Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________South and Southeast Asia: Trial Objectives ReligiousInstructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following three questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions. 1. How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members? 2. What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?3. Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?

Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?1. How does the caste system determine personal action in Indian society? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Having regard to your own dharma (caste duty) you should not falter. For a Kshatriya there does not exist another greater good than war enjoined by dharma. Blessed are the Kshatriyas, who get such a war, which being as it were, the open gate to heaven. But if you do not fight this battle which is enjoined by dharma, then you will have given up your own dharma as well as glory, and you will incur sin. The greater warriors will think of you as one who has refrained from battle through fear. Either, being slain, you will attain heaven or being victorious, you will rule the earth. Therefore arise intent on battle.”- (Primary Source) Bhagavad Gita, from the Mahabharata, Hindu epic poem, in which Lord Krishna speaks to Prince

Arjuna

Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?2. How is an individual’s caste status determined? How would this lead to stability in the social order? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Laws of Manu, written during the 2nd century BCE from Hindu oral traditions much older; Manu was the first man and the information comes from the 1st millennium BCE

I.3. On account of his pre-eminence, on account of the superiority of his origin, on account of his observance of particular restrictive rules, and on account of his particular sanctification, the Brahmin is the lord of all castes.I.4. The Brahmin, the Kshatriya, and the Vaisya castes are the twice-born ones, but the fourth, the sudra, has one birth only. I.31. But for the sake of the prosperity of the worlds, [the Creator] caused the Brahmin, the Kshatriya, the Vaisya, and the sudra to proceed from his mouth, his arms, his thighs, and his feet.I.87. But in order to protect this universe He, the most resplendent one, assigned separate duties and occupations to those who sprang from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet.X.5. In all castes those children only which are begotten in the direct order on wedded wives, equal in caste and married as virgins, are to be considered as belonging to the same caste as their fathers.

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Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?3. In what way does Hinduism insist on personal self-regulation of behavior? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“All living bodies subsist on food grains, which are produced from rains. Rains are produced by performance of yajña [sacrifice], and yajña is born of prescribed duties [dharma]. Regulated activities are prescribed in the Vedas, and the Vedas are directly manifested from the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Consequently the all-pervading Transcendence is eternally situated in acts of sacrifice. My dear Arjuna, one who does not follow in human life the cycle of sacrifice thus established by the Vedas certainly leads a life full of sin [bad karma]. Living only for the satisfaction of the senses, such a person lives in vain. If I did not perform prescribed duties, all these worlds would be put to ruination. I would be the cause of creating unwanted population, and I would thereby destroy the peace of all living beings.”- (Primary Source) “Devotion through the Right Performance of Action” Lord Krishna replies to Prince Arjuna in the

Bhagavad Gita, a book of the Mahabharata, a Hindu epic, c. 150 BCE

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Objective: How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members?4. How does Hinduism guide the individual to pure behavior at the end of their lives? How does this move the individuals’ motives away from greed and towards spiritual fulfillment? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“But having thus passed the third part of (a man's natural term of) life in the forest, he may live as an ascetic during the fourth part of his existence, after abandoning all attachments to worldly objects. He who after passing from order to order, after offering sacrifices and subduing his senses, becomes, tired with (giving) alms and offerings of food, an ascetic, gains bliss after death. When he has paid the three debts, let him apply his mind to, (the attainment of) final liberation; he who seeks it without having paid (his debts) sinks downwards. Having studied the Vedas in accordance with the rule, having begat sons according to the sacred law, and having offered sacrifices according to his ability, he may direct his mind to (the attainment of) final liberation. . . Departing from his house fully provided with the means of purification (Pavitra) let him wander about absolutely silent, and caring nothing for enjoyments that may be offered (to him). Let him always wander alone, without any companion, in order to attain (final liberation), fully understanding that the solitary man, who neither forsakes nor is forsaken, gains his end. He shall neither possess a fire, nor a dwelling, he may go to a village for his food, (he shall be) indifferent to everything, firm of purpose, mediating (and) concentrating his mind on Brahman. . . Let him not desire to die, let him not desire to live; let him wait for (his appointed) time, as a servant (waits) for the payment of his wages. Let him put down his foot purified by his sight, let him drink water purified by (straining with) a cloth, let him utter speech purified by truth, let him keep his heart pure. Let him patiently bear hard words, let him not insult anybody, and let him not become anybody's enemy for the sake of this (perishable) body. Against an angry man let him not in return show anger, let him bless when he is cursed, and let him not utter speech, devoid of truth, scattered at the seven gates. Delighting in what refers to the Soul, sitting (in the postures prescribed by the Yoga), and independent (of external help), entirely abstaining from sensual enjoyments, with himself for his only companion, he shall live in this world, desiring the bliss (of final liberation). . . . By the restraint of his senses, by the destruction of love, and hatred, and by the abstention from injuring the creatures, he becomes fit for immortality. Let him reflect on the transmigrations of men, caused by their sinful deeds, on their falling into hell, and on the torments in the world of Yama. - (Primary Source) The Law of Manu from the Aryan Hindu Vedas, 10th c. BCE, rules governing ascetics

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Objective: How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members?5. What is the role of the Bodhisattva’s in helping other’s to achieve enlightenment in Buddhism? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“A Bodhisattva resolves: I take upon myself the burden of all suffering. I am resolved to do so, I will endure it. I do not turn or run away, do not tremble, am not terrified, nor afraid, do not turn back or despond. And why? At all costs I must bear the burdens of all beings. In that I do not follow my own inclinations. I have made the vow to save all beings. All beings I must set free. The whole world of living beings I must rescue, from the terrors of birth, of old age, of sickness, of death and rebirth, of all kinds of moral offence, of all states of woe, of the whole cycle of birth-and-death, of the jungle of false views, of the loss of wholesome dharma’s, of the concomitants of ignorance, from all these terrors I must rescue all beings. . . . I walk so that the kingdom of unsurpassed cognition is built up for all beings. My endeavors do not merely aim at my own deliverance. For with the help of the boat of the thought of all-knowledge, I must rescue all these beings from the stream of Samsara, which is so difficult to cross, I must pull them back from the great precipice, I must free them from all calamities, I must ferry them across the stream of Samsara. I myself must grapple with the whole mass of suffering of all beings. To the limit of my endurance I will experience in all the states of woe, found in any world system, all the abodes of suffering. And I must not cheat all beings out of my store of merit, I am resolved to abide in each single state of woe for numberless eons; and so I will help all beings to freedom, in all the states of woe that may be found in any world system whatsoever.”- (Secondary Source) The Wheel Publication No. 386/387: ISBN 955-24-0104-6. Published in 1993. BUDDHIST

PUBLICATION SOCIETY KANDY SRI LANKA. Copyright 1993 Ven. S. Dhammika. DharmaNet Edition 1994-

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?6. Asoka’s rule is outside the time frame of the Post-Classical period but it provides useful insights into the influence of the Buddhist tradition on Indian culture and society. In what ways did Asoka move the practice of Buddhism out of the realm of personal religion and apply it to the Indian society as a whole? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7. In what ways did the edicts of Asoka improve the behavior of Indian society? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Asoka's edicts are mainly concerned with the reforms he instituted and the moral principles he recommended in his attempt to create a just and humane society. As such, they give us little information about his life, the details of which have to be culled from other sources. Although the exact dates of Asoka's life are a matter of dispute among scholars, he was born in about 304 B.C. and became the third king of the Mauryan dynasty after the death of his father, Bindusara. His given name was Asoka but he assumed the title Devanampiya Piyadasi which means "Beloved-of-the-Gods, He Who Looks On With Affection." There seems to have been a two-year war of succession during which at least one of Asoka's brothers was killed. In 262 B.C., eight years after his coronation, Asoka's armies attacked and conquered Kalinga, a country that roughly corresponds to the modern state of Orissa. The loss of life caused by battle, reprisals, deportations and the turmoil that always exists in the aftermath of war so horrified Asoka that it brought about a complete change in his personality. It seems that Asoka had been calling himself a Buddhist for at least two years prior to the Kalinga war, but his commitment to Buddhism was only lukewarm and perhaps had a political motive behind it. But after the war Asoka dedicated the rest of his life trying to apply Buddhist principles to the administration of his vast empire. He had a crucial part to play in helping Buddhism to spread both throughout India and abroad and probably built the first major Buddhist monuments. Asoka died in 232 B.C.”- (Secondary Source) The Wheel Publication No. 386/387: ISBN 955-24-0104-6. Published in 1993. BUDDHIST PUBLICATION SOCIETY KANDY SRI LANKA. Copyright 1993 Ven. S. Dhammika. DharmaNet Edition 1994

Asoka’s Edicts:Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, speaks thus: Twelve years after my coronation this has been ordered -- Everywhere in my domain the Yuktas, the Rajjukas and the Pradesikas shall go on inspection tours every five years for the purpose of Dharma instruction and also to conduct other business. Respect for mother and father is good, generosity to friends, acquaintances, relatives, Brahmans and ascetics is good, not killing living beings is good, moderation in spending and moderation in saving is good. The Council shall notify the Yuktas about the observance of these instructions in these very words.Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, speaks thus: To do good is difficult. One who does good first does something hard to do. I have done many good deeds, and, if my sons, grandsons and their descendants up to the end of the world act in like manner, they too will do much good. But whoever amongst them neglects this, they will do evil. Truly, it is easy to do evil.- (Primary Source) Asoka’s Rock Edicts

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Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?8. How did the Buddhist edicts of Asoka promote religious toleration in India? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, honor both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds. But Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does not value gifts and honors as much as he values this -- that there should be growth in the essentials of all religions. Growth in essentials can be done in different ways, but all of them have as their root restraint in speech, that is, not praising one's own religion, or condemning the religion of others without good cause. And if there is cause for criticism, it should be done in a mild way. But it is better to honor other religions for this reason. By so doing, one's own religion benefits, and so do other religions, while doing otherwise harms one's own religion and the religions of others. Whoever praises his own religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my own religion," only harms his own religion. Therefore contact (between religions) is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions.- (Primary Source) Asoka’s Rock Edicts

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?9. How do the Hindu preparations for worship lead to cleanliness and beauty in Indian culture? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Purification and Dedication of the Body: The dedication of the body of the worshipper to the deity is a necessary prelude to ceremonial worship. In this rite the worshipper purifies and consecrates each part of his person that he may become fit to appear before a god. 'No man should worship a deity so long as he himself has not become a deity. If the repetition of sacred utterances is performed without previous dedication of the parts of the body to the different deities, this repetition of mantras is demoniacal and without useful effect. To worship a deity, a man must become the Self of that deity through dedication, breath control, and concentration until his body becomes the deity's abode.' (Gandharva Tantra.)

1 The first step is the purification of the worshipper and of the accessories of worship. 'The purification of the person of the worshipper consists in bathing, The purification-of-the-subtle-elements (bhuta shuddhi) of the body is done through breath control and through the dedication of the six main parts of the body to the six deities to which they correspond. After this the other forms of dedication are performed.2. 'The purification of the place of worship is done by cleaning it carefully, adorning it with an auspicious ornamentation made of powders of five colors, placing a seat and a canopy, using incense, lights, flowers, garlands, etc. All this must be done by the worshipper himself 3. 'Purification of the ritual utterances, the mantras, is done by repeating the syllables which compose them in the regular order and then in the reverse order. 4. 'Purification of the accessories is done by sprinkling water consecrated with the basic mantra and the weapon-mantra (astra-mantra, i.e., the sound phat) and then displaying the cow-gesture (dhenumudra). 5. 'Purification of the deity is done by placing the image on an altar invoking the presence of the deity through its secret mantra and the life-giving breathing-mantra (prana-mantra), bathing the image three times while reciting the basic mantra, then adorning it with garments and jewels. After this an offering of incense and light should be made.' (Kularnava Tantra.)- (Secondary Source) Alain Daniélou “The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series (Princeton Bollingen)

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?10. How do Hindu expressions of spirituality lend themselves to an artistic culture? How would these expressions lead to an Indian cultural support of the arts? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Shiva As Lord of the Dance - Dancing Shiva

- Buddha Ratnasambhava, India, 13c - Vishnu

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Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?10. How did the Gupta Empire promote religious toleration? How did this facilitate progress in the arts and sciences? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The greatest empire in the fourth century AD was the Gupta Empire, which ushered in the golden age of Indian history. This empire lasted for more than two centuries. It covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, but its administration was more decentralized than that of the Mauryan. Alternately waging war and entering into matrimonial alliances with the smaller kingdoms in its neighborhood, the empire's boundaries kept fluctuating with each ruler.The Gupta rulers patronized the Hindu religious tradition and orthodox Hinduism reasserted itself in this era. However, this period also saw the peaceful coexistence of Brahmins and Buddhists and visits by Chinese travelers like Fa Hien. The exquisite Ajanta and Ellora caves were created in this period. This era saw the emergence of the classical art forms and development of various aspects of Indian culture and civilization. Erudite treatises were written on a multiplicity of subjects ranging from grammar, mathematics, astronomy and medicine, to the Kamasutra, the famous treatise on the art of love. This age registered considerable progress in literature and science, particularly in astronomy and mathematics. The most outstanding literary figure of the Gupta period was Kalidasa whose choice of words and imagery brought Sanskrit drama to new heights. Aryabhatta, who lived during this age, was the first Indian who made a significant contribution to astronomy.”

- (Secondary Source) Internet Archive: “Way back Machine”

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Objective: What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?11. How did Hinduism and Islam interact at the ground level during the Delhi Sultanate’s rule of Northern India? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“The Hindu and Muslim commoners of the Delhi Sultanate seemed to have tolerated each other fairly well, which again reflects the intermediate level of acceptance of Hindus in the Sultanate. Ziauddin Barani obviously had a bigoted attitude towards the Hindus, even calling for all-out war against the “disgracing infidels, polytheists, and men of bad dogmas and bad religions.” Barani, however, also reveals that the Muslim attitude towards Hindus may have been different among the common people, as he observes: “infidels [Hindus]…build houses like palaces, wear clothes of brocade…they take Musalmans into their service and make them run before their horses.” Barani reveals that Hindus even employed some Muslims under their direction, which paints a rather positive picture of Hindus under the Sultanate. Unfortunately, the Hindus who were able to do this were few in numbers and it was generally the Muslims who employed the Hindus. Nonetheless, the fact that Hindu citizens, albeit few, had the opportunity to employ Muslims does indeed reflect the balanced attitude of the Sultanate towards some Hindu citizens. Many Hindu commoners superficially embraced Islam only to get out of the rigid caste system that Indian society laid out. In this way, many people who remained spiritually Hindu found acceptance among the common people of Delhi. However, many foreign Muslims who came to India were appalled by Indian Muslims because many of them came from such low castes. Once again, a moderate level of tolerance from the Sultanate is seen here, as many Muslims living in the city of Delhi learned to accept Hindus but many Muslims who were not originally from India detested them. Artistic reciprocity between the Hindus and Muslims also seems to have influenced the Delhi Sultanate’s policy of moderate acceptance of Hindu culture.”- (Secondary Source) The Delhi Sultanate’s Treatment of Hindus Christopher Klune, Feb 11 2014

Objective: Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?12. In what ways did Hinduism influence Islamic art and architecture in India? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Indo-Muslim culture was refined during the period of the Deli-Sultanate, and such cultural and artistic exchanges affected the Sultanate’s treatment of the Hindus. As Muslims were the minority in the Delhi Sultanate, they often had Hindu laborers build mosques among other things. However, the Hindus were not familiar with the architectural style of Muslim culture, such as rounded domes and archways. It is probable that many Muslims took issue with this at first, but as time went on many Muslims eventually had to become content with Hindu architecture as Hindus were the driving force behind the building labor. In fact, during the 14th century and onward, many Muslims began embracing Hindu symbolism in their architecture. Sidi Sayyid’s mosque, which was built around 1500, conveys the geometric patterns characteristic of Muslim art, but a tree design is also prominent, which is a common Hindu motif. It seems that the artistic influences of the Hindus on the Muslims created a kind of respect or even admiration between the two groups, which was no doubt beneficial to many Hindu subjects under the Sultanate.”- (Secondary Source) The Delhi Sultanate’s Treatment of Hindus Christopher Klune, Feb 11 2014

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Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________

Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the South and Southeast Asian religious systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics.

1. How does this culture meet the spiritual needs of its members?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: _____________________________________ Block: ____________________________2. What influence does religion/philosophy play on the organization and behavior of society?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Name: ________________________________________ Block:__________________________3. Is religion/philosophy or spiritual development in this culture a positive influence on art, literature, architecture, and culture in this society?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidencea. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________d. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________e. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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