Cardiovascular System = Heart, blood vessels, and blood -Transports H 2 O, nutrients, waste, O 2, CO 2, hormones, and immune cells. -Regulates heat,

Cardiovascular System = Heart, blood vessels, and blood

-Transports H2O, nutrients, waste, O2, CO2, hormones, and immune cells.

-Regulates heat, pH, and pressure.

-Associated with lymphatic system. Lymphatic System = Lymphatic

vessels, lymphatic hearts, & lymph

Circulatory System

Human Cardiovascular

Anastamosis = intercommunication between separate vessels (net like).

Portal System = vessels that carry blood from capillaries to capillaries.

Sinus = region for “pooling” of fluids. Aortic arch = arterial arches that

extend from ventral to dorsal between pharyngeal openings.

Gnathostomes have 6 early in devel.

Vascular Terms

Arteries = Large; carry blood away from heart

Arterioles = Smaller; carry blood away from heart

Capillaries = Very small; gas & nutrient exchange occur here

Veinules = Smaller; carry blood to heart

Veins = Large; carry blood to heart

Vascular

Blood = connective tissue; cells (in vertebrates) in a water-based matrix.

Plasma = matrix around blood cells. Transports: H2O, nutrients, waste, CO2, hormones

Erythrocytes = Contain hemoglobin; transport O2; No nuclei in mammals.

Leucocytes = Immune cells. Platelets = Cell fragments, involved in

clotting after damage.

Vertebrate Blood

Plasma

Vertebrate Blood

Hematopoesis – Blood Devel.

Hematopoesis = blood development. Blood islands form in splanchnic

mesoderm in yolk sac = 1st site of hematopoesis (always nucleate cells). Early fetal human red blood cells have nuclei.

Additional stem cells in splanchnic mesoderm around heart migrate to hematopoetic areas (spleen, kidneys, liver,

& bone marrow in non-avian amniotes).

Mostly from splanchnic mesoderm. Angiogenesis = blood vessel

formation Blood islands in yolk sac merge to form

vessels that then extend into rest of embryo.

Cardiovascular system starts in yolk sac and spreads to rest of embryo.

Vascular Development

Human Blood Islands

Basic Chordate Arterial Circ. Blood moves from posterior and

ventral to the pharynx (heart/sinus venosus)

Anteriorly under the pharynx (ventral aorta)

Dorsolaterally up through the pharynx (pharyngeal/aortic arches)

Then to the body anteriorly and posteriorly from the dorsal pharynx (dorsal aorta).

Lancelet Arterial Circulation

ventral aorta (median)

sinus venosus (median)

dorsal aorta (paired - median)

Lancelet Venous Circulation

hepatic vein (median)

Anterior & posterior cardinal veins (paired)

sinus venosus (median)

Lancelet Circulation

s.v.

dorsalaorta

dorsalaorta

ventralaorta

s.v.

anteriorcardinal

vein

posteriorcardinal

veinhepatic

vein

commoncardinal

vein

Basic Amniote Circulation

Early Human Embryo Arterial

heartsinus venosus

atriumventricle

bulbis cordis

umbilicalarteryventral aorta

(truncus arteriosus)

left & rightdorsal aortas

aorticarch II

aorticarch I

IIIIV

vitellineartery


heartumbilical

arteryventral aorta(truncus arteriosus)

left & rightdorsal aortas

IIIIV VI

vitellineartery


heartumbilical

arteryventral aorta(truncus arteriosus)

IIIIV VI

carotids

pulmonary

descending aorta

vitellineartery


Embryonic Arteries

III

IIIIV

VI

I II III IV V VI

V

ventral aorta

dorsal aorta

HEART

Human Embryonic Arteries

III

IIIIV

VI

HEART

external carotid

internal carotidcommon carotid

descending aorta

aortic arch

subclavian

pulmonary artery ductus arteriosus(before birth)

Human Embryonic Arteries

Human Aortic Arches

Human Fetal Circulation

Upper LeftArch VI

Early Human Embryo Circulation

heartsinus venosus

atriumventricle

bulbis cordis

ventral aorta(truncus arteriosus)

allantoic (umbilical) veins

vitelline(hepatic)

veins

left & right anterior cardinal veins

left & right posterior cardinal veins

left & right common cardinal

veins

Early Human Embryo Circulation

heart

allantoic (umbilical) veins

vitelline(hepatic)

veins

left & right anterior cardinal veins

left & right posterior cardinal veins

azygous vein

jugular veins

superiorvenacava

inferiorvenacava

hepaticportalveinhepatic

vein

Human Anterior Venous Development

Basic Vertebrate Circulation

Endothelium = simple squamous epithelium lining inside of blood vessels (tunica intima)

Tunica externa = fibrous connective tissue surrounding the outside of the vessel

Tunica media = between the tunica intima and tunica externa; elastic connective tissue and/or smooth muscle.

Blood Vessel Structure

Arteries = Large; carry blood away from heart;

thick tunica media composed primarily of smooth muscle;

accommodate high blood pressure Capillaries = Very small; gas &

nutrient exchange occur here;

lack tunica media and tunica externa

Vessel Structure

Veins = Vessels that carry blood to the heart; thin tunica media made primarily of connective tissue

one-way valves promote the return of blood under low pressure

Vessel Structure

Vertebrate Vessels

vein arterytunica intima(endothelium)

capillary

Adult Human Arterial system

Adult Human Arterial system

deep brachial

subclavianaxillary

brachial

radialulnar

internal thoracichumeral circumflex

lateral thoracic

common iliacexternal iliacinternal iliac

deep femoralfemoral circumflex

femoral

poplitealanterior tibialposterior tibial

external carotidinternal carotid

common carotidvertebral

aorta*coeliac*

superior mesenteric*

inferior mesenteric*

renalgonadal

Pulse Points

Carotid & Radial Pulse Points

Human Venous System

Azygous vein

Human Venous System

Human Arm Venous System

Human Leg Venous System

Human Varicose veins

Hematopoesis In non-amniotes occurs primarily in

the spleen, kidneys, and liver.

Especially the spleen. Hagfishes, lampreys, & lungfishes =

no spleen In amniotes occurs in bone marrow

(especially in humans and other mammals) as well as in other tissues. No bone marrow in birds.

Subphylum Vertebrata

hagfis

hes

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

th

lungfis

h

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

hemato-poesis inmarrow

blood cells *erythrocytes lack nuclei

*

discrete spleen

sple

enlo

st

Lancelet Circulation

Vertebrate Circulation

heart

ventralaorta

externalcarotid

dorsalaorta

Iliacartery

subclavianartery

Vertebrate Circulationanterior & posterior

cardinal veins renal portal

iliacvein

lateralabdominal

veinsubclavian

vein

heart hepaticportal

jugulars

Gnathostomes = Arch I lost in adults; 6 arches early in development

Sarcopterygiians = Pulmonary arteries from arch VI

Tetrapods & Actinopts. = Arch II lost Amniotes = Arch V lost Mammals = left Arch IV forms aorta;

right Arch IV forms base of subclavian Birds = right Arch IV forms aorta

Aortic Arches

Gnathostome Embryo Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

dorsalaorta

ventralaorta

dorsalaorta

I II III IV V VI

heart

Chondrichthyan Aortic Arches

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

I II III IV V VI

heart

Teleost Aortic Arches

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

I II III IV V VI

Lungfish Aortic Arches

pulmonaryartery

heart

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

I II III IV V VI

Amphibian Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IVVVI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

pulmonaryartery

I II III IV V VI

Lizard Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IVVVI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

pulmonaryartery

I II III IV V VI

Bird Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IVVVI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

pulmonaryartery

I II III IV V VI

Lepidosaur Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IVVVI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

pulmonaryartery

I II III IV V VI

Mammalian Aortic Arches

heart

I

II

III

IVVVI

internalcarotid

externalcarotid

pulmonaryartery

I II III IV V VI


Myx

ini (

hagf

ishes

)

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

ths

lungfis

hes

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

arch Vlost

arch VIforms pulmonaryconnection arch I

lost; 6 arches form in development

arch IIlost ar

ch II

lost

Amniota

montre

mes

mar

supia

ls

euth

eria

ns

turtl

es

lizar

ds & s

nakes

croco

dilian

s

birds

right archIV formsaorta

left arch IVforms aorta; rightarch IV formsright subclavian

Gnathostome Adult Aortic Arches

Aortic Arch Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes

I lost lost lost

II gill arch lost gill arch

III gill arch gill arch gill arch

IV gill arch gill arch gill arch

V gill arch gill arch gill arch

VI gill arch gill arch arch

& pulmonary artery


Aortic Arch amphibians turtles lizards

I lost lost lost

II lost lost lost

III common carotids

common carotids

common carotids

IV l. and r. aortic arches

l. and r. aortic arches

l. and r. aortic arches

V aortic arch(lost in frogs)

lost lost

VI aortic arch & pulmonary

artery

pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery


Aortic Arch crocodilians birds Mammalia

I lost lost lost

II lost lost lost

III common carotids

com. carotids / subclavian

bases

common carotids & ext. carotid base

IV l. and r. aortic arches

l. lost

r. aorta

l. aorta

r. subclavian

V lost lost lost

VI pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery

Gnathostomes = renal portal vein Tetrapods = inferior vena cava from

right hepatic; anterior cardinal veins form internal & external jugular veins

Mammals = inferior vena cava connects to & replaces renal portal

Some Mammals (humans, cats, etc.) = lose the left anterior cardinal vein (the right anterior cardinal vein = superior vena cava)

Venous System

Venous System

sinusvenosus

hepaticvein

hepaticportal

anteriorcardinal

posteriorcardinal

commoncardinal

Shark Venous System

anteriorcardinal

posteriorcardinal

commoncardinal

renalportal

internaljugular

subclavian

hepaticvein

hepaticportal

posteriorcardinal

Amphibian Venous System

anteriorcardinalcommoncardinal

renalportal

hepaticvein

hepaticportal

subclavian

internaljugular

externaljugular

posteriorvena cava

iliac

Reptile Venous System

anteriorcardinal

renalportal

hepaticvein

hepaticportal

internaljugular

externaljugular

posteriorvena cava

iliac

subclavian

Mammal Venous System

anteriorcardinal

hepaticvein

hepaticportal

internaljugular

externaljugular

posteriorvena cava

iliac

subclavian

renalvein

Gnathostome Venous System

Veins Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes

ant. card. ant. cardinal ant. cardinal ant. cardinal

com. card. com. cardinal com. cardinal com. cardinal

post. card. post. cardinal post. cardinal post. cardinal (rt. = posterior “vena cava”)

hepatic 2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins 2 hepatic veins

hep. portal hepatic portal hepatic portal hepatic portal

renal port. renal portal renal portal renal portal

Gnathostome Venous SystemVeins amphibians turtles Lepidosauria

ant. card. ant. cardinal (jugular vein &

brachiocephalics)

ant. cardinal (jugular vein &

brachiocephalics)


brachiocephalics)

com. card. com. cardinal (s. vena cavas)

com. cardinal(s. vena cavas)


post. card. post. cardinal l. lostr. azygous vein

l. lostr. azygous vein

hepatic l. hepatic vein

r. p. vena cava

l. hepatic vein

r. p. vena cava

l. hepatic vein

r. p. vena cava


renal port. renal portal renal portal renal portal

Gnathostome Venous SystemVeins crocodilians birds Mammalia

ant. card. ant. cardinal (jugular vein &

brachiocephalics)


brachiocephalics)


brachiocephalics)

com. card. com. cardinal(s. vena cavas)


com. cardinal (s. vena cavas

-left s. v. c. lost in some)

post. card. l. lostr. azygous vein



hepatic l. hepatic vein

r. i. vena cava

l. hepatic vein

r. i. vena cava

l. hepatic vein

r. i. vena cava


renal port. renal portal renal portal lost

gut

Vein from yolk sac to heart (vitelline vein) impinged on by hepatic diverticulum and forms hepatic capillaries.

Hepatic Portal Vein

heart

vitelline vein (from yolk sac)

liver (with hepatic veins)

hepatic portal vein


hagfis

hes

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

ths

lungfis

hes

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

renal portal; subclavians

jugular veins; rt. hepatic = posterior vena cava

*renal portal lost

*

Heart = Muscular pump, moves blood via rhythmic contraction.

Contraction involuntary & initiated within the heart. (not-neuronal)Modified branching (cardiac) muscle cells transmit contraction signal.

Chamber = Cavity for blood collection separated by valves

Valves = Flaps of tissue that prevent back-flow of fluid (in this case blood)

Heart

Human Heart Development Formed from splanchnic mesoderm. Endocardial tissue = forms simple

squamous epithelium that lines the heart chambers and forms the heart valves

Myocardial = epithelium forms heart muscle Hollow endocardial primordia form by

splanchnic mesoderm ingression, then fuse to form a the endocardium (endothelium).

Epithelial splanchnic mesoderm surrounds the endocardium forming the cardiac muscle of the myocardium.

Human Heart Development

endocardium

myocardium


Sinus Venosus

(ventral aorta)

Sinus venosus = slightly muscular chamber; receives blood from cardinal veins = sinoatrial node (“pacemaker”) in amniotes.

Sinoatrial valve = between s.v. & atrium.

Atrium = slightly muscular chamber.

Atrioventricular valve = between atrium & ventricle.

Ventricle = highly muscular chamber.

Conus arteriosus/ Bulbus arteriosus = chamber after ventricle (muscular with valves = conus; elastic, no valves = bulbus ; embryonic = bulbis cordis)

Heart Chambers & Valves


Sinus Venosus lost except some cells that become the sinoatrial node (“pacemaker”)

Sinoatrial valve lost. Atrium divides into right and left. Atrioventricular valve divides to form

(right) tricuspid and (left) bicuspid/mitral valves

Ventricle divides into right and left.


Bulbis cordis lost. Ventral aorta (truncus arteriosus)

divides to become

- (left) ascending aorta that will maintain connection to aortic arches III & IV and

- (right) pulmonary trunk artery that will maintain connection to aortic arch VI.


Human Heart Blood Flow

Human Heart Blood Flow


Heart Position/Stethoscope

Blood Flow From Heart

low oxygen

high oxygen


Teleost

Sarcopterygiians = at least partially developed interatrial septum

Tetrapods = complete interatrial septum

Amniotes = conus arteriosus lost during devel; sinus venosus incorp. into right atrium; at least partially developed interventricular septum

Mammals & Archosaurs = complete interventricular septum

Heart Chambers



bulb

us

arte

riosu

s


hagfis

hes

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

ths

lungfis

hes

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

partial interatrialseptum

heart (sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle,

conus arteriosus)

completeinteratrialseptum

Amniota

montre

mes

mar

supia

ls

euth

eria

ns

turtl

es

lizar

ds & s

nakes

croco

dilian

s

birds

conus arteriosus lost in adult;incomplete interventricular septum;sinus venosus lost (in rt. atrium)

completeinterventricularseptum

completeinterventricularseptum

Gnathostome Heart

Chambers Chondrichthys Actinopterygii lungfishes

Sinus Venosus

sinus venosus sinus venosus sinus venosus

Atrium atrium atrium atrium (partially l.-r. divided)

Ventricle ventricle venticle ventricle

Conus Arteriosus

conus arteriosus

bulbus arteriosus (not

muscular)

conus arteriosus

Gnathostome Heart

Chambers amphibians lizards turtles

Sinus Venosus

sinus venosus sinoatrial node (incorp. in rt. atrium)

sinoatrial node (incorp. in rt. atrium)

Atrium left atrium

right atrium

left atrium

right atrium

left atrium

right atrium

Ventricle ventricle ventricle (partial. left-right divided)

ventricle (partial. left-right divided)

Conus Arteriosus

conus arteriosus

lost lost

Gnathostome Heart

Chambers crocodilians birds Mammalia

Sinus Venosus




Atrium left atrium

right atrium

left atrium

right atrium

left atrium

right atrium

Ventricle left ventricle

right ventricle(connected by

foramen of Panizza)

left ventricle

right ventricle

left ventricle

right ventricle

Conus Arteriosus

lost lost lost

Plasma in capillaries is forced into the tissues by blood pressure.

Edema = swelling of tissues due to accumulation of fluid (plasma/lymph).

Usually, edema is avoided because…

plasma in tissues diffuses into blind lymphatic capillaries and is called lymph.

Lymphatic System

Lymphatic SystemHIGH PRESSURE

heart

artery

vein

capillaries

LOW PRESSURE

LOW PRESSURE

Lymphangitis = inflamation of a lymph vessel. (ROOT WORDS)

Lymphangitis of the vessel indicated by the arrow caused the edema in the middle finger.

Lymphatic System

Lymph vessels = thin walled vessels with valves (similar in structure to veins, but with weak contractile ability); return lymph to venous system.

Lymph nodes (lymphatic cisterns) = expanded lymph vessels filled with connective tissue and leukocytes. Immunological filters.

Lacteals = lymph vessels in villi of the jejuno-ileum (small intestine) absorb fats.

Lymphatic System

Lymph Vessel

Lymph Node & Lg. Vessel(in mesentary proper)

Human Cephalic Lymph System

Human Lymphatic System

Contractile lymph vessels exist in most vertebrates (Form localized Lymph Hearts in hagfishes, lungfishes, amphibians, turtles, liz. & snakes, & ostriches+related birds)

Lacteals = lymph vessels in the intestinal villi – Only in TETRAPODS.

Lymph nodes / sacs / cisterns = expanded lymph vessels filled with connective tissue and leukocytes. Only in AMNIOTES.

Lymphatic System

Human Lymphatic System


hagfis

hes

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

ths

lungfis

hes

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

lacteals

lymphnodes &cisterns

Ventilation = movement of air or water across a respiratory surface.

Apnea = cessation of ventilation Unidirectional ventilation = air/water

moves 1 direction over resp. surface Bidirectional ventilation = air/water

moves 2 directions over resp. surface. (tidal)

Concurrent & Counter current exchange

General Respiratory Systems

Concurrent

Same Direction Current

to body

blood

water or air

from body (heart)

Counter Current

Counter Current System

to body

blood

water or air

from body (heart)

Human Trachea & Lung Development

Human Respiratory System

nasal cavitypharynxlarynx

tracheabronchusbronchiolealveolus

inlung

Human Respiratory System

Human Larynx

Human Lungs

Human Ventilation

Skin is a significant respiratory surface in many NON-amniotes.

Gills = aquatic pharyngeal respiratory surfaces. (Internal = within pharynx;

External = protrude from pharynx)

Aquatic Respiratory Structures

salamander (axolotl)

lungfishreedfish

Internal GillsChondrichthys

Actinopterygii

Gills Gill = bony pharyngeal arch and two sets

of filaments. Absent in Amniotes and adult

Lissamphibians Each filament bears many lamellae

(small, flat projections) & blood passes through capillaries in the lamellae.

Blood movement through lamellae sets up a counter current system.

Gills

Counter Current

Gill Filament

lamella

efferent

afferent

Lungs/Swimbladders Lung(s) = aerial gut diverticulum

respiratory surface. (Osteichthys)

In fishes called swimbladder & usually used for buoyancy as well.

Pneumatic duct = Connection to digestive tract in Actinopterygii & Dipnoi.

Trachea (in Tetrapods) is a pneumatic duct held open with cartilage rings.

Lungs/Swimbladders Respiratory lungs/swimbladders are

often compartmentalized. Faveoli = non-mammal lung chambers. Alveoli = rounded mammal lung

chambers.

Ancestral lungs/swimbladders:

Ventral trachea/pneumatic duct.

Two “lungs” Swimbladder of non-reedfish

actinopterygiians:

Dorsal pneumatic duct.

One lung dorsal to esophagus.

(Pneumatic duct lost in some teleosts.)

Lungs/Swimbladders (Osteichthys)

Lungs/Swimbladders

Actinopterygii

Polypterus

lungfish

salamanderbass

carp

Amia calva

Craniate Respiration

hagfis

hes

lam

preys

Chondrichth

ys

Actin

optery

gii

coel

acan

ths

lungfis

hes

amphib

ians

Mam

mal

ia

Reptil

ia

lungs(swimbladder)

gillfilamentslost

respiratory gills with filaments

trachea(withcartilage“rings”)

alveoli

sturg

eons

& pad

dlefis

h

gars bowfin

Amia

cal

va

TELEOSTS

reed

fishes

Class Actinopterygii

single dorsal lung withdorsal connection todigestive tract

Aerial Respiratory Modifications

Ancestrally - amphibians & “fishes”

- “Swallow” air – push into lungs

- Elastic lungs recoil to push air out. Prehepatic diaphragm (mammals)

- Negative pressure pulls air into lungs

- Body cavity contraction pushes air out. Posthepatic diaphragm (crocodilians)

- Negative pressure pulls air into lungs

- Liver pushes air out of lungs.

Ventilation“swallow” air

posthepatic

prehepatic

Parabronchi (birds) = one-way, passageways through the lung faveoli.

Lungs not very compressible. Air Sacs (birds) = membranous sacs

for containing air (9 off of each lung) Air moved by expansion & contraction

of air sacs. Countercurrent, constant flow of O2 rich

air over capillaries even when exhaling.

Bird Respiration

Avian Lungs

Avian Inhalation

Avian Exhalation

Avian Respiration

Amniota

monotre

mes

mar

supia

ls

euth

eria

ns

turtl

es

lizar

ds & s

nakes

croco

dilian

s

birds

prehepaticdiaphragm

air sacs;parabronchi

* posthepatic diaphragm

*

Documents

Cardiovascular System = Heart, blood vessels, and blood -Transports H 2 O, nutrients, waste, O 2, CO 2, hormones, and immune cells. -Regulates heat,