Did you know…

A lobster has a sense of smell ~1000x keener than a human.

Frogs eat their skin after they shed it.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqoPXC60l_s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puipmbc_3CY

Humans purposefully change DNA

E.g., luciferase gene in fireflies inserted into tobacco plant DNA

Humans cross/breed 2 orgs of same species

Possess most desirable traits Farmers cross 2

tomatoes b/c heartiest & most disease-resistant

E.g. horses, dogs, crops

Continual breeding of orgs w/ same heritage Small, elite pop

I.e., maintain a breed of dogs (e.g., poodles)

Risky: offspring often inherit 2 recessive alleles for genetic disorder

Cross 2 different orgs Best traits together into 1 org

E.g., loganberry = raspberry + blackberry

E.g., peppermint = spearmint + water mint

Contains DNA from another species “Across” orgs

Used in production of human insulin or in bacteria that break down oil

Transgenic crops

“Golden rice:” vitamin A gene inserted into rice DNA Staple food for billions Vitamin A important for eye

sight (found in carrots)

Genetically identical org coming from 1 parent (asexual reproduction)

Dolly: 1st mammal (sheep) cloned (1997) Only lived 6 yrs

Camel Carp Cat Cattle Dog Ferret

Frog (tadpole)

Fruit Flies Gaur Goat Horse Mice

Mouflon Mule Pig Rabbit Rat Rhesus

Monkey

Sheep Water

Buffalo Wolf And more!

Scan DNA for specific sequences for disorder/disease

100+ genetic disorders can be tested E.g., cystic fibrosis (CF), Tay-Sachs disease

Identify by comparing DNA sequence lengths Analyze introns (filler space)

No individual is exactly the same EXCEPT identical twins

Uses: Paternity testing Criminal identification https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwlCk_Z02c

1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into small pieces

2. DNA pieces separated by size on electrophoresis gel

Shorter pieces move faster/farther than long pieces

3. Compare DNA piece lengths http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/

body/create-dna-fingerprint.html

Purposes: Analyze human DNA sequence for genes Screen individuals for specific genes Develop gene therapies

Difficult to analyze b/c most of genome is introns/filler sequence

Swap faulty gene of genetic disorder for normal, working gene

Use viral vector Virus inserts DNA sequence into host genome New proteins expressed

http://www.dnatube.com/video/27687/Explanation-of-Recombination-Genetic-Engineering