Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

.Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 12The Respiratory System

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3

Learning Objectives

Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.

Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.

Recognize medical terms that pertain to respiration.


Learning Objectives (cont’d.)

Identify clinical procedures and abbreviations related to the system.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Chapter 12Lesson 12.1


Introduction

Respiration mechanical process of breathing exchange of air between lungs and

environment


Introduction (cont’d.)

External respiration: exchange of air in lung capillaries oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the

lungs immediately passes into capillaries carbon dioxide passes from capillaries

into air sacs, to be exhaled


Introduction (cont’d.)

Internal respiration: exchange of gases in the cells occurs simultaneously between cells and

capillaries oxygen passes out of the bloodstream

into the tissues carbon dioxide passes out of tissues

back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs


Inhalation and Expiration


Respiratory Anatomy

Mediastinum: middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

Bronchi: each leads to a separate lung

Lungs: lobes are not mirror images Hilum: blood vessels, nerves,

lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit


Anatomy of Respiration


Respiratory Structures

Conduct air Nose Nasal cavities

and paranasal sinuses

Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Exchange gases Bronchioles Alveoli Lung capillaries


Respiratory Flow Chart


Combining Forms

adenoid/oalveol/obronch/obronchi/o

bronchiol/ocapn/oconi/ocyan/o

epiglott/olaryng/o

lob/omediastin/o

nas/oorth/oox/o

pector/opharyng/o

phon/ophren/opleur/o

pneum/opneumon/opulmon/o

rhin/osinus/ospir/otel/o

thorac/otonsill/otrache/o


Suffixes

-ema

-osmia

-pnea

-ptysis

-sphyxia

-thorax




Diagnostic Terms

auscultation percussion pleural rub

rales (crackles) sputum stridor wheezes


Pathological Terms

Upper Respiratory Disorders

croup diphtheria epistaxis pertussis

Bronchial Tube Disorders

asthma bronchiectasis bronchogenic

carcinoma chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis


Pathological Terms (cont’d.)

Lung Disorders atelectasis emphysema pneumoconiosis pneumonia pulmonary

abscess

pulmonary edema pulmonary

embolism (PE) pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis tuberculosis (TB)


Pathological Terms, Lung Disorders (cont’d.)

Atelectasis Two forms Proximal

obstruction of distal airways

Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity


Pathological Terms (cont’d.)

Pleural Disorders mesothelioma pleural effusion pleurisy (pleuritis) pneumothorax


Pathological Terms, Pleural Disorders (cont’d.)

Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity


For Spelling and Meaning

anthracosis asbestosis bacilli chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD)

cor pulmonale exudate

hydrothorax palliative paroxysmal pulmonary

infarction purulent rhonchi silicosis




Clinical Procedures

X-rays chest x-ray computed tomography (CT scan of the

chest) pulmonary angiography


Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

X-rays: radiographic imaging



Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves create images



Radioactive Test Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan:

inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging



Bronchioscopy: endoscope to bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens



Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway



laryngoscopy lung biopsy mediastinoscopy pulmonary

function tests (PFTs)

thoracentesis

thoracotomy thorascopy tracheostomy tuberculin test tube

thoracostomy



Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space



Tracheostomy: creation of opening to trachea through the neck

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Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved