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© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Psychodynamic and Humanistic Explanations of Depression
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Psychodynamic Explanations
Freud
• anger turned towards the self
• bereavement results in sense of worthlessness or guilt
• can be symbolic bereavement
BUT
• Weissman et al (1971) found that people with depression often express intense anger towards others
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Alternative Psychodynamic Theory
• depression as ‘love addiction’ (e.g. Rado, 1928)
• dependent on others for self-esteem
• require constant demonstrations of love
• but, care little for others
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Evaluation
Psychodynamic theories are difficult to test, but two claims have been supported by empirical evidence:
• Neitzel and Harris (1990) demonstrated that a high level of dependence is a characteristic of depressed people and that dependent people are more prone to depression.
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Evaluation (contd)
• Kendler (1991) demonstrated that depressed people are not more likely to have suffered a parental death in childhood, but they are more likely to have suffered separation through family conflict. It appears that poor parenting is more important than the death of a parent at placing a child at risk from depression.
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Humanistic Explanations
• guilt over perceived failure to ‘live competently’
• failure to make choices, to fulfill his or her potential and to take responsibility for his or her life
• fear of aloneness. Depressives are dependent, and depression is precipitated by loss.
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Humanistic Explanations (contd)
• loneliness is not something to be avoided or treated
• a human condition which should be used as a means of personal growth
• people become anxious about loneliness and react to their solitary state by engaging in wasteful superficial social activities which do not allay their fears
• this futile struggle adds to the depression.
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
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