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NEW TRACES IN OLD BARROW.A REINTERPRETATION OF PARTICULARFINDS FROM BARRROW 2AT SZWAJCARIA CEMETERY(SUDOVIAN CULTURE)

BARTOSZ KONTNY

Abstract

Thę author recalls the famous princely Sudovian culture grave at Szłvajcaria (today within the administrative limits ofSuwałki). Apart from presenting the grave fumishings according to up-to-date Ępological standards, he tries to reinterpretparticular finds' identiĘing the metal fittings of a saddle and the metal mountings of a possible leather bucket aimed at hid_ing a horse hamess. Additionally, an engtaved omament spotted on the head of a shafted weapon Ępe Vennolum/IlĘrer 15is presented.

Key words: Sudovian culture, princely grave, Szwajcaria, saddle, horse gear, Vennolum.

The princely grave at Szwaj caria

The most opulent interrrment of Sudovian culhrrę inthe cemetery at Szwajcarta, barrow 2, grave 1, waspublished years ago' and discussęd several times, par-

ticularly because of the weapons found therę (Antonie-wicz et al. 1958, pp.23-31 , pl. I-IX; Antoniewicz 1962,p.198tr; Nowakowski 1994, p.385, Fig. 2.I0; 2007,p.86; von Camap-Bomheim, Ilkjrer 1996, pp.320,477; Biborski, Ilkjrer 2006a, p.195, Table 15;2006b,p.388; Miks 2007b, p.739, pl. II3.A7I7; Kontny2007,pp.IZ5ff,l28, Fig. 5, 8:b). Although it dęmandsa thorough sfudy and dętailed publication comparableto those dęvotęd to the princely graves at Gommęrn(Becker 2010) or Muśov (Peśka, Tejral2002),I wouldlikę to discuss only a few items found thęre. Lęt merecall that the barrow was circular, 0.4 to 0.9 metreshigh (lower in the centre), 2l metres in diameter, andtopped with a four to five-layer Stone covęr. Bęnęaththe three-by-one-metre stone paving was a grave pit4.lby I.3 metres. Inside, a 55-year-oldmale lay onhisback, oriented along a southeast-northwest axis (Fig.1). on his left węrę found a sword in a scabbard, anaxe, a shield boss and a snaffle bit with horse hamessmounts, that is, rhomboid strap connectors. A pair ofspurs was found by the fęet. Brooches, twęezers and asingle strap ęnd werę locatęd by the chest, scissors tothe left of thę head, and a comb to the right. The two

heads of shafted węapons ręferred to and a sęcond bri_dle with horse harness fittings węrę sifuated around 40cęntimetres further away, beyond the skull. We shouldenumeratę hęre also the concentration of mętal fittingsof an unknown function at foot level, to the left of thedeceased. As regards the grave furnishings, wę shouldenumęrate the following specimens:

1. An iron two-edged sword Ępe Folkęslunda- Zaspy,SubĘpe 1 after M. Biborski and J. Ilkjrer (2006a), or

Ępe Lauriacum-Hromówka, Variant Hromówka afterC. Miks (2007a),with a small bone pommel, in a scab-bard made of oak and leather equipped with an ironscabbard slide closę to Ępe Kaczanowski VII (1992).

2. Two bronzę Strap connectors (covered with silver)aimęd at fastening thę sword.

3. Balteus fittings: one silver in the shape of a Cervidaeanimal (the general shape of a deer, the antlers of anelk), three circular brorwę plates fitted with silver andgilded impressed foil, one bronze silvered shield gripshaped, one bronze silvęręd rectangular, with washer,one bronze silvęręd cręscęnt.

4. A silver balteus buckle Type Madyda-Legutko Dl7(1e86).

5. An iron axę with a symmetrical edge, small.

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Fig. 1 . A plan of grave 1 from barrow 2 in Szwajcaria (after An-toniewicz et al. 1958,pL.I).

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Fig' 2' A leather bucket (?) from Szwajcaria, barrow 2, grave 1 and analogies: 1 the ręmains ofa possible bucket found inSzwajcaria (after Antoniewicz et al. 1958, pl. VI.1); 2 preserved elements of the bucket SAKX from the Illerup bog site(after von carnap-Bornheim, Ilkjrer 1996,Fig.75);3 areconstnrction of the bucket SAKX from the Illerup bog site (aftervon Camap-Bomheim, ilkjrer 1996, Fig. 76); 4 preserved elements of the bucket SAKO from the Illerup bog site (aftervon camap-Bornheim, rrkjar 7996, Fig. 109); 5 a reconstruction of the bucket sAKo from the Illerup Log site (after vonCarnap-Bomheim, Ilkjrer 1996, Fig. 110).

6. An iron head of a shaftęd weapon Type Ilkjrer 15/Vennolum (Ilkjer 1990), ornamented with a zigzag en-graved pattern.

7. An iron hęad of a shafted węapon Ępe Kaczanows-ki XV (1995) damascened with silver solar, lunar ands-shaped motifs, and a rivęt of a socket dęcorated withsilver notched wire.

8. An iron shięld-boss type Jahn 8 (1916)lzieling D(1e8e).

9. Two iron spurs Type Szwajcaia aftęr U. Gięsler(1e78).

10. An iron bńdle bit Ępe lCI,28 after M. orsnes(1993) with two pairs of femrles (rein and cheekpiece).

I l. Headgear fitted with two bronze rhomboid connec-tors topped with silvęr impressed foil'

12. Att iron bridle bit Ępe lCI, 2C aftęr M. orsnes(r ee3).

13. Headgear of twisted leather straps with bronzęfrt-tings: three rosettę-like four-armed connectors, twoT-shaped connectors, rectangular strap mounts andsęveral nails with hemispherical heads of the hęad-piece, noseband, browband and central strap, ornamen-tal fitting of the central strap with motifs of a humanhead and bird scavengęr head.

14. Apiece of an iron knife.

15. A silver belt bucklę closę to Type E after R. Mady-da-Legutko ( 1986).

l6. An iron bęlt buckle closę to Ępe E14 aftęr R. Ma-dyda-Legutko (1986).

17. An iron bęlt buckle closę to Type D30 aftęr R. Ma-dyda-Legutko (1986).

18. Thręe bronzę silvered strap ends closę to Ępe 6.1after R. Madyda-Legutko (2011).

19. A bronze strap end close to Type 2.6 aftęr R. Mady-da-Legutko (2011).

20. Two bronzę brooches fittęd With notched silverwire, Type Almgren 167 (1923).

21. Two bronze tweezęrs.

22. An antler comb Ępe II after S. Thomas (1960).'

I Based on a chronology of the equipment, we may attributegrave 1 at barrow 2 to Phase C,o (see Ilkjaer 1990, p.387;von Camap-Bomheim, Ilkjrer 199ó, pp.320,477; Biborski,Ilkjer 2006a,p.195;2006b, p.388; Kontny 2001' p.125Ę.

Bucket?

To this, we should add a flat u-shaped iron fitting withfwo diagonal rods sticking to it, as well as sevęralbronze nails with hemispherical heads, situated nearbyin pairs stretching along a line (Fig. 2.1). The nailswere sfuck in the remains of wood of unknown spe-cies, covered with lęather at a distance of 2.5 to threęcentimetręs from onę another' at right angles. one ofthę nails was situatęd at the end of the u-shaped fltting(18 centimetres in length, sevęn to eight centimetresin width' and around two cęntimetręs in breadth)' withwhich thę wood remnants were also connęcted. Nęar-by, at a distance of 14 centimętres, an iron buckle wasfound, but its original shape is not known. Unfortu-nately' thę vęrification of thę original shapes of fittingsand buckles is impossible, as their state of preservationtoday is not sufficięnt to make any statements.2 How-ever, we should admit that an old publication includedquite a precise description of the iron and woodenelements, together with a drawing (Antoniewicz elal., 1958, p.26ff, pl. VI:1). Its authors węre unable todęterminę its function. They only considered the pos-sibility that it was a quiver, but did not include thisassumption in the publication.3 Nowadays, such as-sumptions may be rejected: the quivers we know frombog finds (Nydam, Vimose, possibly also Illerup andKragehul) or singular grave finds (HÓgom' Medelpad,Sweden, and Altdorf, Canton Uri, Switzerland) datedto the Roman Period and thę Migration Period werętubular in shape, and made of wood, bark or leather,without any metal fittings (Rau 2007, with further lit-erature). Also, nomadic-type quivers cannot be com-pared with the fittings from Szwajcaria: nomads (eastIndo-Iranians) used goritos to hidę ćuTows and a boqas is shown on the first-century BC to first-centuryADa battle plaque fiom barrow 2 at Orlat, Uzbekistan(Pugachenkova 1989, Fig. 71; Ilyasov, Rusanov 199g,pl. IV:l; Nikanorov and Khudyakov 2013), frequentrepresentations in Bosporan frescoes and gravestonesat Kęrch (Istvónovits' Kulscsór 2O0I,p.153,Fig. 10.4,9-10), or Mędieval plaques from Tepsey on the fuverYenisey (Gryaznov 1979, Fig. 6l; Khudyakov 1990,

The items frombarrow 2 are kept inthe StateArchaeologicalMuseum in Warsaw, the Section for the Archaeology ofthe Balts (inventory no pMMV/4498). I would LLe toexpress my gratitude to Anna Bitnęr Wróblewska PhD forletting me work with thęse materials.Personal communication: the late Professor Jerzy Okulicz-Kozaryn, to whom I am very grateful for the discussionsconceming Szwajcaria.As for chronology, see Bernard and Abdullaev 1997,pp.75-84.

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Fig. 2). Howeveą apart flom the Scythian-Ępe bow5together with goritos' anothęr form of cylindrical quiv-er was also used by the Sarmatians.6 This is proven bypafticular representations of Trajan's column or theBosporan gravestone of psycharion's son Daphnos(Istvźnovits, Kulscsór2001, p.l53' Fig. 10.l2-13), andalso archaeological finds: a few quivers from the northPontic zonę show thę prevalence ofcylindrical quiversof birch bark' wood or leather, somętimes with trac-es of paint (Simonenko 2OOl, p.l99ff). which is evi_denced not only by further Sarmatian finds but also byParthian or Sassanid representations (Khazanov 1971,p'42). It is also possiblę that biconically shaped quiv-ers were in use, as is suggested by the late first_centuryAD gravestonę of Flavius Proculus from Philadelphia,now in the Mainz Landesmusęum (Dixon, Southem1992, p.54, Fig. Z3)i. This form also became typicalof Xiongnu/Hunnic (Brosseder, Miller 2012, p.I23ff,Figs. 7, 15) andAvaric armamęnts (Daim2003,p.492;Riesch et ąl. 2012, p.194ff, Figs. 28-33).

Based on quite a precise presentation of finds in situ,I would likę to plopose another interpretation of thepuzzltng remains at Szwajcaria, barrow 2. The mostprobable posśibility I am ablę to point out at the mo-ment is that we are dealing with the remains of organic(mostly leather) buckęts known from the Scandinavianbog site at Illerup (Fig.2.2-5).A fęw buckęts aimed athiding a horse hamęss and a bridle bit werę found inthat Danish sacrificial deposit (von Carnap_Bornheim,Ilkjrer 1996, p.260ff); thęir almost complete absencęin other bog sites8 may be explained by thę fact thatIllerup is the only big site abundant in organic materi_als that has been excavated according to modęm męth-odologies. Howeveq thęre arę no two idęntical leatherbuckets from Illerup; there were repeatedly used partsto strengthen thęir construction' that is, trough-shapededge fittings, wooden edge covers fixęd with nails,

' It should be noted that the term ,scythian type,is not aręal ethnic denominator value in the timęs in question, asLate Scy'thian quivers were also cylindrical in shape (seePuzdrovskiy 2007, p.135).

6 Some suggest that there were Roxolans who expressed amore conseryative attitude, utilising Scythian_type bowsand goritos, while Jazygian wariors lr..a tuU"tui quivers(Istvźnovits, Kulcsór 2001, p.153) but it rather seems thatboth solutions were popular in a Sarmatian milieu.7 See also Coulston 11985

8 Further tracęs of buckets (von Camap_Borrrheim, IlĘer1996,p.262) were identified only in Nydam, a fragment ofthe wooden list with nails and front mounting (Erigelhardt1865' pl. v23, 25), and Vimose, charactęrińc sńp ends(Engelhardt 1869, pl. 15.20-22).

small but numęrous rhomboid metal mountings' open_work rectangular fittings, or bands of iron sheęt. Therrmain task was to join the edges of the leather (rhom-boid plaques), or to hold the bucket's mouth (trougt-shaped fittings, wooden objects and band mountings,:only openwork rectangular plaques were intęndecspecifically to adorn. Additionally, small buckles anjstrap ends werę traced together with the buckets, sen -ing as parts of a lęather canying strap. We may firrćrepresentatives of particular groups in Szwajcaria_barrow 2. Analogies to thęm could be found in the I]-lerup finds, speciflcally inv. no. SARE (von Carnap_Borrrheim, IIĘru 1996,Fig. 162-163, pl. 2l2), SASx_(von Camap-Bomheim,Ilkjar 1996. Fig. l19_120. p,156), SAKO (von Carnap-Bonrheim, IlĘrer l996, Fie109-110, pl. 148) and SAKX (von Carnap_BornheinIlkjnr 1996,Fig.75-76, pl. 106). Naturally, thęrę ar:no identical parallels in Scandinavia, but there was als:no uniform model among Scandinavian buckets. Add:_tionally, strap ends from lęather straps used to carn lbucket of Scandinavian Ępe werę absent in Szwajca--ia, but they werę not inevitable (they could have bee:substituted by equally functional exclusively leathe:straps, maybe with an iron buckle, ręmains of whic:were spotted in Szwajcaria). Furthermore, we cannrlexclude the possibility that we are dealing with a Scar--dinavian inspiration only, not a real import. We cannr:avoid the question why the proposed bucket fitting.were located in a position far from the original. In n:-.opinion, it could bę accountęd for by the fact that tł::buckęt construction was fragile, not durable enough ..survive pressurę on the grave filling (the grave pit di;not include any chamber construction, so the bucke:had to be covered and destroyed at once, while fillir:the pit with earth).g Wę are probably dealing with tL.remains of a smashed container, not a .normally,

de-composed one: that is why iron rods were found b;-tween (or beneath?) the band mounting, and a naile,cwoodęn list was placed a certain distance from thenNafurally, the above idęntification is only hypothetica_.but I consider it to be the most plausiblę at thę momen: :

Moreover, it is conoborated by the contęxt: it was srtu_ated in the 'horse equipment zone'of the grave: to theleft of the legs, at the level bętween the feet and th:knees, together with the horse harness and thę ner:rider's equipmęnt described below.9 Even in the case of the Illerup finds, the buckets rł'e:=

reconstnłcted hypothetically to a cęrtain degree, as the:fittings were found scattered

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Ę 3 The saddlę from Sz,łvajcaria, barrow 2, grave 1, and analogies: 1 the remains ofthe saddle found in Szwajcaria (after'ilłmctiervicz et al. 1958,pI.YI.Z);2 fittings of saddle I from Ejsbol North bog site (after Orsnes 1988, pl. 185); 3 thę con-

[rrraneous state ofpreservation ofsaddle remnants from Sz'"vajcaria (1, 3 wood, leather and iron,2bronze) (photographfunosz Kontny).

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Another group of finds of unclear destiny was situatedover 20 centimętres to the northwest, that is, close tothe sword, shięld, axe and horsę harnęss (Fig. 3.1)' Itconsisted of wooden remains (unidentified species) inan elongated position, covered with lęathęr fixęd withtwo rows of bronze nails, at right angles to each other(it all,2l survived). From thę northwest, it is confinedwith an iron fitting of rectangular, elongated iron bandaround 17 centimętres long, with outcurved termi-nals. It was fastened to thę wood with a few iron nails,which were also to replace the layer of lęather betweenthe wood and the iron fitting (Fig. 3.3). The whole setis quite long, measuring around 60 centimętręs, but itsoriginal shape cannot be established. Closę to onę of itsends, an iron ring with an elongated fęmrle was locat-ed, and thę next one, with a rivet connęcting two partsof the fęmrlę, was found a few centimetres from an-other tetminal. The third item of that Ępe was arrangedsticking to a patch of wood, sęveral centimetres to thenorthwęst of the first onę. Its morphological simiłarityto thę others makes thę assumption that it is linked tothe shield (situated nearby) not very possible. In myopinion, wę are dealing with the remains of a saddle.As we know about few examples of barbarian saddlesdated to the Younger Roman period from north Euro_pean bog sites, their ęxact reconstruction is impossible,as to their poor state of preservation.lo Nevertheless,particular groups of fittings are unequivocally con_nęctęd with saddlęs. Specifically' thęsę are rectangularfittings (Fig. 3.2) similar to the one from Szwajcaria,though frequently more ornamęntal and equipped withloops (used for fastening saddles to horsęs' backs)fixed with rivęts or anchor-like terminals: Thorsberg(Engelhardt I 863, pl. I g. 16), Illerup place A (here alsoelongatedpiecęs of wood with triangular cross-section'see von Camap-Bornheim, Ilkjer 1996, List 3) andVingsted (von Carnap-Bornheim, Ilkjar 1 996, p.27 2ff ,pl. 115) as well as Ejsbol Norrh (Orsnes 1988,p.93tpl. 184-190). Some of them were shorteą and theseare mostly bent. In Ęing to reconshuct their originalposition, we may also use thę later Migration Pęriodfinds from Scandinavia, characterised by similar de_signs of saddles, e.g., the SÓsdala votive find in Skónę(Norberg 1931, p.109, Fig. 5-7, 14; Holmquist 1951,p.109, Fig. 51-54), A-mosse also in Skóne (Holmquist1951, p.110, Fig. 55), Vennebo (Holmquist 1951,10 Based on fragmentary finds from lllerup, C. von Carnap_

Bornheim and J. Ilkjrerpostulate onlytwo rypes of saddles:with woodęn frame and fittings with loops, and simplesaddles without a frame, only with padding (von Carnap_Bornheim, Ilkjar 199 6, p.27 2).

p.l07 ff, F ig. 47 -49), L'ónghem (Holmquist 1 95 1. Fry56) and Finnestorp' all threę in VżistergÓtland (\or*dquist 2007' p.231ff, Fig. 6.3), as well as JÓnkÓp,xg(Kanalgatan) in Smóland (Holmquist 1 95 1 , p. 1 10' Fłg58; Arrhenius 1987, p.464ff, Fig. I I . 10). It seems tbrnshortęr fittings were to strengthen the edges of a pom_mel (convex fittings with loops)' including its lorł,erpafts, sticking at least to part of a seat (shorter onerwith outcurved terminals). The latter type could al.*,ahavę been placed singly, in the central part ofa por-mel, with a loop upwards. The longer mountings cou-ldrathęr be used as reinforcęmęnts of the seats' edges'Naturally, the parts we know from Szwajcaria are nmidentical to the Scandinavian onęs: thęre arę no shonęfittings, the elongated mounting is simply iron, "ncthe loops were fixed in a diffęrent way' probably rrińleather straps. It plausibly expresses its lócal characteąe.g.' vęry similar loops with elongated femrles u.ereused as an elęment of a horse hatness, probably tbereins, in thę Dollkeim-Kovrovo culturę horse grar-ein thę cemetery at Izobil'noe, ray. Polessk, formerlrKlein-FlieB, Kr. Labiau (Heydeck 1900, p.5g, pl ! ).Nevertheless' wę are dealing with a saddle: one of iL"edges had to bę added with a rectangular sheet, ananother thickęr edge with a lęather covęr fittęd with adouble line of nails (therefore, the rows are arrangedat a ńght angle).12 Unforfunately' I cannot propose an\.detailed ręconstruction, because of the large amountof mixed organics in that part of the grave. Thę siru_ation of loops with femrlęs (probably used for fasten_ing the girth, maybe with a breast strap and a breechstrap) suggest that its edge (or the edges ofthe seat andpommel) were close to the left side of the dęcęased, sothe saddle spread to thę ęast or northeast, but the un-certainĘ even as to the original position ofthe saddle(horizontally or on its side) does not allow us to makea conclusion on that question.13

1l The femrlęs of a horse harrress adjoining the saddlefrom Szwajcaria possess the same shape; ńerefore, thediscussed fittings, not attributed to a horsę harness, have tobe of a different character than a part ofhorse headgear.

12 Although similar nails were used in the case of the itemformerly presented (possibly a bucket), the probability thatit was also a saddle is rather excluded' as tńe other fittingshave no parallels among saddle mounts.

13 We should undęrline the fact that we are dealing with one ofthe earliest saddles proven for the Barbaricń. Naturally.their use was possible slightly earlier; see finds of girthbuckles from Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture, e.g., Aleyka 3,grave 418 (see Skvorcov 2012, Fig.3:9). Unfortunately,there were no fittings found there, so maybe they served asa saddle-cloth flxing.

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Fig. 4. The omamentation on the head of the shafted weannń Trrn- \/___^l-.'-_ llllr: 1,2 images orboth;;l;. orthe brade; 3 ? ;;l;[:lTT#:..J:ii:.],yii!;:7 (photograph by Bartosz Kontny).

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The above ęlęments conespond to Scandinavian finds,although not directly. Still, there is onę item which isevidently of a Scandin avian character, which I wouldlike to present in some detail. It is the hęad of a shaftędweapon, recognised as a specimen of Type 15/Ven_nolum according to J. Ilkjrer (Ilkjrer 1990, p.3g7; vonCamap-Bornheim, Ilkjer 2OOl, pp.320, 4i7; Kontrry2007, pp.I28-129, Fig. g.b). After all, no one up tillnow has paid attention to the fact that some omamen_tation has survivęd on it.l4 It is blurred by corrosionand conservation' but nevęr1heless it is undeniablę. Itwas possible to sfudy it thoroughly undęr an electronmicroscope.r5 Thus, we are dealing with a pattern ofzigzag parallel lines engraved along the midrib (Fig.4), in particular aręas probably adjoining longifudinalgrooves (Fig. 4.4, 7)' Indeed, it is not noticeablę onthe wholę surface' but originally it coveręd the wholeblade on both its sides. That type of ornament is un_questionably of Scandinavian origin; in Balt lands (seeKontny 2007) ań in thę Przeworsk culture (see Kac-zanowski 1 988; Kontny 2004, pp.l47 _149, Figs. 6_7 ;Kontny 2008) so far such motifs and techniques werenot spotted for the younger and Late Roman period.Thę area of Ępe Vennolum's appearancę is limited toScandinavia (Ilkjar l990, Fig. 81), and thę singIe itemsattributed to Przeworsk culture (IlĘrer 1990, rable 63)find more demands of Ępology after P. Kaczanowski(1995).16 Lanceheads of Vęnnolum Ępe adomed with

a ngzag pattern węIe Very frequently given with n-nic inscriptions,rT generally engraved, but exceptio:-ally even stamped (Stocklund 19g6, pp.76, g6, Figs1-4). Unfortunately, despite careful study with a micri*scope, I have not spotted any signs of this. Nevenhe-less, the possibility is not ultimately excluded, as pE::of the bladę was cut out and rejected for metallograp:_ic analysis in the 1950s (Piaskowski 1958, p.63fĘ F:;1.3). Therefore, we can imagine that it also embrac;;a runic inscription, but it is equally probable that th**was no inscription at all: thę excised paft was sifuatr,;in the middlę of the blade's length, but thę runic scr::ł:was frequently placed slightly bęlow this level. at r::widest part of the blade.

C onclus i ons

Thę abovę obsęrvations show that there ęxistęd ct:-tacts bętwęen Scandinavian and Sudovian ęlites. a-_though to account for thęir charactęr we nęed funh::studies, the more so that there are also traits of the prz:_worsk culture in thę discussed grave' e.g.' a sword .:a type known mostly from the Przęworsk culture ar*i(Biborski, Ilkjnr 2006a,p. I 95, Fig. 1 3 1 ), or przeworsrinspiration (although not making), as in the case of rL:sęcond head of the shafted węapon from the prince__'grave at Szwajcaria (Kontny 2007, pp.t25_126, F:15). At the moment, I may only suggest that the m::buried hęre was probably entangled in multi-ethrric *--terprises during Phase C,o, maybe in thę Scandinar'ia_-_

'

wars, documented by bog deposits from that age (se;e. g. Ilkjrer 1993, pp.37 5 -3 86; Kaul 1997 ; LundHanse:2007).

Ręferences

ALMGREN, O., 1923. Studien tiber nordeuropciischen F.-belformen der ersten nachchristlichen Jahihunderte n:.:B eriicksichtigung der provinziąlrómischen und stidru s s -schen Formen Mannus-Bibliothek. 32. LeĘzig.

ANTONIEWICZ, J., 1962. O kilk-u imporrach prowincjo:_alnorąłnskich i kultury ,,wenedzkiej.. znaliziottych r'zobszarze plemiennym Jacwieży. Rocznik Biąłostocki. II'184-204

ANToNIEWICZ, J', KACZyŃszu, M.A., oKULICZ. .r

1958. W1łriki badań przeprowadzonygh w 1956 toku..cmentarzysku kurhanowym w miejsc. Szwajcaria, po.,rSuwałki. Wi a d o m o ś c i Arc h e o l o gi c zn e, XXv, 22- 5.7 .

ARRHENIUS. B.. 1987. Skandinarien und Osteuropa L-der VÓlkerwanderungszeit. 1n.. G. BOTT, ed'. Germaneł.'

Museum in Wrocław, as well as Alicja Gałęzowska trL'.for her help in working with material from Młodzikos cand Domaradzice housed in thę Archaeological Museur-tnPoznan.

r7 Personal communication from professor Jorgen Ilkjar. r-c:which I am very grateful.

la I owe this remark to Wiesława Gawrysiak-Le szczyhska,who has drawn particular items from Szwajcaria, so Iwould like to express my gratitude to her.

|5 I would like to thankAnna Bitner-Wróblewska PhD' of theState Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, for allowing meto use the microscope.

16 Taking into consideration their proportions, we may1ink them with Vennolum Ępe' but tńey do not possessa- narrowing in the point area characteristic of ĘpeVennolum, i.e., Domaradzice, Grave 135 (Kostrzewski19 5 4' F tg. 1 55. 1 6), Młodzikowo, grave 1 35 (Dymaczewski

1?|9'-rt il:22), Krapkowice, grave 27 -(Mączyiska

1971.,Fi9 32), Serby (quoted as Lerchenberg), stay flnd(Tackenberg 1925, pl.8.1). Other Scandinavian forms ofheads of shafted weapons are very rare in the przeworskculture, and they are linked with the influęnces of theWelbark culture (Biborski 2008), which was probablyinfluenced by the Scandinavian modęl of *.upun y,

1amely in the Younger andLatę Roman Period (see, e.g.'finds from Żamowlec, Krokowa com., i.e., the head of theshafted weapon of Skiolum Ępe: Kontny 2006, p.I46,Fig. 1.B, 2, with ftuther literafure, or thó speańead ofLundskin Type/Ilkjer 14 from Mława, Mława com., seeKaczanowski and Zaborowski 19gg, p.230tt, Fig. 7).It seems that Scandinavian forms are aiso unique in theBalt.milieu (see Kontny 2007, p.12g; yuganov 200.1). Iwould like to thank Krzysztof Demidziuk MA for lettingme sfudy the materials from Serby collectęd in the CiĘ

140

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Recęived: 22February 2012; Revised: 28 April 2013; Ac-cepted: 26 August 2013.

Bartosz KontnyInstitute ofArchaeology, University of WarsawKrakowskie P ruędmieście 26 l 2800-927 WarsawE-mail: bartosz.kontny@uw.edu.pl

NAUJI PED SAKAISENAME PILKAPYJE.YPATINGV RADINIU,RASTU SZWAJCARIAPILKAPYNE, PILKAPYJE 2,NAUJA INTERPRETACIJA(SUDUVoS KULTUnł;

BARTOSZ KONTNY

S antrauka

Straipsnyje gr!ilama prie gęrai istoriogrĄoję żjno-mo garsaus didiko (princely grave) kapo iś Szwajcaria(SuwałĘ apylinkes) pilkapyno (sDduviq kulhlra) ypa-tingq radiniq naujos interpretacijos (1 pav.). Bę didiko,kape, pilkapyj ę 2, rasta żinomr1 radiniq, analizuojamqpagal priimtas tipologines Schęmas. Taćiau śiame kaperastus ivairius metalinius apkalus autorius, remdamasisanalogijomis' vięnus mano esant balno apkalais, kituspriskiria odinei kibiro formos dćżutei,kuri greićiausiaibuvo naudojama żirgo pakinktams sudeti (2, 3 pav.).Taip pat autorius analizavo ornamęntą' iŚgraviruotą ant

ietigalio imovos (Vennolum /Ikjnr 15 tipas) (5 pav.).

Śir1 Szwajcaria didiko radiniq anallzć Leidżia teigli,kad sDduvir1 ir skandinavq elitas palaike ryśius. Taćiaunorint śi teiginipagristi, reikia atlikti daugiau wrimq.Be to, minetame kape rastas kalavijo tipas ir antrasis

ietigalis (Kaczanowski XV tipas) rodo Przeworskokulturos itakos pedsaką. Taigi śiuo mefu galima kons-tatuoti, kad vyras, palaidotas Szwajcańa pilkapyne, 2pilkapyje, galejo b[ti susijęs su daugiaetnine Clb peri-

I odo kulturine aplinka, galbDt net vadinamaisiais Skan-dinavijos karais. Pastaruosius ryśius atskleidżia gausus

dep ozitai Skandinavij o s p elkese.

Verte Audrone Bliuj iene

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