- Because of their geography (The Continental System) - Because of their natural resources (Coal, Iron) - Because of their waterways (Convenient Transportation) - Because of their dramatic increase in population - Because of their mobile workforce (Enclosure Movement) Adam Smith (Liberal) - Believed in laissez-faire - Government regulation does more harm than good -Increased profit would lead to increased prosperity and quality of life for everyone John Stuart Mill (Democratic Liberal) - Believed government should take action to solve problems - Favored labor unions - Supported the agenda of those unions Robert Owen (Utopian Socialist) - Wanted to create a utopia (or perfect society) - Believed that if people were raised properly and worked hard they would develop good character and work for the good of everyone - Emphasized education and hard work Karl Marx (Marxist) - Wanted to create a society run by workers - Saw history as a struggle between capitalists (business owners) and the proletariat (workers) - Wanted government ownership of industry to ensure the equal distribution of wealth between all people - Warned that eventually the proletariat would rise up and revolt against capitalists Jeremy Bentham (Utilitarian) - Wanted a society based on the needs of the many - Natural law (inherent laws based in human nature) and natural rights (things all people are inherently guaranteed) do not exist; laws must be made to guarantee rights and protections - Favored individual and economic freedom, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the end of slavery, the abolition of physical punishment, the right to divorce, and the decriminalization of homosexual acts - Pasteurization is a process of making foods spoil less quickly. The first pasteurization was done on April 20, The basic idea is to kill any harmful microbes therefore creating a safer food. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all microorganisms in the food. It wants to bring their number down so they are unlikely to cause disease (assuming the pasteurized product is kept in the refrigerator and consumed before its expiration date) - In 1927 Pavlov first showed the concept of classical conditioning - There is one stimulus which is called neutral, and there is another, which has some meaning. If the two stimuli are often presented together, the organism learns that they belong together. As a result, it is enough to show the neutral stimulus to get a response - Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis, treatment designed to help people understand themselves better - Freud was the first person to study the unconscious scientifically. Freud believed the true self was revealed in the unconscious because it could not be controlled - Freud thought sex was the most important need for human beings after staying alive. He thought that sometimes people would do something they did not really want to do because the libido made them do it. - Darwin was the first to propose the idea of survival of the fittest - Lamarck had previously proposed the idea of evolution, but Darwin refined his concept to what is scientifically accepted today (natural selection) - The concept of Social Darwinism developed out of his ideas Beethovens Moonlight Sonata in C Woodcut illustrating The Old Woman in the Wood Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (Caspar David Friedrich 1818) Shipwreck (Joseph Vernet 1759) Gordale Scar (James Ward ) Saturn Devouring His Son (Francisco Goya ) Haunted by Nightmares Woodcut illustrating The Old Woman in the Wood A poor servant girl travelled with the family she served when robbers attacked them. She hid behind a tree, but no one else survived. She lamented her fate, and a dove came to her, with a golden key. It told her to unlock a tree, and she found food. In the evening, it brought her another key, for a tree with a bed. She lived like this for many days, when the dove asked her to do something for it. She agreed. It told her to go to a house and go in. An old woman would greet her, but she should not answer; she should open an inner door, which will reveal a room full of splendid rings, but she should take a plain one. The old woman was quite angry, but the girl did not heed her. Then, when she could not see the plain ring, she saw the old woman trying to carry off a bird cage. She took the bird cage away from her; it held a bird, which held the plain ring in its beak. She took it outside and waited against a tree. Two branches turned into arms about her as the tree turned into a handsome man who kissed her and told her that the witch had turned him into a tree, and for two hours a day, a dove, and she had freed him. All his attendants turned back from trees as well, and he being a king's son, they went to his father's kingdom and married. Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (Caspar David Friedrich 1818) Shipwreck (Joseph Vernet 1759) Gordale Scar (James Ward ) Saturn Devouring His Son (Francisco Goya ) In Greek myth, Cronus (or Saturn in the Roman tradition) was told that one day one of his children would rise up and overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father Ouranus (or Uranus is in the Roman tradition) who ruled the universe before him. To prevent that, as each of his children ( Demeter, Hera, Hades, Hestia, and Poseidon) was born he ate them alive. When his last child, Zeus, was born Cronus was tricked by his mother, Gaia, into devouring a stone in swaddling clothing instead of Zeus. After Zeus grew up he poisoned Cronus forcing him to disgorge everything he had eaten and, together, the sons and daughters of Cronus overthrew him. Haunted by Nightmares The Ideas of Romanticism Emphasized inner feelings, emotion, imagination Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also on the odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying Loved the beauties of untamed nature Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time Glorified heroes and heroic actions Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories Valued the common people and the individual Promoted radical change and democracy As Beethovens life progressed his music transformed and became increasingly infused with the influence of romanticism. At first, his music was tied to past tradition. Eventually, he looked to express the ideas of the Romantic Movement musically. Symphony No. 5 Symphony No. 9: Ode to Joy 1824 Goethe first rose to fame for his epistolary novel (a novel written as a series of documents) The Sorrows of Young Werther. Goethe used a series of love letters to tell the story of Werthers unrequited love for Charlotte. Charlotte is, tragically, already engaged, and though she loves Werther, she will not break off the engagement and ends up marrying her fianc Albert. Werther sees but one option: somebody must die. Unwilling to commit murder, Werther sees no alternative but to take his own life. He writes one final letter to Charlotte and then shoots himself in the head, though he takes 12 hours to finally die. Though the story is tragic, it made the idea of suicide (especially for love) popular (perhaps sexy?) among the German youth in the late 1700s. Goethe later turned The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, a short novel from the 1600s based on a German folk tale about a doctor on a quest for knowledge through a pact with Satan, into a play. In Goethes Faust, the doctor sells his soul to the Devil for knowledge and the opportunity to experience everything life had to offer. In Goethes version, When the devil tells Faust to sign the pact with blood to make it official, Faust complains that the devil does not trust Faust's word of honor. In the end, Satan wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Gretchen. He is attracted to her and with jewelry and help from a neighbor the devil draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. Faust seduces Gretchen and they sleep together. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and the devil. Gretchen drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved, leaving Faust frustrated and unfulfilled. During the time of Napoleon, while Germany was under the influence of the Continental System, the Brothers Grimm (and others) went about collecting German folklore because they felt a need to preserved their unique culture. Although everyone wanted to be part of the glory of France, they also wanted to maintain their cultural identity. When the wedding with the prince was to be held, the two false sisters came, wanting to gain favor with Cinderella and to share her good fortune. When the bridal couple walked into the church, the older sister walked on their right side and the younger on their left side, and the pigeons pecked out one eye from each of them. Afterwards, as they came out of the church, the older one was on the left side, and the younger one on the right side, and then the pigeons pecked out the other eye from each of them. And thus, for their wickedness and falsehood, they were punished with blindness as long as they lived. Renaissance Man of the Romantic Era: poet, author, and illustrator of Faust The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom. Prudence is a rich ugly old maid courted by Incapacity. He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence. The cut worm forgives the plow. No bird soars too high if he soars with his own wings. Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bring of Religion. The pride of the peacock is the glory of God. The lust of the goat is the bounty of God. The wrath of the lion is the wisdom of God. The nakedness of women is the work of God. Excess of sorrow laughs. Excess of joy weeps. What is now proved was once only imagin'd. The fox provides for himself, but God provides for the lion. Think in the morning. Act in the noon. Eat in the evening. Sleep in the night. The tygers of wrath are wiser than the horses of instruction. Expect poison from standing water. The weak in courage is strong in cunning. Damn braces. Bless relaxes. Joys laugh not! Sorrows weep not! The head Sublime, the heart Pathos, the genitals Beauty, the hands and feet Proportion. Exhuberance is Beauty. Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse unacted desires. And remember, before the Industrial Revolution there was always work to do. Subsistence farming the domestic system work, work, work. Now that the unions have fought to limit the workday, what are the people going to do with all of this free time? The Dawn of Mass Culture What is Mass Culture Anyway? New Recreational Activities Rise of Consumer Culture Nationwide Advertising Campaigns EVERYONE IS DOING AND SEEING THE SAME THINGS Name That Logo! A fierce upward rush of air, a wild grip at a loosening hat, and an instant later the shock. We were shooting upward as a billow that breaks against the cliff; we were curling over as the wave curls backward; we were darting down to inevitable annihilation! Coney Island (1884) EIGHT HOURS FOR WORK, EIGHT HOURS FOR REST, AND EIGHT HOURS FOR WHAT WE WILL. Slogan of the carpenters union in Worcester, 1889 The Safety Bicycle I think [bicycling] has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. It gives women a freedom and a self reliance. -Susan B. Anthony Shirt Blouse Split Skirt NO MORE CHAPERONES! Spectator Sports John L. Sullivan, 1882 Barehanded heavyweight boxer [Baseball is] the very symbol and the visible expression of the drive and push and rush and struggle of the raging, tearing, booming nineteenth century. -Mark Twain Just as everyone dreamed of being French, after industrialization everyone wanted to be (or be better than) the British! Scott Joplin: The King Of Ragtime The Maple Leaf Rag!