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Biological Approachesto Personality
determination of an individual’s characteristics by interpreting the various irregularities and folds of the skin
Palmistry
The Barnum Effect
When troubled I seek out◦ People◦ Action◦ Solitude
I prefer◦ physical comfort◦ physical adventure◦ Privacy
The time of my life I favor is◦ Childhood◦ Early adulthood◦ Later years
EME Questionnaire
What would bother me most would be◦ being cut off from other people◦ being closed off in small places◦ being exposed to endless noise
When in a group I like to◦ Mingle◦ take charge◦ take off
I prefer to◦ let things take their course◦ do things◦ observe what is going on
EME Questionnaire
The thing I like most is◦ eating
exercisetime to myself
The qualities that fit me best are◦ tolerance and love of people
love of power and leadershipa highly developed self-awareness
EME Questionnaire
Conduct a frequency count of 1, 2, 3s
1 = Endomorph 2 = Mesomorph 3 = Ectomorph
EME Questionnaire
Sheldon’s Body Type Theory
soft body underdeveloped muscles round shaped
Associated personality traits:
Endomorph
hard, muscular body, mature appearance rectangular shaped, thick skin upright posture
Associated personality traits:
Mesomorph
thin, delicate build , young appearance tall, lightly muscled stoop-shouldered , large brain
Associated personality traits:
Ectomorph
From Body Types to Brain Structure
Prior to Accident
capable and efficient foreman
well-balanced mind shrewd business man
After Accident
fitful, irreverent grossly profane impatient and
obstinate lack of emotion
Phineas Gage (click here)
Chimps (1935) Easily frustrated, vicious
Frontal lobes operated on… Chimps became mellow
Egas Moniz was present Procedure then applied to humans
Becky and Lucy
Nobel Prize in 1949
1937 – lobotomy
thalamus-prefrontal cortex incision
Egas Moniz
Francis Farmer (actress) Rosemary Kennedy (1941)
Received lobotomy for mood swings
Implication◦ less emotional, but not emotionally responsive
and future anticipation becomes erratic and disorganized
◦ Ability to make decisions falls apart
Famous Recipients
Part of limbic system◦ Reptilian Brain
Implicated in emotions
When removed:◦ less aggressive and less fearful◦ try to eat inedible things◦ increased sexual behavior
Role the Amygdala
University of Texas (summer, 1969) Killed wife and mother 14 others killed the next day
Autopsy tumor next to amygdala
Charles Whitman (click here)
Left Positive emotions
Damage to:◦ Schizophrenia◦ Disorganized ◦ Illogical thinking
Right Negative emotions
Damage to:◦ Bipolar Disorder◦ Mood swings◦ Energy fluctuations
Role of Cerebral Hemispheres
Brain Structure to
Humors
Hippocrates (460?-377? B.C.) Galen (A. D. 130 - 200?)
Somatogenic Hypothesis
sanguine, melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic
Humoural Theory
Primal Qualities: Dry/Cold Wet/Warm Wet/Cold Dry/Warm
Elements: Earth Air Water Fire
Seasons: Autumn Spring Winter Summer
Humors: Black Bile Blood Phlegm Yellow Bile
Termperaments: Melancholic Sanguine Phlegmatic Choleric
Principal Organs: Spleen Heart Brain Liver
Aristotle
descriptions of the four temperaments traits cluster together prototypical model of personality
Kant (1724-1804)
reorganized the four types
two dimensions◦ degree of emotionality◦ degree of changeability
dimensional model of personality
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Hans Eysenck 1916 - 1997
Click here
Click here for video link
critical of psychoanalysis at worst – fictional at best – untestable
700 neurotically maladjusted patients Reviewed case histories Developed a two-factor model
Eysenck
used factor analysis - two factors
Neuroticism◦ Disorganized personality, dependency, narrow interests,
dismissal from military service, parental psychopathology, unsatisfactory home
Two groups◦ Neurotically maladjusted (obsessive, anxiety)◦ Hysterical (physical problems with no physical basis)
Eysenck
negative affect, sleepiness, irritability, feelings of inferiority, sluggish
heightened right hemisphere activity
Neuroticism
use poor coping strategies (i.e., self-blame)
irrational ideas less able to control their impulses
Neuroticism
Two Types of E-I
Introversion◦ Anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, reactive depression
neuroses, irritability, apathy, self-conscious, moody, prone to day dreaming
Extraversion◦ Hysterical neurosis, bad work history, hypochondriacal, prone to
stammer, accident prone, disgruntled, prone to aches and pains
Eysenck
introverts prone to: ◦ anxiety-depressive disorders◦ coined the term “dysthymia”
extraverts prone to: ◦ hysteria-psychopathic disorders
Eysenck
Enter Pavlov
Studies in conditioning
excitatory and inhibitory processes
Establishing a CR due to excitatory processes Extinguishing CRs due to inhibitory processes
Eysenck
Extraversion
talk more when they meet people more eye contact sales, personnel work, nursing and
teaching impulsive gamble more often
Extraversion
sexual permissive in their sexual attitudes higher sex drive feel good about life less responsive to punishment persist in the face of punishment don't tend to learn from their mistakes
Extraversion
when Es are given a stimulant, they behave like Is
when Is are given an depressant, they tend to act like Es
Is are more sensitive to stimulation
pupil reaction of Es is slower
nervous system of Is is more sensitive
Extraversion
Eysenck
Excitation Inhibition Disorder
Introverts High (rapid) Low (slow) Dysthymia
Extraverts Low (slow) High (rapid) HysteriaPsychopathology
Eysenck
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance
arousal level
optimal performance
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance
arousal level
Neurotic Extrovert
Easy Task
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance
arousal level
normal extravert
Hard Task
Eysenck proposed in mid 1970s dimensional at extreme, psychotic reactions/antisocial moderate, unusualness and artistic
Polygenic personality trait “PEN” captured in EPQ
Psychoticism
High scores PEN Impulsivity migrates to P factor
Primary and Secondary Psychopaths
Primary –higher P relative to N Secondary – higher N relative to P
Criminality?
Psychoticism◦ aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal◦ antisocial, unempathic, creative
Extraversion◦ social, lively, active, assertive,◦ carefree, dominant, surgent
Neuroticism◦ anxious, depressed, guilt-prone◦ irrational, shy, moody emotional
PEN
Neuropsychologist
Basic theory:◦ Personality based on the interaction of two
systems Approach Inhibition
Gray’s Conception
Approach System
Located in the Septal area and the lateral hypothalamus
Causes one to be sensitive to potential rewards and to be motivated to seek rewards
Gray
Inhibition system
Controlled by septo-hippocampus
Causes one to be sensitive to potential punishments and to be motivated to avoid those punishments
Gray
Gray and Eysenck Integrated
Added a third dimension
Flight or Fight system Controls tendency to be aroused or
aggressive Controlled by amygdala Parallel to Eysenck’s “psychoticism”
Gray
Neural Effects on Personality
Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine
Types of Neurotransmitters
Feeding, drinking, movement
Imbalanced dopamine activity can cause brain dysfunction and disease.
Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease
Dopamine
Related to Approach behavior
“Extraversion” and sociability
Parallel with Gray BAS?
“Reward deficiency syndrome”
Dopamine
WWI – patients developed Parkinson’s
Given L-dopa Catatonic to Normal
Later, to hypomania, restlessness and grandiosity, to deep depression
Awakenings
Role in inhibition of impulses
Parallel with Gray’s BIS?
Serotonin depletion:Irrational anger, hypersensitivity to rejection,pessimism, obsessive worry, fear of risk taking
Serotonin and Personality
Serotonin (5HT), many receptor subtypes
Hunger◦ Too little 5Ht, increase in hunger (carbohydrates)
Aggressive Behavior◦ Too little 5HT, violence, antisocial and suicidal behavior
Sleep Onset◦ Too much 5HT, causes sleep ◦ Warm milk and turkey contain tryptophan (a precursor to Serotonin)
Depression and OCD◦ Too little 5HT
Serotonin
serotonin hypothesis =
used for a variety of disorders work by raising levels of serotonin by
blocking reuptake
SSRIs
SSRIs
Prozac Zoloft Paxil Luvox Celexa
Side Effects weight loss, activating, increased anxiety, nausea, headaches, sexual dysfunction
Eli Lilly 22 million Americans have used
Cosmetic Psychopharmacology
Prozac
hormone and neurotransmitter
secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland
brings about "fight or flight"
increased metabolism, blood pressure, mental activity, blood flow to the muscles, and heart rate
Also Known As: noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
High levels◦ Anger, anxiety, dependent, sociable
Low levels◦ Disinhibition, impulsivity◦ Nonconformist, socially detached
Norepinephrine and Personality
Biological Approaches Robert Cloninger
Novelty seeking - Harm avoidance - Reward dependence -
Cloninger Scan page 21
Hormones
backs up the nervous system providing communication and control
network of glands that secrete hormones
hormones are chemical messengers that use blood as method of transport
Endocrine System (click here)
Hypersecretion = too much hormone Hyposecretion = too little hormone
Endocrine System
1) solely endocrine (e.g., thyroid)
2) mixed function (e.g., pancreas, thymus)
3) function not entirely known (e.g, pineal)
Types of Endocrine
Regulates metabolism
T3 and T4 are the major thyroid hormones T4 = thyroxine
Thyroid Gland
characterized by sped-up metabolism, elevated body temperature, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, nervousness, agitation, fatigue and insomnia
Hyperthyroidism
including lethargy, impaired memory, concentration, feeling cold, constipation, fatigue
Hypothyroidism
estrogen and testosterone
Sex Hormones
Linked (indirectly) to aggressive Males 10 times greater amount
High male testosterone◦“Stable extravert”◦Sociable, self-acceptance, dominance◦Restless energy, smile less◦More sexual
Testosterone
High Testosterone Females◦Unprovoked violent crimes◦ Increased sexual interest◦ Increased sociability, lack of inhibitions◦“butch” lesbians (Funder, 2001)
Low Testosterone Females◦Less sexual interest
Testosterone