!iJLGlr @I{!iJ "'iiJill"LeD i!;""ffi IJ))@UUL(jl "lJ,uJ6fj&6iI1!ffftljlb LGir,rrui;a\luit(f!iffi@}u:,

    35

    http:16IDLit.s5mailto:LWlIjl6l!fri.Jffi(t]i&@j

  • a'l61llQ1j!ii ~ ~!iillllD~&!JWU Quai Oliffi r,;',ffirr"", L,:o"" U1"" 6lif1j UlL (iJeBUl 11601 LID iTa'].,j1 Qwrr""1llI Ull6lJ 6016lifil; ffi rr ffi ~!iillllD~ ffi a; tl u(jJ,:oro G611"",(jJ lD.

    @6iJ61lI,:olffiffi (ll$!)lflu.J !J)rr61JT ~rruJ$t) Q5brr!iJ1llIU Urr!l)JffirrULj5 C8if6Jl6lJ6JlUJ

    iill!i\ilUU(jl$!l)JGll,:o&iT (!j)8;tE1UJ ~tbutb ,:oi[.1Jg .mG~rr$tE1w5 ifrr&iT!DI,:ow Ul!DJ)Jtb

    jbrr61JgffiJlEsir, ,:orr61lg !Jjrr!!illlu Gi,UITQ1jLi£sir, !D6OIir 6lJ611W !D!!iJ)JW Ulffi~!1,:oif

    GIf&&Qj) IE 6J""Uiill!iJ !l)J1!;Q1j IDiilir61»)!D U wl!;@ tb L uJI!fl IE sir 6WiT U6lJ!D pjI&iT

    IDLlffiLLf!iJlEsir u'l5bff)jT;#mffia;sir ~6lJ!iJpjI&iT

    36

    mailto:Q/fw&iT(jp6V)!DU.Jrr@,.D

  • ~6ll)""si;{!)I .!9IU16ll1@si; ~ !i5lffi!P1f d1l1>~LL11\Ja>6Ifi!iJ)1tb LDffilf!B ~ffia>ff6ll1ffi6fr

    UIT{!)1Msi;,:!;!iJ)lffiffi~6>lT ~r6Jffim{!)l uJiJI!lII!lI~6ll)UJ .!9I(l1I6ll1ffi(l!,lb ~~ ~!Jl1ffi6ll)ffiOOUJ

    L6fr61TL8(1!,jl)&U li6lJ6iliir(!)w. &@il'll, &@~rr8'UJ(l)lU UOOL l"IT4hillllffi6lft1iliT UIT6lJoo6t1f.

    !i5l6\)ffilfu!!lITIii(l!, SD 6\), 6lJIT iJ?sU1 L ")I ij\l$l)SD6il lD!iJ I!lI tb L L Ili L(!) WITil5l1b .!9I6\)6\lil'll

    QU611~1li 611611 .!9ILlI61l1(IJ>$I)~ 61601 6T{!)I6llITffi OOULlllllDJtb. wa;ff!B~ ffiQsU1ffi(61»1i;

    ffiITm ffiil1lfOO(l)lffiGi1 lD!iJI!lIW ir 6llIT;jl61]LU UITil'llIliIT!5~ 6lirU6lIf 1iiI~

    a;LLTWwqa; &@®~6il (il61J6ilii;(Btb.

    6]!iJa;6t1f(l6ll r;;ITW 6lJOOT1lJGlJrrITIfIIliGi1' UIT{!)Ii£ITULI. SDIT6lJrr61]UJ6'il y,rllilliITffilli6il

    LDrtJl!lI W 6lJ6lIfrllilliGi1 61irUGlJrtJ!Jl11iliT ~6ll)6Wf li;1li61TrlliIliOO611ffi QIliIT 6ilii;(BGi1Gl61TITtb.

    lDIli!J]i:,SDIi; IliIT6ll1u UIT{!)Iffirr!5~ &@!tjl)!5 ~oo_ffiffi61TI'il1li6lftir (5lffiiJ? 6'iJQ6lJITCi]) 6ll@L(tPtb ~1ii Qa;IT6iT6ll,:!;JiJ

    a;ffa; I.IirtJ!!lITL6il ~6ll)w~Gil (il6lJQ;nrllillirrffiI!iJ)1lW 6llT lJ)a;rr!Bjl)ffiM6ll1a;Gi1 Q,:!;ITLij urr6llT !i5la;WBotfisi;~LLrllilli(@98(1!,lD Q8'6ll6ll1UJUU;U

    (;Ii) Glljjtflw LDllifflb $filf Cllfi) II; 6ill1li1f (!1;W6ll1w6il (LDllirr!i>$l5Iil~UJ61l a;6il6ll1) 6ll1UffU

    UL tlfUJ61J

    "GlIjja'1w Wllirr!i>Ijj6ll1UJ&U 6ll1urruuLlg.UJOO61.l" (National Palynological Inventory)

    L®6lJITIl;(ilj5116ll)1jj I.IirtJf!lITL 6il .!9I6Iill1Al'ffi IliGlJ6Of$l)~6il Qa;ITGi16lJ,:!;JiJ(I!, &(il6\lff8'6ll)6Of

    Q/ljil16ll1Il;a;uuQlffilirf!l{!)l LlIIiliT6lJ®6lJ6t1f $6lJ601!i>~!iJfilj u!l1rj,{!)I6Iilrrli;$uuQl

    ffilliliTf!l (l)l .

    • LD6\li) $;;TI 6ll1urruuL tlfw6i1

    &@~6ll)6N L®GlJIT1ii(ilj6lJSDrtJ(I!,

    lJrllia;ITIl;a;6fr ~6Iil_1l;1li61T!5~ir /tiP 6lJ®lD "(iljl)JlUJ $!jITGlJrrsi; Q!b'1(iljUlla""'Lw' 6lirU{1;JLir Q8'UJ£C'IT;iJI!lIGlJ$!jITfiljw &@$fi1iliT /tW lDIliVUJ$fi 61~urrU UL'9-UJ6il lD!iJI!lIW $!jIT61Jlj' 6ll1Ulj'UULll,)UJ&U (ilUITir!!l (6ll1urrr6Ja;@!l$filj /OOlW urrijif,a;6l/w) &@rr6ilii!Ql

    37

    http:6ll)w
  • • IDffi~!i;", 6lllU~UUL~W61'l

    ~~ (\P6lD!DWIT6lIT LDffi~!i;",6lllW61l ffi61l6111 6lJ1f$5l ",®it", !bl$5l 6lJWr61®",61'l

    LDrDWW ll!il!ii5lw~a;®L61lr "g,lrn611 nlI6Cll6OOll61'l "lDi£~tl;",6llIW61'l ffi6\J6111 61J8'$6I' 6161lrU\l:>I

    LDffi~!ii$!i85a;IT6lllffirn UIT\l:>Iffirr,$$!i![\lJii;® ~~ a;LUrWLDl6lIT$!iITI€I 61lrlD\l:>I· @l\l:>l

    6llILl1J51\$6I61'l, ~® iL!l)IT~@lI1lilla;ii; Glffiflrn611ffilfh'9-W U6iDLULj, ~I (lPi!>6IJIT6lJg,J u$5lU6iDU

    1910 Lll!Tffi~,$", QUITQP\l:>I, l,l,ffi,s®ffi® 6llIIllwlb QIfWWW l,l,slil,srn LDrD!llUD

    ()l$!i6l>1ffia;£1iI61lr !il® u@$5l6{l)UJW1D lLrn6Il165J6:Y.!t,$!'5""LD $5l®!i;!'5\l:>1 (lDffiW1ro61lr 1943).

    9® 'liJTW (lP)lJULL ib·6llJ6W.lI61'l, ,®;j!;!'5 ~a;a;$!irfilfl lDi£!T$~ a;rr6M611l61lr (lPffil€luJ;:!>§i.I6lJ,$6{I)$!i iL""U!i;$5l®i!i$!if11r 61Wu\l:>lL61lr ~(I @l6Ur616lD8i8'

    @'W6lllOO GllIl€i>(§rr6I)Jlb ID!iJQlJID

  • U$61ULlffi611l6il IlJffi6lJGUffi6lll6fl :L6lT611l6lll6WlUU!!l!D@i ""'~6\)Tlf6lllGmU611l/tffiUU(jj

    ltl!JliliJ (~/flJjrrwM & il:urrfr61Wlu~/t 1976-2002)" iji~ !!l!iJffiIT6\5lffi (