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The First Great Awakening
Began in 1739 outpouring of European Protestant revivalism
spread to British North America Religion became an emotional
commitment Charismatic ministers Preached to emotions rather than intellect
Jonathan Edwards
Congregationalist
“The God that holds you over the pit of Hell, much as one holds you over a spider or other loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you.”
George Whitefieldthe “rockstar”
Toured America preaching charismatically After tour in 1741, number of people in
Connecticut alone jumped from 630 to 3,217
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights- revivalists Baptists Presbyterians
Old Lights- rationalist clergy Anglican Presbyterian Congregational
The Great Awakening’s Long Term Effects
Presbyterians formed rival branches between New and Old Lights
Decrease in Anglicans, Quakers, and Congregationalists influences
Increased Presbyterian and Baptist membership
Colleges
College of New Jersey (Princeton)-Presbyterians
King’s College (Columbia)-Anglicans College of Rhode Island (Brown)-Baptists Queen’s College (Rutgers)-Dutch Reform Dartmouth College-Congregationalists
Minority Influences
Women gained more rights Were granted right to speak in some New
Light churches Beginning of Black Protestantism Native Americans
Had New Light missionaries residing in the colonies
Second Great Awakening
Started in Connecticut in 1790s- ran to 1830s Charles G. Finney, Presbyterian minister,
conducted revivals in towns like Rome and Utica, New York, 1820s
Western New York was the scene of intense revivalism and known as “Burned Over District”
Rochester Revival involved all denominations Stressed perfectionism( Persons could become
perfected in faith through own efforts – rejected predestination)
Women’s involvement continued to increase
Unitarians
split from Congregationalist Church in New England
Believed that Jesus was just a great teacher and not actually divine
Stressed character building by modeling Jesus
Attracted wealthy, educated
Mormons Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism,
wondered which denomination was right or wrong or if they were “all wrong together”
“Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism”
Began to move west gradually because they wanted to be closer to Native Americans who they thought were offshoots of ancient Hebrew tribes in America
He had a revelation sanctioning polygyny, eventually settled in present day Utah, escaping constant harassment from NY to ILL
Shakers Official name: United society of Believers in Christ’s
Second Appearing
Founded by Mother Ann Lee in 1700s in England
Came to America, 1770s in New Lebanon, New York
Name of “Shakers” came from convulsive religious dance that was part of their ceremonies
Established communal groups, practiced celibacy
Produced sturdy and simple yet elegant furniture
Charles G. Finney, evangelist
Mother Ann Lee, Shakers
Joseph Smith, Mormonism
William Ellery Channing, Unitarians
1920’s Fundamentalism
Expansion of Catholic and Jewish population, and the growth of science
“The Fundamentals”- a series of essays published in 1909-1914
Fundamentalists insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, included Genesis account of Creation (therefore very troubled by claims of Darwin)
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Teaching evolution was barred in many public schools
William Jennings Bryan-endorsed anti-evolution cause
John T. Scopes Accepted American Civil Liberties Union offer
to challenge the barred theory of evolution Summarized the theory to a science class,
was arrested
Darwin Cont.
Defense team headed by Clarence Darrow-Bryan assisted in prosecution Insisted on literal veracity of every Bible story Dismissed evolution theory
Scopes convicted, (fined $100, later reversed on procedural error)
Results of Scopes Trial
Numerous states passed anti-evolution laws after 1925 Southern and western states most effected
Textbook publishers deleted or modified evolution information Avoid offending local school boards
Seneca Falls
Why: Women couldn’t own property, retain
their own earnings, or vote. Were deemed as, “guardians of the
home” and were limited to this area. Considered less then men in all respects
except in the home. They were even discriminated against by
abolition leaders in America. Women fed up with 2nd class citizen
status!
Declaration of Sentiments
How: In 1848 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton organized a women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls.
They drafted a Declaration which stated that all men and women are created equal.
First women’s rights convention in America
Women’s movement overshadowed
Reasons: Married women gained the right to own
property which satisfied many women. The close association with abolitionism hurt
the movement. Faced competition from both the temperance
and education movements which gave women a more popular cause outside of the home.
With the civil war on the horizon the women’s movement got pushed to the backburner in many American’s minds.
Women in the Old South
Planters often had to move their families due to a failed crop season. This disrupted the wife’s social circle as well
as her family ties extremely hard on women who had grown up
with the elegance of the east only to be uprooted and isolated in the southwest.
Many women had to deal with the presence of mulatto children who were daily reminders of their husbands, “indiscretions.”
The Civil War
Effect on women: In the absence of many men, women
worked in fields or factories to provide for their families and aid the war effort.
Women also became field nurses and volunteered in soldier societies.
Many women felt that due to their huge presence during the war that this would bring about women’s rights.
Huge Letdown In 1863 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony started the Women’s National Loyal League
Its goal was to receive enough signatures on a petition that would call for the abolishment of slavery.
Despite their high hopes women were still paid less in the workplace and not valued for their aid in the civil war since charity and benevolent acts fell under the sphere of domesticity.
What was even more disappointing was the fact that though most abolitionist supported women on their views on slavery, they laughed at the idea of female suffrage.
Split in the Cause The 14th and 15th amendments:
The 14th amendment states that all are citizens if they were born in this country.
The 15th amendment prohibited the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous servitude. (But not sex!!!()
National Woman suffrage association Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton They denounced their one time male allies They campaigned for a federal women’s suffrage
amendment. American Woman Suffrage Association
Led by Julia Ward Howe and Lucy stone This group remained loyal to the male abolitionist who
believed that once black men had the vote then women could later on jump on the bandwagon.
They also campaigned for women’s suffrage in the states.
War on discrimination
In 1869 and 1870 both Wyoming and Utah enfranchised women. Unfortunately neither one of the movements could sway other territories.
In 1872 Susan B. Anthony led a group of 70 women to vote nationwide. She was indicted, convicted and fined.
Minor v. Happersett In 1872 Virginia Minor, a Missouri suffragist,
brought a suit, along with her husband, against the registrar who prohibited her from voting.
The supreme court ruled that a state could constitutionally deny women the vote.
Women and work in the Industrial era
Single women Many young, single women viewed
factory work as a positive opportunity. It was a way for them to earn their own
wages and be truly independent. With the introduction of the typewriter
and telephone women with high school education could earn up to $8.
Married women Those who had to work often took in
boarders, did laundry, worked in factories and mended clothing.
These women were paid less then men.
Labor Unions
With long hours, harsh conditions, and little pay workers began to organize.
Knights of labor Formed by Uriah Stephens in 1869, it excluded
only bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and pro gamblers.
They demanded equal pay for women and welcomed female members.
A member called mother Jones was a feisty Irish immigrant who recruited thousands of workers.
National Labor Union This group was formed by William Sylvis in 1866 He supported women in the workplace and even
elected a female as a national officer.
Victorian Era
Due to the new Victorian morals women of middle to upper class status were expected to know their place and stay within the borders of the home.
They were praised as protectors of the hearth though this was a double edge sword.
Men viewed the home as the place were women could be creative and dominating and no were else.
The New Woman
The constraints of Victorian doctrine loosened as the decade progressed
Women’s colleges like Mount Holyoke and Wellesley & Smith opened their doors to more athletic and truly education based programs instead of, “wife prep programs.”
Female writers like Kate Chopin and Mary Freeman pushed the envelop on the social status of women.
Unfortunately, not many things changed for the poor and working class women of America who didn’t have the time or means to get involved in politics or enroll in college.
The Progressive Era
Campaign for Suffrage: Carrie Chapman Catt was a reformer
from Iowa who became the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1900.
She was a zealous advocate for the women’s vote and argued that it would empower women not only outside the home but within it making them better caretakers.
Militants: Alice Paul of New Jersey broke from the
NAWSA’s and formed the National Woman’s party which focused on winning the support of congress and the president for an amendment on the female vote.
19th Amendment
After years of struggle and their valiant efforts in World War 1 both the majority of Congress and President Wilson were persuaded to adopt the women’s suffrage.
It was ratified in 1920 and guaranteed women the right to vote in all elections.
Catt later went on to form the League of women voters which kept women up to date on candidates and their platforms.
Other Effects of the Progressive Era
Women made advances in many areas, such as: Equality in schools Liberalizing marriages and lifting some of the
stigma from divorces Reducing discrimination in the workplace
through more educated women and more liberal thinking
Recognition of women’s rights to own property
Opening the door for the topic of birth control and sex though it was not legally recognized till 1965. Margaret Sanger was the nurse who wrote The
Woman Rebel which dealt with this taboo topic. Mary Dennett wrote The Sex Side of Life which
discussed human reproduction in a straightforward manner.
Both women were ostracized and their works banned for being, “obscene.”
In the beginning…
1619 - first Africans brought to Jamestown
Racially discriminated against Not everyone was sold as slaves;
indentured servants Fewer whites kept as indentured servants Treated as slaves, becomes status
Increased Demand for Slavery
Reduced migration Higher wages in England
Dependable workforce Thought slavery provided stable workforce Bacon’s Rebellion demonstrated power of
racism, farmer’s wanted total control Cheap Labor
Crops required it
Triangle Trade
From America rum and sugar shipped out to Africa, rum and guns for slaves
Middle Passage to West Indies 12 million shipped in horrible conditions Sugar cane back to a New England port
for rum making
Slavery in the Colonies
By 1660 Maryland defined slavery as lifelong and inherited
Slave population tripled in late sixteen-hundreds
1640’s islands became largely slave economy, harsh slave codes (Barbados Slave Code)
Carolinas become like mini-feudal systems
Slavery in the Colonies
Chesapeake society divided between wealthy planters and a small number of black slaves and poor farmers
Racial slavery developed in 3 stages: From 1619-1640 distinguished by documents,
black or white, not all Africans assumed slaves for life
From 1640-1660 more and more blacks and Indians treated as slaves for life, became inherited
Slavery regulated by law after 1660, formally codified by farmer ellites
Crops of the Colonies
• Carolinas, West Indies, Virginia, Maryland, etc.
• Slaves needed to produce these crops on large scale Rice The low country Ga, SC Cotton (minimal til after Cotton Gin
(1796) Tobacco – Va, Md, NC Sugar cane – La after 1803 (LA purchase) Indigo – SC, GA
Redefining the Color Line
Gains for African-Americans More legal protection and equality 13 states permitted voting by 1796
End 1790’s the tide turns Slave rebellion St. Domingo Seemed more of a threat to Southerners
Losses for African-Americans Excluded from military, citizenship Took vote away Fugitive Slave Law
Stono Rebellion
South Carolina, 1739- Causes not especially clear
Spanish encouraging escaped slaves “Security Act” passed requiring all whites
to carry guns to church Slaves gather at Stono River bridge, go to
gun shop, kill 2 owners, arm themselves First slave revolt in America Radically tightened slave codes
Slavery entering 1800’s
Cotton gin, cotton much more profitable, higher demand for slaves
1808 - Congress prohibits importation of slaves
Agriculture primary economic support in the South
Peculiar Institution “Good for both slave and master”
Fugitive Slave Law
Fugitive Slave Law- captured slaves, return to Southern owners
Enforcement of law added to aggrieved feelings
Some states made it a crime to use their jail to hold slaves
Federal government’s jurisdiction, paid all costs of enforcement
Slave Life
Cotton is King Most in the South labored in fields, some
worked as house servants, in factories, construction, skilled workers
Varied from plantation to plantation; some treated humanely, others abused, but all deprived of freedom
Families split up Slaves contested status in many ways Social structure of South, 4 main groups
Slave Culture
Pidgin-cultural language, mix of English and African languages
Ex: “Me Tarzan You Jane” Religions: Muslims, Christians, and native
African Music and dance extremely expressive,
spirituals Banjo an African instrument
The Abolition Movement
Second Great Awakening persuaded more people of the evils of slavery
Moderates-wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners
Immediatists-wanted emancipation at once, e.g. William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator
Harriet Tubman-Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglas published newspaper called The North Star
The North and the South
The Southern economy was dependent upon agriculture and required use of slavery
Led to the “peculiar institution” The North was becoming more and more
industrialized towards the mid-1800s Becoming the nation’s commercial center Banking, communications, transportation
and industry prevalent Slavery less necessary in the North
because of immigrants and other workers
Approaching the Civil War
The Compromise of 1850 - Led to Southern hostility and possibility of secession
Kansas-Nebraska Act - bill introduced by Stephen A. Douglas to divide Nebraska territory and Kansas territory and let them decide slave or free
OriginsA. Definition: an opposition to immigration,
originating in U.S. politics and its roots in the country's historic role as a melting pot.
B. Major arguments of nativism: Government expense: Government expenses may
exceed tax revenue relating to new immigrants. Language: Isolate themselves in their own
communities and refuse to learn the local language. Employment: take jobs from native citizens. Patriotism: Damage a sense of community and
nationality. Consumption: Increase the consumption of scarce
resources. Welfare: Make heavy use of social welfare systems. Overpopulation: May sometimes overpopulate
countries Culture: can replace native culture with their own.
Leading to Nativism
A. Earliest movement stemmed from a flood of Irish and French refugees in 1790.
B. Major cause for 19th century nativism was the Bible riots in 1840’s.
I. The riots involved the subject of the removal of the Bible from public schools.
Nativist movement A. The political party of the nativist
movement was the American or the Know - Nothing Party.
I. They got their name due to the members saying “I know nothing” if asked about its secret proceedings.
II. They were anti-foreign and anti-Catholic.
B.It originated from an alarm on the part of native-born Americans about the increase of German and Irish immigrants during the 1840's and 1850's.
C.37 million immigrants came to America.
PolicyA. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) – 4 internal
laws passed by Congress to limit immigration and restrict press.
(1).Naturalization Law [June 18] – required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship, last 5 years in the same place.
(2). Alien Act [June 25] - authorizing the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime .
(3). Alien Enemies Act [July 6] - act allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power.
Twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.
A. Quota Laws - two laws passed to limit immigrants based on nationality. I. 1882 the US passes the Exclusion Act due to
a peak in Chinese immigration, which bars Chinese laborers from coming into the US for 10 years. The act was subsequently extended.
II.1921 act limited immigration to 3% of the number of foreign-born immigrants from a given nation counted in the 1910 Census (max of 357,000)
III. 1924 act was passed to make sure they would include immigrants from south and east Europe which based the quota on the Census of 1890.
Policy [Continued]
Legal IssuesA. Sacco and Vanzetti I. Artists and intellectuals were a minority
that were against nativist prejudice and supported the Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti.
(1) 1921 were convicts in Massachusetts convicted of robbery and murder.
(2) Liberals were protesting against the trials, saying they were discriminated against because they were poor Irish immigrants who were anarchists.
(3) after 6 years, they were executed in 1926.
Reasons for discriminationA. Over a million foreigners immigrated
into the US between 1919-1921. I. Mainly Catholics and Jews from
eastern and southern Europe. II. Prejudice of native-born Catholics was
re-ignited. III. Fear of competition for jobs.
B. Isolationists wanted minimal contact with Europe and thought the immigrants were radicals who might start a revolution. C. Red Scare:
I. A fear of communist, anarchist influx in the population who take jobs from natives and cause revolutions.
Who came/ Why?
A. Immigrants were: I. Irish, Germans, Poles, Russians, Jews,
Ukrainians, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians, Italians and Greeks
II. 81% of immigrants are from southern and eastern Europe in 1907.
B. Why they came:I. 1890 more Europeans started to immigrate to America due to politics, hunger and religion (push and pull factors).II. Cheaper land in America.
Anti-German nativism1840- 1920
A. Distrusted due to their:
separatist social structure
opposition to prohibition
attachment to their native tongue over English
neutrality in World War IGerman population in the U.S. in 1872
Anti-Chinese nativism
A. Emphasized driving out Chinese immigrants, causing an influx of Mexican workers into the west for the railroads.
B. Drove out many into smaller towns with riots in San Francisco and legislature prohibiting employers from hiring Chinese workers. First page in the Exclusion Act
Who didn’t come/ Why?
A. Chinese I. 1862 Congress passes the first
law restricting immigration with the 1862 law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S.
II. 1880 US signs agreement with China to regulate but not exclude Chinese laborers.
Who didn’t come/ Why?
B. Europeans I. The outbreak of World War I
stopped European immigration to America.
II. Espionage Act [1917] - dealt a $10,000 fine and 20 years' imprisonment for interfering with the recruiting of troops or the release of information dealing with national defense.
(1). Over the next few months around 900 went to prison under the Espionage Act.