+

Energy supply:Waste to Energy TreatmentCalla McLachlan, Dora Dubber, and Dempsey Bryk

+

Energy supply crisis

Practical Political Ecological

Global Population Rise

+

Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy worldwide

Oil primarily used for transportation

+Practical

Cambridge Energy Research Association prediction: 3.74 trillion barrels of oil remain in the earth (2006)

Oil consumption theory: companies first extract from most easily obtainable sources, then employ technology to remove energy products from remote locations

Increasing energy requirements due to global population rise will require extraction from more obscure locations, leading to increased oil prices

+Political

Reliance on foreign countries for oil imports

Countries that import oil may be faced with unstable governments or an unstable supply of energy products

During his presidency, Venezuelan President threatened to stop exporting oil to the United States

+Ecological

Oil made up of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons

Bioaccumulation: the increase in the concentration of an environmental pollutant within an organism over time

Major Classes of Hydrocarbons Found in Crude Oil:

Paraffins – general formula e.g. methane, ethane, propane, butaneAromatics – general formula e.g. benzene, napthaleneNapthenes or Cycloalkanes – general formulae.g. cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentaneAlkenes – general formulae.g. Acetylene, butadienes

+Bioenergy

Possible solutions: Municipal wastes Animal wastes Agricultural feed crops waste and residues Aquatic plants Landfill gases Methane Compressed Natural gas Biomass Organic waste materials

+Waste to Energy (WtE)

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)

Mass burn incineration (MBI)

Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)

+Mechanical heat treatment (MHT)

Gas Cleaning and Conditioning System (depending on feedstock composition): Semi-Dry system with a Spray Dryer/Gas Quencher, Activated Carbon Injection, Baghouse Filter, Packed Bed Tower/Polishing Scrubber, indirect heat exchanger, Cooling Tower, Cooling water system; If high sulfur: Spray Dryer/Gas Quencher, Activated Carbon injection, Baghouse Filter, hydrogen chloride scrubber (HCl solution recovery),alkali scrubber (Sodium Sulfide recovery), indirect heat exchangers; If medical waste: a wet system with a High Pressure Venturi, Packed Bed Tower/Polishing Scrubber, indirect heat exchanger, cooling tower and cooling water systems.

+Products of MHT

Glass and metal recycled– Steam cleaning removes glues and labels. Significantly cleaner than those derived from MBT

Plastic possibly recycled – Most plastic deformed by heat from processing

Fiber extracted– Main options are: Use as raw material in recycling Biological process for use as low grade compost material Used as fuel because of combustive properties

+Logistics

Production Planning application Consider community implications (Plant sighting, Traffic, Air

emissions and health effects, Dust and odor, Flies, Vermin and birds, Noise, Litter, Water resources, Visual intrusion, Public concern)

Financial Capital Grants, Private sector-funding For constructing, operating, and maintaining Recommended 42-76$ per tonne of material separated for operating

cost 25,357,590$ per factory estimated

+Global impacts

EU has set up a plan to construct factories in order to make this a more viable energy source by 2020

Helps governments meet quotas and green energy mandates Eg. UK met and increased national recovery targets through Waste

Strategy for England 2007 in part, due to help of MHT

+Conclusion

WtE treatment is an innovative and resourceful method of producing an alternative to the energy sources used today

WtE products can be applied not just to energy issues but also to environmental and agricultural concerns as well

However, WtE cannot produce sufficient amounts of energy to entirely replace the use of fossil fuels and oil

If WtE works in tandem with other bioenergy methods, then we can replace the use of fossil fuels and oil in a sustainable way

+ Works Cited

Ogugua, V.N. "Bioline International Official Site." Bioline International Official Site. International Journal of Environmental Research, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.

Shah, Anup. "Energy Security." Global Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013.

Mader, Sylvia. "Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification." Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html>.

"How Does Bioaccumulation Work and Why Is It Bad?" GreenAnswers. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. <http://greenanswers.com/question/how-does-bioaccumulation-work-and-why-it-bad/>.

"Mechanical Heat Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste." Department for Environmental, Food, and Rural Affairs, 2007. Web. <http://www.recycleforgloucestershire.com/recover/what-are-we-doing/downloads/mht.pdf>.

"Municipal Solid Waste and Its Role in Sustainability." IEA Bioenergy, 2003. Web. <http://www.co.la-crosse.wi.us/solidwaste/docs/40_IEAPositionPaperMSW.pdf>.

"Fulcram Energy Proves Trash-to-Energy Fuel Method." Biomass Magazine. N.p., 2013. Web. <http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/9039/fulcrum-bioenergy-proves-trash-to-jet-fuel-method-gets-dod-grant>.