δρᾶμα

Drama: from Greek words meaning "to do" or "to act."

• Began as part of a religious ritual and gradually progressed into a dramatic form that included music, masks, costumes and actors

• Theater was used as part of religious services to celebrate and honor the gods, especially Dionysus and Zeus – for the purpose of ethical and moral improvement

of the spectators and to ensure the spiritual survival of the community

• Spring festivals were important; people wanted to celebrate the fact that what had been dead was now coming to life

Greek Theater

TragedyBased on significant worldly things such as love, loss, pride, the abuse of power, a search for meaning or stories about ‘gods and men.’

Tragic Hero

Macbeth, Oedipus, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, John Proctor (we’ll meet him soon in The Crucible), Winston Smith (remember him?), Odysseus, Antigone, Othello. . . Bill Clinton? Tiger Woods? Jesse James?

Tragic Hero• The hero is flawed with one or more

weaknesses. – Hubris: Greek word for excessive pride or arrogance– Humartia: Greek word for error in judgment,

especially resulting from a defect in the character of a tragic hero; the tragic flaw

• Throughout the drama, the hero struggles to achieve his objectives, which involves overcoming obstacles placed in his path.

• The hero is normally defeated and as a result of this, the play ends in unfortunate circumstances.

Tragedy - Etymology

• Sacrifice a goat - prayer for fertility, pour blood on the land– goat = tragos in Greek– tragedy comes from the

word “song of the goat”– tragedy begins to stand for

serious song

• People drank the blood of the goat in order to become fertile– later they drank wine

Introducing the God of Drama: DIONYSUS!

• Dionysus, also commonly known by his Roman name Bacchus, was the god of wine, agriculture, and fertility. He is also the patron god of the Greek stage.

Festival of DionysusThe people of Athens held an annual week-long fertility festival in March devoted to the god Dionysus

• men would dress up in rough goat skins (goats were thought to be sexually potent)

• men gorged themselves on wine

• they strutted about, sang and chanted to welcome Dionysus

• one simple rule: you had to be drunk

Festival of Dionysus• Began as random,

frenzied improvisations of song and dance (remember the week-long wine fest)

• These religious rites were eventually written down in verse form – later took on a more

structured format• This is how the art of

the ‘play’ was formed. • People sat on hillsides

to watch; seats were eventually built

Greek DramatistsDrama was highly respected because it was part of religion.Authors were high-ranking citizens.

Greek Dramatists

Thespis– Father of drama (6th c. BC)– introduced first actor (which makes dialogue!)

• before Thespis, Greek theatre was performed entirely by a chorus

• protagonist

– Thespis was the first performer to step away from the chorus and deliver lines to them, introducing the concept of dialogue.

– he is also credited with inventing the theatrical mask.

And the winner is Thespis . . . the only actor in the play!

How’d he do it?• Thespis amazed the

audience by leaping on the back of a wooden cart and reciting poetry.

Last tidbit:• It is his name with

which the dramatic arts are associated in the word "Thespian".

Greek Dramatists

• Aeschylus (525-426 BC)– added second actor

• antagonist

– wrote trilogies on unified themes

• Legend has it that Aeschylus met his death when a Gypaetus barbatus mistook his bald head for a rock and dropped a tortoise on it.

Greek Dramatists

• Sophocles (496 – 406 BC)– added third actor– fixed number of chorus to 15– introduced painted scenery– made each play in the trilogy separate in

nature– his plays are more about the relation between

humans rather than between humans and gods

In 468 BC Sophocles defeated Aeschylus the great tragic poet in a dramatic competition.

Greek Dramatists• Euripides (486 – 406 BC)

– reduced participation of chorus in main action

– his plays include ordinary people ie: women and slaves

– he showed the reality of war and he criticized religion

– relied on heavy prologues and “deux ex machina” endings

• His plays are more exuberant than those of Sophocles and Aeschylus; often, he has the heroes and heroines face difficult choices, which are finally solved by the sudden appearance of a god (deus ex machina).

The homely one

Structure of the Greek Theater• Skene -- wooden building with three doors through

which actors made their entrances and exits• Theatron -- “seeing place” where audience sat • Orchestra -- circular dancing place of the chorus;

where performance is held • Parados -- chorus marching in from the left or right• Thymele -- altar to Dionysus on which sacrifices

were made, and which was sometimes used as a stage prop

• Proscenium -- level area in front of the skene on which most of the plays action took place

Proskenion

Tragedy• Usually followed a formula set down by

Aristotle – demanded that tragedy must be formal and of

great moral significance for the Greek people

• Conflict was an essential ingredient

• Aristotle saw tragedy in drama as a benefit to society– by the end of a play the audience would have

been made to release a whole range of healthy human emotions

• cleansing experience

Tragedy serves the purpose of catharsis – purging the soul of fear and pity.

- Aristotle

MECHANICS OF GREEK DRAMA(items in pink are also limitations of the theater)

• Scenes of the drama were always outdoors– no lighting

• There was no violence on stage • There was “unity” in plot

– Action – simple plot– Time – single day– Place – one scene throughout

• There were no curtains or intermissions. • Continuous presence of chorus “on stage”• Messenger

– tells news happening away from scene– reports acts of violence not allowed to be seen

Structure of Greek Tragedies

• Prologue-- opening scene (introduction)

• Parados – entrance of chorus

• First, second, third and fourth episode episode -- act or scene

• Choral odes (end of each episode)

• Exodos -- final action of the play (recessional of chorus)

Structure of Greek Tragedies

• Choral ode -- lyric sung by the chorus which develops the importance of the action

• Strophe (in Greek means turn)-- a turning, right to left, by chorus

• Antistrophe (in Greek means turn back)-- a turning, left to right, by chorus – Sophocles may have split them into two groups, so that it was as

if one part of the Chorus was conversing with the other– Perhaps this represents the endless irresolvable debates for

which Greek tragedy is famous???

• Epode -- the part of a lyric ode following the strophe and antistrophe

Parts of a Greek Tragedy

• Contest (Conflict between main characters)

• Sacrificial death

• Messenger’s speech

• Lamentation

• Recognition scene

• Celebration of the gods

ACTORS

Actor and dramatist originally the same – playwright took leading role– Remember Thespis?

All maleCostumes and masks– Long, flowing robes – colored symbolically– High boots, often with raised soles– Larger than life masks

• Made of linen, wood, cork• Identified age, gender, emotion• Exaggerated features – large eyes, open mouth

Chorus• Function

– Sets overall mood and expresses theme– Adds beauty (theatrical effectiveness) through song

and dance– Gives background information– Divides action – breaks play into scenes– Usually fifteen members– Adds color, movement, spectacle– Offers reflections on events

• Choragos– Chorus leader– Questions, advises, expresses opinion

Traditional costumeChorus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ct2irS7ZRq8&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t905daTGui4&feature=related

Chorus in Antigone

Oedipus as told by vegetables

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbEfdiY-7eE&feature=related