Dividing your attn between driving & using a cell phone is about as dangerous as driving with a BAL of .08?

Body temp. does not remain at 98.6 degrees throughout the day?

The eye is sensitive to changes in light, even in ppl without sight?

The most addictive drug known to mankind is legal in the U.S.?

Consciousness: states of awareness of the outside world and of one’s own mental processes, thoughts, sensations, feelings, & perceptions. [ABSTRACT & COMPLEX]› aware of both external stimuli & your

own mental activity A map of the ‘self’ in relation to the

world Fits the fact that we can receive

stimulation, analyze it, & then take some action

We never remain in the same state of consciousness for long › range from alertness non-alertness

Extremely important in everyday life› ‘EXPERIENCES’…. Memories….

Impossible to be conscious of every internal & external stimuli at the same time

1) EXTERNAL SENSORY PERCEPTION› Awareness of sights, smells, sounds, tastes, & touch in the ext. environ

2) INTERNAL SENSORY PERCEPTION› Ability to internally experience sensory information from a remembered event

› create sensory representations of events we’ve never experienced

3) ABSTRACT AWARENESS› Abstract ideas (i.e. freedom, love)› Emotions (aren’t sensory experiences)

› Symbols we use to represent big ideas

4) AWARENESS OF SELF› Aware of yourself

as an indiv. apart from other indiv & objects in your environ

› Aware of & the fact you have thoughts & feelings

› Observe your experiences from the ‘outside’

Thoughts, emotions, motivations, & behaviors are either: › available to us› not available to us› available but not presently in

awareness CONSCIOUS

› mental events that you are aware of @ any moment

PRECONSCIOUS› outside awareness, but can easily

be brought back into consciousness

UNCONSCIOUS› Mental activity that influences our consciousness experience that we aren’t aware of

› Mental events that are actively kept out of consciousness; hidden & usually irretrievable

NONCONSCIOUS › mental & bio. events that you are never aware of

Precon, Uncon, & Noncon make up the SUBCONSCIOUS – unseen forces that greatly influence us everyday

Freudian Slip

States of consciousness› characteristics @ any given moment

MENTAL ACTIVITY IS ALWAYS CHANGING!› Frequently pass from one state to another

Internal & external stimuli affects our states of consciousness› Ex. circadian rhythms, stress, life conditions, drugs, dreaming

The waking state is ‘normal’ consciousness…› Brainwaves & sometimes other vital signs

4 Diff’t ‘Normal’ States….

FOCUSED AWARENESS› Actively, selectively direct your attn & mental activity

› focused & 1-tracked ‘task @ hand’

› not distracted› intense

emotions & sensations

DRIFTING CONSCIOUSNESS› Awareness drifts Letting your

mind wander› Flowing, passive state

DAYDREAMING› Combo focused & drifting

› not bound by logic or reality

› routine situations, bored, restive state

› Fantasizing, regret, sorrow, guilt, desires can create or release tension

DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS› Split our attn between 2 or more tasks/activities simultaneously

› 2 ways: › 1) Can be alert when doing something, but unable to know why you did it a certain way

› 2) Can perform a complex & a mundane activity @ the same time

Important mental operations (learning) can occur w/o awareness!› Ex. Word pairing under anesthesia

Any mental state that differs from normal states of awareness in: › 1) “normal” waking brain wave› 2) significant changes in behavior, thoughts, etc.

Intensity & type of awareness can differ› not part of a ‘normal’ conscious experience

Achieving altered state = cultural universal› Valued vs. taboo varies

can occur accidentally, intentionally, or naturally› Fever, sleep or sensory deprivation, fasting, trauma, hallucinations, hypnosis, meditation, trances, drugs, euphoria

Prosopagnosia: can’t consciously recognize faces, but can recognize other objects› Certain brain activity & eye movements occur when we recognize a face. Diff’t brain activity & eye mvmts occur when we view a unfamiliar face

CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS Daily ‘natural clock’ of 100s bio

events regulated by brain Fluctuate on 24 hr cycle w/ hg &

lw pt. body temp, sleep, blood

pressure, excretion, hormone levels, etc.

Controlled by amt light entering retina

‘FIGHTING THE CLOCK’› Jet lag, shift work, early birds &

night owls

altered state of consciousness very active & complex

› Not a single, continous state; it’s almost constantly changing

Vital for health & survival physically & psychologically

Changes in brain waves muscle tension, eye movement & mental activity occur in 5 distinct stages (sleep cycle)

Restores the body & brain for future activity; physical & mental recuperation

Circadian rhythm: (melatonin) Memory/learning: reorganize/retain

memories & new info; solidify & assimilate the day’s experiences

Mood & social behavior: processing emotions, stress relief, decision-making

Nervous system: develop, check, & expand neural connections in the brain

Immune system: increase & maintain immune functions

Growth & development: growth hormones released; increased blood flow to muscles (restore & repair body); conserve energy

So we can dream!

Stare @ the dot

The sleep cycle occurs in 5 stages Difft physical & psych activity

1cycle = 90 minutes (stage 1 REM)

Stage 1 + 2 + 3 = 20 minutes Stage 4 = 30-45 minutes REM = 10-15 minutes We move through this cycle about

5-6 times a night!

Stage 1: › ‘twilight state’ – not dreaming or daydreaming

› drift in & out (easily awakened)› heart rate & muscle tension slows

› myoclonic jerks – feelings of falling or floating

Stage 2: › eye movement stops› Deeper relaxation & slowing of mental activity

Stage 3: › Transition to ‘deep sleep’ › no muscle activity (except vitals)

Stage 4: › brain waves reach slowest pt (deep sleep)

› Diff. stage to wake someone up; if awakened often groggy, confused, disoriented for several mins.

› bedwetting, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleeptalking

REM: ‘active sleep’› brain waves resemble that of an awake, alert person

› body paralysis/immobile (except face)

› most dreaming & vivid dreaming – thoughts & images are org. into stories

› breathing is rapid, irregular, & shallow

› nocturnal emissions & vaginal lubrication

› almost impossible to wake up!

Not getting enough sleep causes significant changes in body chemistry, perception, & the ability to think clearly

More likely to get sick Cranky, irritable, lower impulse control Fatigue; hard to concentrate/pay

attention/focus Less creativity; more likely to make errors Anxiety, depression, emotional problems Less coordination; slower rxn time; LTM

AGE NATURAL BEDTIME

REC. HRS OF SLEEP

ACTUAL HRS SLEEP

0 - 1 7 – 8 pm 14 – 15 12.8

1 - 2 7 – 8 pm 12 – 14 11.8

3 - 6 7 – 8 11 – 13 10.3

7 - 11 8 – 9 10 – 11 9.4

12 - 17 10:30 – 11:30 8.5 – 9.5 7.6 (wd) 8.9 (we)

18 - 54 10 – 12 7 – 8.5 6.8 (wd) 7.4 (we)

55 - 84 8 – 10 7 – 8.5 6.9 (wd) 7.5 (we)

ARE YOU GETTING ENOUGH SLEEP?

• Everyone dreams• Dreams occur in all

sleep stages… the most are in REM

• Everyone has @ least 5-7 dreams a night… even if you don’t remember them!

• All mammals (?)• Impt. for survival!

Theories: Wish fulfillment or subconscious

speaking to us Review & address probs Remove unneeded info/memories

(reorg. the brain) Analyze, consolidate, & incorporate

new info/memories into long-term memory

Meaningless by-product of REM (random neuron firing in the brainstem)

Daytime events (50% of dreams) strenuous activity OR passive

activity Occur in a realistic time scale

› Avg = 10 – 15 mins

IMAGES & CHARACTERS› You are a ‘character’ 90% of the time

› ½ of the ppl you know, ½ you don’t know

› drab color w/ blurry backgrounds› Girls = Even mixture of gender; boys = have more men

› Mostly visual› 20% of dreams include auditory or body sensations

› 1% contain tastes or smells

EMOTIONS› Mostly unpleasant/ - emotions

Sadness, anger, anxiety, dread, failure

› Men more likely to have + emotions & aggression

› usually the ‘victim’, not the aggressor› * recurrent dreams* - fear or vulnerability

› More likely to have ‘bad’ dreams after an upsetting event

› 10% - sexual in nature & usually contain body sensations

CREATIVE & BIZARRE ASPECTS› Mix of bizarre & realistic elements

10% are completely bizarre› Sudden/unrealistic changes from

one setting to another

Day residue› Process things in real life

Stimulus Incorporation› stimuli in the ext. environ. in the

dream Subcon influence & symbols

› express impulses, thoughts, conflicts, memories, issues, fears, anxieties, & motives that are unacceptable @ the conscious level

meaning? Psychologists can’t agree!

objectivly verify accuracy of interpretation (?)

Rich source of info. about hidden aspects of our personalities, conflicts, emotions, etc.

Creative insights about prob solving› Discover a ‘solution’ to a prob. in real life

› Dreams = ‘royal road to the unconscious’ Is our subcon. trying to ‘speak’ to us?

Express impulses, thoughts, conflicts, memories, pers. traits, emotions, issues, fears, anxieties, & motives: SYMBOLS & CLUES!!› 1) unacceptable for awareness› 2) haven’t resolved/ dealt w/ effectively

Lucid dreaming › awareness you’re dreaming - control

2 layers of the content of dreams; › Manifest

story line, images, perceptions› Latent

hidden ‘true’ meanings; analysis

Symbols › most? Difft ppl = difft meaning! › H2O = emotional state › House = you (body &/or mind)

“Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar…”

Categories › Anxiety, fulfillment, cathartic

COMMON THEMES› Pregnancy › Death › Teeth falling out › Chased› Falling or flying› Naked › Body parts› Colors› House › Animals

1. Before going to bed, keep a clear mind. Tell yourself that "I will remember my dream when I wake up". › Having too many thoughts on your mind can distract you.

2. regular bedtime and wake up time.  3. Don’t take unnecessary meds & eat

good snacks. 4. Keep a pen & notebook next to your

bed . Record dreams before you get out of bed.

5. Do not get out of bed immediately. Lay still for a minute & wake up slowly & relaxed. Reflect before recording it.

6. Write down  as many details in your dream as you can…Don’t worry if it makes sense – you can evaluate it later. 

Talking about your dreams to friends also help you remember.

Fast food High sugar foods Fatty foods

OJ (lucid dreams) Dairy, eggs Tuna, salmon, turkey Nuts, oats Vitamins B6, B9, & B12… &

amino acids

Narcolepsy › Falls asleep suddenly, unpredictably, & uncontrollably

› waking state REM sleep

REM Behavior Disorder› act out dreams during REM› Can be dangerous to themselves or others

Insomnia › most common (15% of adults)› trouble falling asleep or staying asleeptied to mental distress, illness, substance abuse; associated w/depression & anxiety; more likely to have mental disorders

Sleep Apnea› sudden & irregular breathing stoppages during sleepreflex to wake up & breath (no memory)

REM fear, intense, threats memory of it stress, fever, sleep deprived

Stage 4 causes intense fear & panic wake up w/ physical response no memory screaming, confusion, heart

rate, sweating

Sleepwalking (NREM) › Travel around doing things or interacting w/ ppl no memory of it

› harmless

Sleep Talking (REM or NREM)› Mutterings or conversations› Calm & monotone› Harmless

Altered state› trancelike

highly suggestible› changes in behavior & thought

narrow focus of attn & relaxation

Body feels “asleep” but mind is active & alert.

Consciousness is dissociated› Made aware of things usually unaware of & unaware of things they usually noticeMore easily imagine & recall things

Not dominated, but guided & directed by hypnotist (reason to refuse ?)› open & WILLING to the experience› Share control & trust them

Induces a trance by slowly suggesting a participant to relax & to lose interest in external distractions› Times vary ppl

Follow a code of ethics

Entertainment Medical

› Pain reduction (surgery, childbirth, burns)

› Relieves chronic pain (arthritis, migraines, cancer)

› Reduce nausea & vomiting due to chemotherapy

› Reduce surgical bleeding

Therapeutic › posthypnotic suggestion

made during hypnosis that influences behavior afterward

› Change self-defeating behavioral, mental, or emotional patterns

› Suppress or aid in recalling memory

› Reveal probs or gain insight into their lives

› Reveal potentials/abilitie

Over ½ of the ppl in the world use drugs on a daily basis that alter brain activity & consciousness – cultural universal

Induces an altered state of consciousness

Drugs that affect the brain, altering the consciousness experience & bio. processes are called psychoactive drugs

Can causes physical &/or psych. dependence

1) Prevent some substances in blood stream from entering brain tissue

2) Similar enough to a certain neurotransmitter bind to the receptors & mimic its effects

3) Bind to receptors and block the normal neurotransmitter from binding to the receptors

4) Increase or decrease the release of certain neurotransmitters

Effect of drug(s) on behavior, perceptions, & thought processes can be difficult to predict› 1) dose & purity› 2) personal characteristics› 3) expectations› 4) social situation› 5) moods

WHY DO DIFF’T PEOPLE REACT

DIFF’TLY TO DRUGS?

Alcohol: poor coordination; release of inhibitions (poor judgment); cognitive changes; intense emotional rxns; memory loss

10% adult pop. suffers fromalcoholism – severe risks

Mod. use – lower risk of strokes & heart attacks

Barbiturates & tranquilizers: extremely addictive; relaxation; euphoria; loss of coordination; lowered attn; distorts sleep patterns; hallucinations› Abrupt withdrawal can cause coma or death

Increase behavioral & mental activity (CNS)

Cocaine: intense self-confidence, euphoria, sense of well-being, & optimism; overactivity; insomnia; depressive “crash”; sexual dysfunction; seizures› Cocaine psychosis: hallucinations, delusions, paranoia

Amphetamines: anxiety, insomnia, confusion, paranoia, nonstop talking; schizophrenic symptoms; intense pleasurable rush› Meth: MOST DANGEROUS

Insomnia, euphoria, hallucinations

Teeth fall out, clammy wet skin ‘meth mites’ – infected sores over the body

Change in genetic code (birth defects in future generations)

Caffeine: MOST USED drug in the world; improves prob solving, enhances alertness; urinate more; jitteriness, anxiety; trouble concentrating

Nicotine: MOST ADDICTIVE; elevated mood; improved memory & attn; no “rush”; strong assoc.

Opium, morphine, heroin, codeine

Dreamy relaxation; sleep; sense of well-being; pain relief; euphoria

Affects frontal lobe Alter neuron

structure so much that they require the drug to function properly

loss of contact w/ reality & alter emotions, sensory perceptions, & thoughts

Distortions in body image; loss of identity; hallucinations; dream-like fantasies

Unpredictable behavior, emotional instability; violent behavior; focus on detail

Low potential for physical dependence High potential for psych. dependence

(coping)

MDMA (Ecstasy) Euphoric &

hallucinogenic effects; closeness to others, psychosis, insomnia, paranoia

Depression, anxiety when coming down

Long-term: interfere w/learning ability & memory functioning

Marijuana euphoria,

calmness/relaxation, exaggerated emotions

More pronounced body sensations

Anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, depression

Probs w/ learning, memory, & social skills

33% Americans

LSD (acid) vivid hallucinations;

time & space is distorted; sensory distortions (i.e. smell colors & see sounds)

• ‘bad trip’ = unpleasant hallucinations & delusions, flashbacks, violent outbursts, panic attacks, suicide

7% Americans