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Chapter 4 States of Matter

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Section 1 Four States of Matter

Section 2 Changes of State

Concept Map


Section 1 Four States of MatterChapter 4

Bellringer

In your Science Journal, make a four-column table with the column headings “Solid,” “Liquid,” “Gas,” and “Plasma.”

Brainstorm to fill in the table with examples of each state of matter.



What You Will Learn

• All matter is made of particles that are in constant motion.

• Each state of matter depends on the motion of its particles.

• In solids, particles can only vibrate; in liquids, particles can collide with and move past one another; in gases, particles are free to move independently, colliding frequently.

• In plasmas, particles move independently and are broken apart.



Matter: Moving Particles

• The states of matter are the physical forms of a substance.

• Matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms and molecules. These particles are in constant motion.

• The states of matter depend on the motion of particles


States of MatterChapter 4



Solids

• Solid is a state of matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are fixed.

• The particles of a solid are closely locked in position and can only vibrate.



Liquids

• Liquid is a state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape.

• A liquid takes the shape of its container.

• The particles of a liquid are able to slide past each other. A liquid’s particles are more loosely connected than those of a solid.



Gases

• Gas is a state of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape.

• The particles of a gas move about freely and collide randomly with each other.



Plasmas

• Plasma is a state of matter that starts as a gas and then becomes ionized.

• Plasma consists of free-moving ions and electrons and can take on an electrical charge.

• More than 99% of the matter in the universe is plasma. On Earth, natural plasmas are found in lightning and fire.


States of Matter

Plasma

Chapter 4


Section 2 Changes of StateChapter 4

Bellringer

List four ways that water can change from one physical state to another physical state without changing into a different substance.

Write your answers in your Science Journal.



What You Will Learn

• A change of state is a physical process in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction.

• Changes of state include melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation and involve either gain or loss of energy by a material’s particles.

• Every material has a characteristic melting point and freezing point.



Energy and Changes of State

• A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical state to another.

• A change of state requires a loss or gain of energy by a substance’s particles.





Melting: Solid to Liquid

• Melting is the change of state in which a solid becomes a liquid by adding heat.

• The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is the melting point of the substance.

• For a solid to melt, particles must absorb energy.


States of Matter

Melting Point

Chapter 4



Freezing: Liquid to Solid

• Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid.

• The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid is the liquid’s freezing point.

• For a liquid to freeze, energy must be removed from the liquid to slow the movement of the particles.



Evaporation: Liquid to Gas

• Evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas.

• Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas. The temperature at which this change happens is the boiling point.

• Water boils more easily if the atmospheric pressure is lower.


States of Matter

Boiling Point

Chapter 4



Condensation: Gas to Liquid

• Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. Condensation and evaporation are the reverse of each other.

• The condensation point is the temperature at which a gas becomes a liquid.

• For condensation to occur, energy must be removed from the gas to slow the movement of the particles.



Sublimation: Solid to Gas

• Sublimation is the change of state in which a solid changes directly to a gas.

• In sublimation, the particles must go from being very tightly packed to being spread far apart.

• For sublimation to occur, the solid must gain energy for the particles to overcome their attractions.



Temperature and Changes of State

• When a substance is undergoing a change of state, its temperature does not change until the change of state is complete.




Chapter 4 States of Matter

Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

changes of state

melting

vaporization

liquid

condensation

states of matter

solid

Concept Map


States of Matter

Concept Map

Chapter 4


States of Matter

Concept Map

Chapter 4

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