Background Information on Human Trafficking in …...LIST!OF!TABLES!

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3!4)5567.7*/!/(!/87!“Human!Trafficking!in!India:!Dynamics,!Current!Efforts,!and!Intervention!Opportunities!for!The!Asia!Foundation”!975('/!

Prepared!For:!Masters!in!Public!Policy/International!Policy!Studies!Practicum!

Sadika!Hameed,!Sandile!Hlatshwayo,!Evan!Tanner,!&!Jungwon!Yang!Meltem!Türker,!

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TABLE !OF !CONTENTS !

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1.!! INTRODUCTION!.............................................................................................................................................!3!2.! LEGAL!FRAMEWORK!ANALYSIS!................................................................................................................!4!2.1.!INTRODUCTION!..............................................................................................................................................!4!

2.3.!INSTITUTIONS:!ROLES!AND!CHALLENGES!.................................................................................................!172.2.!STATUTES!&!CONVENTIONS:!OVERVIEW!&!KEY!CHALLENGES!..................................................................!4!

2.4.!PROCEDURES!&!PROCESS!..........................................................................................................................!22!!

2.5.!STRENGTHS!&!CHALLENGES!OF!THE!PROCEDURES!&!PROCESS!.............................................................!27!3.! BACKGROUND!ON!TRAFFICKING!INTERVENTIONS!........................................................................!34!3.1.!PREVENTION!...............................................................................................................................................!34!

!3.3.!PROSECUTION!.............................................................................................................................................!353.2.!PROTECTION!...............................................................................................................................................!34

!4.!! DETAILED!STATE!PROFILES!..................................................................................................................!37!4.1.!ANDHRA!PRADESH!.....................................................................................................................................!37!

4.3.!CHHATTISGARH!..........................................................................................................................................!434.2.!BIHAR!..........................................................................................................................................................!39!

4.4.!DELHI!..........................................................................................................................................................!48!

4.5.!GOA!..............................................................................................................................................................!49!

4.6.!JHARKHAND!................................................................................................................................................!50!

4.7.!ORISSA!(ODISHA)!.......................................................................................................................................!53!

4.8!TAMIL!NADU!................................................................................................................................................!56!!

4.9!WEST!BENGAL!.............................................................................................................................................!58!5.! NGO!SUMMARY!TABLES!............................................................................................................................!61!.6 ! REFERENCES!.................................................................................................................................................!69!

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Cover!image!by!Kay!Chernush!for!the!U.S.!State!Department!!

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LIST !OF !TABLES!

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2 ;? 9 ,@ ,@A,3!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!C3"DE! ! EDEF3@2! EG,H@3D!4232I2E4!J ,K ,@ !3"DE! ! EDEF3@2! 2E9@32,H@3D!4232I2E4!JH9!2,K!,@! !2 <? 9 9 H9!2 !,@! A,3!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!L3"DE! ! EDEF3@2!@32,H@3D!4232I2E4!JH9!2,K!,@!,@A,3!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!;>!

!2 M? 923"DE!N?!9EDEF3@2!4232E!4232I2E4!JH9!2,K!,@!,@A,3!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!;O3"DE! ! HDE4=!9E4KH@4,",D,2,E4=!3@A! ,@42,22 C? 9 P13DDE@GE4!HJ! I2,H@4!4IKKH92,@G!21E!DEG3D!J93:EQH9R!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB !BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!;S

3"DE! ! ,H@4!3 !3!KE9PE@2!HJ!K !2 O? PH@F,P2 4 9H4EPI2,H@4!I@AE9!,2K3!T<>>MU<>>OV!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!<W3"DE! !! X!,@P,AE@PE!,@!" !2 S? KHFE92 ,139!FE94I4!21E!9E42!HJ!,@A,3!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!N;3"DE! H9!4 :39X!2 DE!; !2 L?!@GHYAH@ I: 3" !BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!O<3"DE! H9!4 :39X!2 DE!< !2 W?!@GHYAH@ I: 3" !BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!OM3"DE! ! H@H9! I::39X! 3"DE! !2 ;>? @GHYA 4 2 M!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!ON3"DE! ! H@H9! I::39X! 3"DE! !2 ;;? @GHYA 4 2 N!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!OC3"DE! ! H@H9! I::39X! 3"DE! !2 ;<? @GHYA 4 2 C!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!OO23"DE!;M?!@GHYAH@H9!4I::39X!23"DE!O!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!OS!23"DE!;N?!@GHYAH@H9!4I::39X!23"DE!S!BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB!OL!

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1. ! ! INTRODUCTION!

280Z!+($).7*/!$(*/#0*Z!'7Z7#'$8!/8#/![#Z!$(*+)$/7+!#Z!\#$%&'()*+!-('!/87!Stanford/TAF!Human!Trafficking!in!India:!Dynamics,!Current!Efforts,!and!Intervention!Opportunities!for!The!Asia!Foundation!'75('/.!!

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2. ! LEGAL !FRAMEWORK !ANALYSIS !

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Table!1:!Relevant!International!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

Relevant!International!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

The!Forced!Labor!Convention!of!the!International!Labor!Organization,!19304!

!

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Convention!for!the! 287!P(*^7*/0(*!+7$6#'7Z!/8#/!/87!7*Z6#^7.7*/!(-![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*!Suppression!of!the!Traffic!in! Z!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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1!Article!51(c).!2!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.136).!3!National!Law!School!of!India!University.!(2000).!Handbook!on!Human!Rights!for!Judicial!Officers,!NIHR!(p.!4).!National!Law!School!of!India!University,!Bangalore.!4!Entered!into!force!on!May!1,!1932,!Articles:!2,!11.!Retrieved!January!28,!2010,!from!http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/31.htm.!!5!ILO.!(1930).!ILO!Forced!Labor!Convention!C29.!

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Persons!and!of!the!Exploitation!of!the!Prostitution!of!Others,!19496!

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Supplementary!Convention!on!the!Abolition!of!Slavery,!Slave!Trade,!and!Institutions!and!Practices!Similar!to!Slavery,!19568!

280Z!$(*^7*/0(*!'7Z)6/7+!0*!#*!)5+#/7!(-!/87!;W<O!P(*^7*/0(*!/(!4)55'7ZZ!/87!46#^7!2'#+7!#*+!46#^7']!5'7$7+7+!0/B!!

!287!)5+#/7+!+($).7*/!0*$6)+7+!/87!$'0.0*#60e#/0(*!(-!+7\/!\(*+#&7=!Z7'-+(.=!Z7'^067!.#''0#&7=!#*+!$806+!Z7'^0/)+7BW!

The!International!Covenant!for!Civil!and!Political!Rights!(ICCPR),!196610!

287!P(^7*#*/!'7$(&*0e7Z!/87!#66!57(567`!Z76-U+7/7'.0*#/0(*!#*+!0*$6)+7Z!3'/0$67Z!-($)Z0*&!(*!'0&8/Z!/(!58]Z0$#6!0*/7&'0/]=!60\7'/]!#*+!Z7$)'0/]!(-!57'Z(*Z=!5'(/7$/0(*!.7#Z)'7Z!-('!$806+'7*B!,/!#6Z(!\#*Z!(*!Z6#^7']!#*+!Z6#^7!/'#+7B!

The!International!Covenant!for!Economic,!Social,!and!Cultural!Rights,!(ICESCR),!196611!

!

287!,*/7'*#/0(*#6!P(^7*#*/!(*!E$(*(.0$=!4($0#6=!#*+!P)6/)'#6!'0&8/Z!.#%7Z!)5!/87!0*/7'*#/0(*#6!"066!(-!1).#*!90&8/Z=!\]!'7$(&*0e0*&!/8#/!/87!0+7#6!(-!8).#*!\70*&Z!/(!\7!-'77!$#*!\7!#$807^7+!(*6]!0-!$(*+0/0(*Z!#'7!$'7#/7+![87'7\]!7^7'](*7!.#]!7*b(]!80Z!$0^06!#*+!5(60/0$#6!'0&8/Z=!#Z![766!#Z!80Z!7$(*(.0$=!Z($0#6=!#*+!$)6/)'#6!'0&8/ZB;<!!

3'/0$67!;>BM!Z/#/7Z!/8#/!gZ57$0#6!.7#Z)'7Z!(-!5'(/7$/0(*!#*+!#ZZ0Z/#*$7!Z8()6+!\7!/#%7*!(*!\78#6-!(-!#66!$806+'7*!#*+!]()*&!57'Z(*![0/8()/!#*]!+0Z$'0.0*#/0(*!-('!'7#Z(*Z!(-!5#'7*/#&7!('!(/87'!$(*+0/0(*ZB!!

P806+'7*!#*+!]()*&!57'Z(*!Z8()6+!\7!5'(/7$/7+!-'(.!7$(*(.0$!#*+!Z($0#6!7_56(0/#/0(*B!2870'!7.56(].7*/!0*![('%!8#'.-)6!/(!/870'!.('#6Z!('!87#6/8=!('!+#*&7'()Z!/(!60-7=!('!60%76]!/(!8#.57'!/870'!*('.#6!+7^76(5.7*/!Z8()6+!\7!5)*0Z8#\67!\]!6#[B!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6!Entered!into!force!on!July!25,!1951,!Articles!1,!2,!4,!16,!17!and!20.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/!docs_ilr/1949_Convention_Suppression_traffic.pdf.!7!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.137).!8!Entered!into!force!on!April!30,!1957!Articles:!1,!3,!6,!7.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs_ilr/supplementary_convention_on_the_abolition_of!_slavery.pdf.!!9!(1956).!Supplementary!Convention!on!the!Abolition!of!Slavery,!the!Slave!Trade,!and!Institutions!and!Practices!Similar!to!Slavery.!10!Entered!into!force!on!March!23,!1976.!Articles!8,!24.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs_ilr/international_covenant_on_civil_and_political_rights.pdf.!11!Entered!into!force!on!January!3,!1976.!Article!10.3!Retrieved!January!29,!2010!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs_ilr/international_covenant_on_economic.pdf.!12!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.138).!

O!

4/#/7Z!Z8()6+!#6Z(!Z7/!#&7!60.0/Z!\76([![80$8!/87!5#0+!7.56(].7*/!(-!$806+!6#$'!Z8()6+!\7!5'(80\0/7+!#*+!5)*0Z8#\67!\]!6#[Bh!

The!Convention!on!Elimination!of!all!Forms!of!Discrimination!against!Women!(CEDAW).!197913!

!

287!P(*^7*/0(*!0Z!(-/7*!+7Z$'0\7+!#Z!/87!0*/7'*#/0(*#6!\066!(-![(.7*`Z!'0&8/ZB!!;N287!P(*^7*/0(*!5'(^0+7Z!g/87!\#Z0Z!-('!'7#60e0*&!7a)#60/]!\7/[77*![(.7*!#*+!.7*!/8'()&8!7*Z)'0*&![(.7*iZ!7a)#6!#$$7ZZ!/(=!#*+!7a)#6!(55('/)*0/07Z!0*=!5(60/0$#6!#*+!5)\60$!60-7!j!0*$6)+0*&!/87!'0&8/!/(!^(/7!#*+!/(!Z/#*+!-('!767$/0(*!j!#Z![766!#Z!7+)$#/0(*=!87#6/8!#*+!7.56(].7*/B;C!4/#/7Z!/8#/!8#^7!'#/0-07+!('!#$$7+7+!/(!/87!P(*^7*/0(*!#'7!67&#66]!\()*+!/(!5)/!0/Z!5'(^0Z0(*Z!0*/(!5'#$/0$7B!!

The!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child,!198916!

!

287!P(*^7*/0(*!5'(^0+7Z!'0&8/Z!/(!5'(/7$/!$806+'7*!-'(.!g*7&67$/=!7_56(0/#/0(*!#*+!#$Z7Bh;S!!

K'0('!/(!('!Z8('/6]!#-/7'!'#/0-]0*&!/87!P(*^7*/0(*!(*!/87!90&8/Z!(-!/87!P806+=!4/#/7Z!#'7!'7a)0'7+!/(!\'0*&!/870'!*#/0(*#6!67&0Z6#/0(*!0*/(!60*7![0/8!0/Z!5'(^0Z0(*Z!7_$75/![87'7!/87!*#/0(*#6!Z/#*+#'+Z!#'7!#6'7#+]!80&87'B;L!!,*+0#!#&'77+!/(!g5'(&'7ZZ0^76]h!5'(.(/7!/87!\#**0*&!(-!$806+!6#\('!(^7'!/0.7B;W!!

The!Optional!Protocol!to!the!Convention!on!the!Right!of!the!Child!on!the!Sale!of!Children,!Child!Prostitution,!and!Child!Pornography,!2000!

280Z!'7$7*/!5'(/($(6!$'0.0*#60e7Z!Z57$0-0$!#$/Z!'76#/0*&!/(!/87!Z#67!(-!$806+'7*=!$806+!5'(Z/0/)/0(*!#*+!$806+!5('*(&'#58]=!0*$6)+0*&!#//7.5/!#*+!$(.560$0/]B!!

,/!6#]Z!+([*!.0*0.).!Z/#*+#'+Z!-('!5'(/7$/0*&!$806+!^0$/0.Z!0*!$'0.0*#6!b)Z/0$7!5'($7ZZ7Z!#*+!'7$(&*0e7Z!/87!'0&8/!(-!^0$/0.Z!/(!Z77%!$(.57*Z#/0(*B<>!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!13!Entered!into!force!on!September!3,!1981.!Articles:!1,!3,!5,!6,!10,!11.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs_ilr/1979_cedaw.pdf.!14!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.138).!15!Division!for!the!Advancement!of!Women,!Department!of!Social!&!Economic!Affairs!(United!Nations).!(2009).!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/.!!16!Entered!into!force!on!September!2,!1990.!Articles:!1,!11,!19,!32.1,!34,!35,!36.!Ratified!by!all!UN!countries!except!Somalia!and!the!United!States!of!America.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009,!from!http://www.unicri.it/wwd/trafficking/minors/docs_ilr/convention_on_the_rights_of!_the_child.pdf.!17!UNICEF!(2008).!Understanding!the!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009,!from!http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_understanding.html.!18!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.139).!19!Government!of!India!(1989).!Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009,!from!http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/NORM/89344A93B401671EC1256402003F7C18?OpenDocument.!20!UNICEF!(2009).!Handbook!on!the!Optional!Protocol!on!the!Sale!of!Children,!Child!Prostitution,!and!Child!Pornography.!Retrieved!October!11,!2009!from!http://www.unicef"irc.org/publications/pdf/optional_protocol_eng.pdf.!

S!

U.N.!Protocol!to!Prevent,!Suppress,!and!Punish!Trafficking!in!Person,!Especially!Women!and!Children!(Palermo),!2000!

280Z!0Z!.('7!$(..(*6]!'7-7''7+!/(!#Z!/87!gK#67'.(!K'(/($(6=h!#Z!0/![#Z!Z0&*7+!/87'7B!!

,/!5'(^0+7Z!/87!.(Z/!0*/7'*#/0(*#66]!#$$75/7+!+7-0*0/0(*!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!0*!57'Z(*Z!#*+!$#66Z!)5(*!Z/#/7Z!/(!0.567.7*/!67&0Z6#/0(*!/(!-0&8/!/'#--0$%0*&!#*+!5'(/7$/!0/Z!^0$/0.ZB<;!

The!U.S.!Trafficking!Victims!Protection!Act,!2000!

!

280Z!6#[!Z7/Z!()/!.0*0.).!Z/#*+#'+Z!&(^7'*.7*/Z!.)Z/!-(66([!/(!-0&8/!/'#--0$%0*&B!!

Q8067!Z#*$/0(*Z!-('.!5#'/!(-!/87!'7/#60#/0(*!#&#0*Z/!)*+7'57'-('.7'Z=!5(60/0$#6!$(*Z0+7'#/0(*Z!8#^7!5'7^7*/7+!Z#*$/0(*Z!-'(.!\70*&!#55607+!/(!,*+0#B<<`!

<B<B<B!9EG,H@3D!D3Q!423@A39A4!9ED32,@G!2H!1I:3@!293JJ,PR,@G!

,*+0#!'#/0-07+!4339P!T4()/8!3Z0#*!3ZZ($0#/0(*!-('!97&0(*#6!P((57'#/0(*V!P(*^7*/0(*Z!0*!<>><=!/[(!(-![80$8!#'7!'767^#*/!-('!/87!5'7Z7*/!Z/)+]!(*!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!TZ77!2#\67!<;VB!!

Table!2:!Relevant!Regional!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

Relevant!Regional!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

South!Asian!Association!for!Regional!Cooperation!(SAARC)!Convention!on!Preventing!and!Combating!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!for!Prostitution,!2002!

!

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

1([7^7'=!/80Z!$(*^7*/0(*!0Z!60.0/7+!(*6]!/(!/'#--0$%0*&!(-![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*!-('!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*!#*+!*(/!$(^7'Z!/87!(/87'!-('.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!('!/'#--0$%0*&!(-!.7*B!!

South!Asian!Association!for! 2

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!87!P(*^7*/0(*!-($)Z7Z!(*!$806+!5'0('0/]!0*!*#/0(*#6!#*+!'7&0(*#6!

!21!United!Nations.!(2000).!22!Skinner,!B.!(2008).!A!Crime!So!Monstrous:!Face!to!Face!with!Modern!Day!Slavery.!New!York:!Free!Press.!23!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.140).!

L!

Regional!Cooperation!(SAARC)!Convention!on!Regional!Arrangements!for!the!Promotion!of!Child!Welfare!in!South!Asia,!2002!

5'(&'#.Z!(-!4339P!.7.\7'!Z/#/7ZB!

287!P(*^7*/0(*!#6Z(!#0.Z!/(!0*Z/0&#/7!'7&0(*#6!$((57'#/0(*!(*!-#$060/#/0*&!/87!Z#-7!+7^76(5.7*/!(-!$806+'7*!\]!)*+7'Z/#*+0*&!/87!'0&8/Z!(-!/87!4()/8!3Z0#*!$806+!#*+!$'7#/0*&!#55'(5'0#/7!#''#*&7.7*/Z!-('!5'(/7$/0*&!/87.B<N!

<B<BMB!@32,H@3D!D3Q!423@A39A4!9ED32,@G!2H!1I:3@!293JJ,PR,@G!

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

"7Z0+7Z=!5'(^0Z0(*Z!Z)$8!#Z!/87!"(*+7+!6#\('!T3\(60/0(*V!3$/!(-!;WSO=!/87!P806+!D#\('!TK'(80\0/0(*!#*+!97&)6#/0(*V!3$/!(-!;WLO=!/87!4$87+)67+!P#Z/7Z!#*+!4$87+)67+!2'0\7Z!TK'7^7*/0(*!(-!3/'($0/07ZV!3$/!(-!;WLW=!/87!5'(^0Z0(*Z!(-!/87!k)^7*067!k)Z/0$7!3$/!(-!<>>>=!/87!2'#*Z56#*/#/0(*!(-!1).#*!H'&#*Z!3$/!(-!;WWN=!,..0&'#/0(*!TP#''07'`Z!D0#\060/]V!3$/!(-!<>>>=!#*+!/87!K'(80\0/0(*!(-!P806+!:#''0#&7!3$/=!<>>O!#6Z(!8#*+67!/87!'767^#*/!.#//7'Z!0*!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!!

Q8067!.#*]!(-!/87!,*+0#*!&(^7'*.7*/`Z!#$/Z!$'0.0*#60e7!/87!$607*/Z!#*+!5'(-0/77'Z!(-!/87!/'#+7=!Z7^7'#6!+(!*(/!+7-0*7!f/'#--0$%0*&`!57'!Z7!0*!8).#*!\70*&ZB<O!287'7-('7=!/87'7!0Z!*(!7Z/#\60Z87+!*#/0(*#6!&)0+760*7!('!Z/#*+#'+!-('!0*/7'^7*/0(*!('!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!0*!5'7^7*/0*&!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!-'(.!($$)''0*&B!:('7(^7'=!/87Z7!6#[Z!#'7!0*7--7$/0^76]!7*-('$7+=!#*+!/870'!5'7Z$'0\7+!57*#6/07Zl(*!#^7'#&7=!#!.#_0.).!(-!/8'77!]7#'Z!0*!5'0Z(*l#'7!*(/!Z)--0$07*/6]!Z/'0*&7*/B<S!287'7!8#Z!\77*!g60//67!5'(&'7ZZ!0*!#++'7ZZ0*&!\(*+7+!6#\('h!/8'()&8!7_0Z/0*&!Z/#/)/7ZB<L!!

3++0/0(*#66]=!/87!-#$/!/8#/!/87!0ZZ)7!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!0Z!$#5/)'7+!\]!(^7'!;C!^#'0()Z!Z/#/)/7Z!0*$'7#Z7Z!/87!-'7a)7*$]!(-!$(*-)Z0(*!#.(*&Z/!#*!#6'7#+]!(^7'[876.7+!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!Z7$/('=!#*+!.7#*Z!/8#/!/87'7!0Z!Z5(//]!0.567.7*/#/0(*!(-!/87!6#[Z!Z0*$7!^#'0()Z!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!(--0$0#6Z!8#^7!+0--7'0*&!%*([67+&7!\#Z7ZB!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!24!Ibid.!!25!Episcopal!Life.!(2009).!Human!Trafficking:!India!in!Focus.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!http://www.episcopal"life.org/documents/Country_Report_India.pdf.!26!Ibid.!!27!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!28!!Ibid.!!

W!

3Z!0+7*/0-07+!\]!/87!<>>W!2'#--0$%0*&!0*!K7'Z(*Z!975('/=!g.(Z/!(-!/87!5'(^0Z0(*Z!(-!/87!6#[!'7.#0*!)*7*-('$7+!#*+!)*0.567.7*/7+Bh<W!D#Z/6]=!&7*+7'7+U#$/Z!(-!^0(67*$7!#&#0*Z/![(.7*!#'7!)*+7'U5'0('0/0e7+!0*!,*+0#B!!

gA7Z50/7!Z7^7'#6!Z/75Z!\70*&!/#%7*!\]!/87!4/#/7!G(^7'*.7*/Z=!/87!50$/)'7!Z/066!0Z!^7']!&'0.!#*+!+0Z#55(0*/0*&B!P(.56#0*/Z!#'7!Z/066!\70*&!'7$70^7+!'7&#'+0*&!*(*U'7&0Z/'#/0(*!(-!J,9Z!#*+!)*Z].5#/87/0$!#//0/)+7!(-!5(60$7!57'Z(**76!/([#'+Z!'#57!^0$/0.Z!#*+!^0$/0.Z!(-!^0(67*$7B!287!'75('/Z!(-!/87!0*a)0'07Z!$(*+)$/7+!\]!/87!m@#/0(*#6n!P(..0ZZ0(*!m-('!Q(.7*n!0*!Z57$0-0$!0*$0+7*/Z!0*+0$#/7!/8#/!/87!67^76!(-!Z7*Z0/0^7*7ZZ!#*+!$#'7![0/8![80$8!$'0.7!#&#0*Z/![(.7*!Z8()6+!\7!8#*+67+!0Z!*(/!)5!/(!/87!+7Z0'7+!67^76BhM>!!

Table!3:!Relevant!National!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

Relevant!National!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!!

Indian!Penal!Code!(IPC),!1860!

!

I*+7'!/87!K7*#6!P(+7=!/87'7!#'7!#/!67#Z/!<>!5'(^0Z0(*Z!/8#/!60*%!/(!/'#--0$%0*&B!3Z!#-('7.7*/0(*7+=!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!(-/7*!+(7Z!*(/!7--7$/0^76]!7.56(]!#66!(-!/87!'767^#*/!5'(^0Z0(*Z=!'7+)$0*&!/87!60%7608((+!/8#/!/'#--0$%7'Z![066!\7!5'(Z7$)/7+=!$(*^0$/7+=!#*+!Z7*/7*$7+!#55'(5'0#/76]B!!

g3Z!#!/]50$#6!7_#.567=!)*+7'!/87!,*+0#*!K7*#6!P(+7=!#!/'#--0$%7+!&0'6!$806+!8#Z!\77*!Z)\b7$/7+!/(!#!.)6/0/)+7!(-!^0(6#/0(*ZB!487!8#Z!\77*?!

o A0Z56#$7+!-'(.!87'!$(..)*0/]=![80$8!0Z!/#*/#.()*/!/(!%0+*#550*&Y#\+)$/0(*!T47$/0(*Z!MO;=!MO<=!MOC=!MOO!,KP!.#]!#556]VB!

o K'($)'7+!0667&#66]!T4BMOO!3!,KPVB!o 4(6+!\]!Z(.7\(+]!T4BMS<!,KPVB!o "()&8/!\]!Z(.7\(+]!T4BMSM!,KPVB!o ,.5('/7+!-'(.!#!-('70&*!$()*/']!T0-!Z87!8#06Z!-'(.!#!

-('70&*!$()*/']=!('!7^7*!-'(.!k!d!R!4/#/7=!#*+!0Z!)*+7'!<;!]7#'Z!(-!#&7!T4BMOO!"!,KPVB!

o Q'(*&-)66]!'7Z/'#0*7+!T4BMMW!,KPVB!o Q'(*&-)66]!$(*-0*7+!T4!MN>!,KPVB!o K8]Z0$#66]!/('/)'7+Y0*b)'7+!T4BM<S=!M<W!,KPVB!o 4)\b7$/7+!/(!$'0.0*#6!-('$7!T4B!MC>!,KPVB!o !T4B!MC;!,KPVB!:7*/#66]!/('/)'7+Y8#'#ZZ7+Y#ZZ#)6/7+o P'0.0*#66]!0*/0.0+#/7+!T4BC>O!,KPVB!o H)/'#&7+!(-!87'!.(+7Z/]!T4!MCN!,KPVB!o 9#57+Y&#*&!'#57+Y'757#/7+6]!'#57+!T4!MSC!,KPVB!o !Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*!Tf)**#/)'#6!4)\b7$/7+!/(!57'^7'Z7

(--7*$7Z`V!T4BMSS!,KPVB!o A7-#.7+!T4!NWW!,KPVB!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!29!!Ibid.!!30!Press!Information!Bureau:!Government!of!India.!(2009).!Drive!against!Human!Trafficking!and!Crime!against!Women!to!be!intensified:!Ajay!Maken/!MHA!issues!Advisories!in!this!regard!to!States/UTs.!Retrieved!February!6,!2010,!from!http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=52750&kwd=.!

;>!

o N!,KPVB4)\b7$/7+!/(!)*6#[-)6!$(.5)6Z(']!6#\('!T4BMSo F0$/0.!(-!$'0.0*#6!$(*Z50'#$]!T4!;<>!"!,KPVB!!

280Z!60Z/!0Z!(*6]!066)Z/'#/0^7!#*+!*(/!7_8#)Z/0^7B!I*+()\/7+6]=!0*!7^7']!$#Z7=!/87!/'#--0$%7+!57'Z(*!0Z!#!^0$/0.!(-!#/!67#Z/!(*7!('!.('7!(-!/87!^0(6#/0(*Z!60Z/7+!#\(^7BM;!

The!Indian!Constitution,!1950!

287!P(*Z/0/)/0(*!(-!,*+0#!5'(80\0/Z!/'#--0$%0*&!)*+7'!3'/0$67!<MB!457$0-0$#66]=!0/!5'(80\0/Z!g/'#--0$!0*!8).#*!\70*&Z!#*+!\7&&#'!#*+!(/87'!Z0.06#'!-('.Z!(-!-('$7+!6#\('BhM<!!

Q8067!0/Z!0*$6)Z0(*!0*!/87!P(*Z/0/)/0(*!$#*!\7!^07[7+!#Z!5'(&'7ZZ0^7=!/87'7!#'7!Z7^7'#6!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!#+^($#/7Z!/8#/!$6#0.!/8#/!/87!g5'(80\0/0(*0Z/!.(+76h!-)'/87'!^0$/0.0e7Z!/87!^0$/0.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&=!7Z57$0#66]!-('!/8(Z7!7*&#&7+!0*!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*B!!

o287!5'(80\0/0(*0Z/!.(+76!8#Z!-#067+!/(!5'(/7$/!Z7_![('%7'Z=![8(!#'7!+'0^7*!)*+7'&'()*+!\]!$607*/Z![#*/0*&!/(!#^(0+!/87!5(60$7B!47_![('%7'Z!#'7!%*([*!/(!8#^7!7_57'07*$7+!6(ZZ!(-!$(*/'(6!(^7'!/870'![('%0*&!$(*+0/0(*Z!#*+=!#Z!#!'7Z)6/=!8#^7!\7$(.7!^)6*7'#\67!/(!^0(67*$7=!7_56(0/#/0(*!\]!50.5Z!#*+!/(!Z7_)#66]!/'#*Z.0//7+!+0Z7#Z7Z!#*+!1,F!0*-7$/0(*BhMM!

The!Immoral!Traffic!Prevention!Act,!1956!

287!.#0*!()/#&7!(-!/87!,2K3!0Z!/8#/!0/!#66([Z!-('!/87!#''7Z/!(-!/8(Z7!7*&#&0*&!0*!#$/Z!(-!5'(Z/0/)/0(*!ToZ7+)$0*&!('!Z(60$0/0*&!-('!/87!5)'5(Z7!(-!5'(Z/0/)/0(*oV!)*+7'!47$B!LB!!

o g4/)+07Z!'7^7#6!/8#/p.(Z/!(-!/87!$#Z7Z!'7&0Z/7'7+!8#^7!\77*!#&#0*Z/![(.7*!)*+7'!47$/0(*!L!+7#60*&![0/8!oZ7+)$0*&!('!Z(60$0/0*&!-('!/87!5)'5(Z7!(-!5'(Z/0/)/0(*oB!!287!$(*Z7a)7*$7!0Z!/8#/!^0$/0.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&=!'#/87'!/8#*!/'#--0$%7'Z=!$(*Z/0/)/7!/87!6#'&7Z/!*).\7'!(-!#''7Z/77ZB!287!)Z#&7!(-!/87!6#[iZ!5'(^0Z0(*Z!#&#0*Z/!/'#--0$%7'Z!('!\'(/876!([*7'Z=!6#*+6('+Z!#*+!$607*/Z!8#Z!\77*!.0*0.#6!\]!$(.5#'0Z(*pQ8067!Z7^7'#6!.#b('!$0/07Z=!0*$6)+0*&!@7[!A7680=!:).\#0=!1]+7'#\#+!#*+!P87**#0!8#^7!+7^76(57+!#*+!#'7!7*-('$0*&!o*(!47$/0(*!L!#''7Z/!5(60$07Zo=![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*!^0$/0.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!$(*/0*)7!/(!\7!'7U^0$/0.0e7+!\]!47$/0(*!L!,2K3!#''7Z/Z!0*!(/87'!5#'/Z!(-!,*+0#BhMN!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!31!Nair,!P.M.!(2007).!Handbook!for!Law!Enforcement!Agencies!in!India.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010!from!http://www.apneaap.org/policy"work/our"resources/best"practices/handbook"law"enforcement"agencies"india"drpm"m"nair!(p.!6).!!!32!Article!23,!Constitution!of!India.!33!Bahuguna,!N.!(2005).!From!Frying!Pan!to!Fire.!Retrieved!February!2,!2010,!from!http://boloji.com/wfs5/wfs517.htm.!34!UNODC.!(2005).!Project!Summary:!Strengthening!the!law!enforcement!response!in!India!against!trafficking!in!persons!and!sex!tourism!in!key!states!and!cities!through!training!and!capacity!building.!Retrieved!February!6,!2010,!from!http://www.unodc.org/india/ind_s16.html.!!

;;!

o :('7(^7'=!Z7_![('%7'Z!8#^7!\77*!-()*+!/(!&7/!/87!.#_0.).!*).\7'!(-!#''7Z/Z!#*+!$(*^0$/0(*Z!)*+7'!/87!,2K3=!Z0*$7!/87]!g8#^7!^7']!60//67!Z($0#6!('!67&#6!5'(/7$/0(*BhMC!

3++0/0(*#66]=!/87'7!0Z!*(!'(67!-('!A75#'/.7*/!(-!Q(.7*!#*+!P806+!A7^76(5.7*/=!('!#*]!(/87'!+75#'/.7*/Z=!/(!.(*0/('!/87!7*-('$7.7*/!(-!/87!,2K3B!!

Q8067!/'#--0$%0*&!$'0.7Z!)*+7'!/87!,2K3!#'7!$(&*0e#\67!T0B7B!(--0$7'Z!$#*!.#%7!#''7Z/Z![0/8()/!(\/#0*0*&!#![#''#*/V=!(*6]!$7'/#0*!5(60$7!(--0$7'Z!Tg457$0#6!K(60$7!H--0$7'Zh=!)*+7'!47$B!;MV!T4KHZV!$#*!+(!/80Z!#*+!/87'7!.)Z/!\7!-7.#67!(--0$7'Z!#*+![0/*7ZZ7Z!5'7Z7*/B!287!$(*$75/!(-!g457$0#6!K(60$7!H--0$7'Zh!#++Z!#*(/87'!67^76!(-!\)'7#)$'#$]!/(!/87!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!Z/')&&67!#*+!0*$'7#Z7Z!/87!60%7608((+!(-!6(Z/!(55('/)*0/07Z!/(!#''7Z/!/'#--0$%7'Z!Z0*$7!4KHZ!#'7!*(/!#6[#]Z!#^#06#\67!('!5'7Z7*/!0*!5#/'(6ZB!!

287!,2K3!#6Z(!#66([Z!-('!Z57$0#6!$()'/Z!/(!\7!Z7/!)5!-('!/87!5)'5(Z7!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!$#Z7ZB!g2(!+#/7=!*(*7!(-!/87Z7!5'(^0Z0(*Z!8#^7!\77*!7*#$/7+!70/87'!\]!/87!Z/#/7!('!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/ZB!280Z!.#%7Z!/87!/'0#6!5'($7ZZ!0*!/'#--0$%0*&!$#Z7Z!)**7$7ZZ#'06]!67*&/8]=!#*+!/87!7*+!'7Z)6/!0Z!6([!$(*^0$/0(*!'#/7ZBhMO!

3$$('+0*&!/(!/87!D#[]7'Z!P(667$/0^7=!/87!g,2K3!8#Z!$'7#/7+!$(*+0/0(*Z!/8#/!#'7!#*/0/87/0$#6!/(!7--7$/0^7!3,A4!5'7^7*/0(*!5'(&'#.Z!0*!Z7_![('%B!J7#'!(-!#''7Z/!#*+!0*/')Z0(*!\]!5(60$7!.#%7!0/!+0--0$)6/!-('!/'#*Z#$/('Z!/(!*7&(/0#/7!$(*+(.!)Z7!#*+!Z#-7'!Z7_B!3//7.5/Z!/(!$6(Z7!+([*!\'(/876Z!0*!Z(.7!$0/07Z!8#^7!+0Z')5/7+!+760^7']!(-!1,F!5'7^7*/0(*!Z7'^0$7Z!/87'7\]!7*+#*&7'0*&!5)\60$!87#6/8B!2(!066)Z/'#/7=!0*!<>>M!0*!4)'#/=!G)b#'#/=!/87!K(60$7!P(..0ZZ0(*7'!0*^(%7+!,2K3!#*+!(/87'!Z)5567.7*/0*&!67&0Z6#/0(*Z!/(!7^0$/!O>>!Z7_![('%7'Z!-'(.!/87!P8#%6#!"#e#'!'7+!60&8/!#'7#B!3Z!#!'7Z)6/!(-!5(60$7!'#0+Z=!/87!&(^7'*.7*/!')*!1,F!5'7^7*/0(*!5'(&'#.!#.(*&!Z7_![('%7'Z![0/*7ZZ7+!#!+7$60*7!0*!+760^7']!(-!$(*+(.Z!#*+!#!$(*$(.0/#*/!'0Z7!0*!5'7^#67*$7!(-!Z7_)#66]!/'#*Z.0//7+!0*-7$/0(*ZBhMS!

,*!<>>CY<>>O=!/87!&(^7'*.7*/!+0+!.#%7!#!Z/'(*&!5)Z8!/(!$8#*&7!/87!,2K3B!457$0-0$#66]=!0/!0*/'(+)$7+!/87!g287!,..('#6!2'#--0$!K'7^7*/0(*!3.7*+.7*/!"066h!(-!<>>OBh!287!\066!0*$6)+7+!/87!'7.(^#6!(-!47$B!L!#*+!/87!*7[!0*$6)Z0(*!(-!#!47$B!CP!g/8#/!57*#60e7Z!57'Z(*Z!^0Z0/0*&!\'(/876ZBhML!287Z7!#.7*+.7*/Z=!Z)'5'0Z0*&6]!-('!&(^7'*.7*/=![7'7!$

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'0/0$0e7+!\]!Z(.7!767.7*/Z!(-!/87!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!$(..)*0/]!#*+!-'(.!!

35!Lawyer’s!Collective.!(2003).!Traffic!in!persons!for!commercial!sexual!exploitation:!Legislation,!role!and!effectiveness!of!the!law!enforcement!and!law!adjudication!machinery.!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!!36!Human!Rights!Law!Network.!(2007).PRERANA!vs.!Union!of!India!&!others.!!Retrieved!February!6,!2010,!from!http://www.hrln.org/hrln/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=551:prerana"vs"union"of"india"a"others"&catid=142:pils"a"cases"&Itemid=169.!!37!Lawyer’s!Collective.!(2003).!Traffic!in!persons!for!commercial!sexual!exploitation:!Legislation,!role!and!effectiveness!of!the!law!enforcement!and!law!adjudication!machinery.!!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!38!Ibid.!!

;<!

Z)55('/7'Z!(-!Z7_![('%7'Z`!'0&8/ZB!!

47_![('%7'Z!#'&)7+!/8#/!/87!0*/'(+)$/0(*!(-!47$B!CP!$(.5'(.0Z7+!/870'!#\060/]!/(!.#%7!#!60^0*&!/(!5'(^0+7!-('!/870'!-#.0607ZB!:('7(^7'=!/87!D#[]7'Z!P(667$/0^7!#'&)7+!/8#/!0*$'7#Z7+!#''7Z/Z!(-!$607*/Z![()6+!+'0^7!/87!0*+)Z/']!-)'/87'!)*+7'&'()*+=!#.560-]0*&!7_0Z/0*&!0ZZ)7Z![0/8!1,FY3,A4!5'7^7*/0(*!#*+!/'7#/.7*/B!

287!Z7$'7/#']!(-!1EDK!#6Z(!5(0*/7+!()/!/8#/!/80Z!3$/!+(7Z!*(/!.#%7!.#*+#/(']!5'(^0Z0(*Z!-('!Z7//0*&!)5!(-!Z57$0#6!0*Z/0/)/0(*Z!TZ)$8!#Z!Z57$0#6!$()'/Z=!Z57$0#6!5(60$7!('!Z57$0#6!8(.7VB!,/!#6Z(!+(7Z!*(/!5'(57'6]!8#*+67!^#'07+!#*+!$(.567_!0ZZ)7Z!0*!/87!$(*/7_/!(-!/'#--0$%0*&=![80$8!*77+!/(!\7!/#$%67+!7--7$/0^76]c!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*!/(+#]!0Z!*(/!5)'76]!\'(/876!\#Z7+c!0/!0Z!\#Z7+!Z5'7#+0*&!7^7'][87'7U'7Z0+7*/0#6!#'7#Z=!8(/76Z=!$6)\Z=!#*+!Z(!(*B!

:('7(^7'=![0/8!/87!#+^#*$7.7*/!(-!*7[7'!/7$8*(6(&07Z!#*+!$8#*&0*&!&6(\#6!Z$7*#'0(=!Z7_!/'#+7!8#Z!7.7'&7+!0*!+0^7'Z7!-('.ZB!:7*#$7!(-!1,FY3,A4!#*+!0*$'7#Z0*&!*).\7'!(-!]()*&!&0'6ZY$806+'7*!\70*&!/'#--0$%7+!('!Z7_!0*!/'#+7=!$'(ZZU\('+7'!/'#--0$%0*&=!#*+!Z(!(*=!#'7!Z(.7!(-!/87!$(.57660*&!0ZZ)7Z!/8#/!8#^7!*7$7ZZ0/#/7+!/87!#.7*+.7*/!/(!,2K3B!MW!!

The!Bonded!Labor!(Abolition)!Act,!1976!!

!

287!3$/!5'(80\0/Z!#*](*7!-'(.!.#%0*&!#*]!#+^#*$7!('!$(.57660*&!#*]!57'Z(*!/(!'7*+7'!#*]!\(*+7+!6#\('=!#*+!Z/#/7Z!-)'/87'!/8#/!#*]!#&'77.7*/!('!$)Z/(.!'7a)0'0*&!#*]!57'Z(*!/(!+(![('%!#Z!#!\(*+7+!6#\('7'!0Z!^(0+!#*+!5'(^0+7Z!-('!5)*0Z8.7*/!-('!#*](*7![8(!$(.576Z!#*]!57'Z(*!/(!'7*+7'!\(*+7+!6#\('!('!7^7*!#+^#*$7!#*]!\(*+7+!+7\/BN>!K)*0Z8.7*/!0*!\(/8!$#Z7Z!(-!7*-('$0*&!\(*+7+!6#\('!#*+!#+^#*$0*&!\(*+7+!+7\/!0Z!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!)5!/(!/8'77!]7#'Z!#*+!-0*7!)5!/(!/[(!/8()Z#*+!')577ZB!

!287!\(*+7+!6#\('7'Z!#'7!/(!\7!/'7#/7+!#Z!^0$/0.Z!#*+!*(/!(--7*+7'ZB!

The!Child!Labor!(Prohibition!and!Regulation)!Act,!1986!

!

287!P806+!D#\('!3$/!+7-0*7Z!#!f$806+`!/(!\7!#!57'Z(*![8(!0Z!)*+7'!;N!]7#'Z!(-!#&7!#*+!6#]Z!+([*!/87!0*+)Z/'07Z!0*![80$8!$806+'7*!Z8()6+!*(/!\7!7.56(]7+!#5#'/!-'(.!6#]0*&!+([*!#!-7[!Z#-7/]!.7#Z)'7Z!#*+!(/87'!'7a)0'7.7*/Z![80$8!Z8#66!\7!.7/!0''7Z57$/0^7!(-![8#/!0Z!Z/#/7+!0*!/87!(/87'!6#\('!67&0Z6#/0(*ZBN;!!

1([7^7'=!/80Z!3$/!+(7Z!*(/!#556]!/(!#*]!7.56(].7*/!/8#/!0Z!)*+7'/#%7*![0/8!/87!8765!(-!-#.06]!.7.\7'Z!0*!(*7`Z!([*!'7Z0+7*$7BN<!3*]!57'Z(*=!5

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(60$7!(--0$7'=!('!TD#$'V!,*Z57$/('!.#]!-067!#!$(.56#0*/!(-!/87!!

39!Taken!from!the!interview!with!Ramamohan!NVS.!from!HELP!40!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.99).!41!Ibid,!pg!98.!!42!Section!3!Provision.!!

;M!

$(..0ZZ0(*!(-!#*!(--7*$7 )*+7'!/80Z!3$/!0*!#!$()'/!*(/!6([7'!/8#*!:7/'(5(60/#*!:#&0Z/'#/7!('!#!:#&0Z/'#/7!(-!/87!J0'Z/!P6#ZZNMB!!

287!/'#--0$%7+!$806+'7*!#'7!/(!\7!/'7#/7+!#Z!^0$/0.Z!#*+!/(!\7!5'(/7$/7+!)*+7'!/87!k)^7*067!k)Z/0$7!3$/=!<>>>B!287!3$/!5'(^0+7Z!-('!57*#6/07Z!/(!/87!7.56(]7'!0-!$806+'7*!#'7!5'(^7+!/(!\7!7.56(]7+!0*!5'(80\0/7+!7.56(].7*/ZB!

The!Scheduled!Castes!and!Scheduled!Tribes!(Prevention!of!Atrocities)!Act,!1989!

!

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280Z!3$/!5'(^0+7Z!#*!#++0/0(*#6!/((6!/(!Z#-7&)#'+![(.7*!#*+!]()*&!&0'6Z!\76(*&0*&Z!/(!4$87+)67+!P#Z/7!#*+!4$87+)67+!2'0\7Z!#*+!#6Z(!/(!$'7#/7!#!&'7#/7'!$'+7*!(*!/87!2'#--0$%7'Y(--7*+7'!/(!5'(^7!80Z!6#$%!(-!$(.560$0/]!0*!/87!.#//7'BNN!!

280Z!$#*!\7!7--7$/0^7!0-!/87!(--7*+7'!%*([!/87!Z/#/)Z!(-!^0$/0.ZB!,/!Z57$0-0$#66]!$(^7'Z!$7'/#0*!-('.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&c!-('$7+!('!$*+7+!6#\('!T$6#)Z7!^0V!#*+!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*!(-![(.7*!T$6#)Z7!_0=!_00VB!

!3!.0*0.).!5)*0Z8.7*/!(-!Z0_!.(*/8Z!0Z!5'(^0+7+!#*+!/8#/!$()6+!\7!7_/7*+!)5!/(!-0^7!]7#'Z!0*!#*]!(--7*$7!$(^7'7+!47$B!MB!

Transplantation!of!Human!Organs!Act,!1994!

!

280Z!3$/!+7#6Z![0/8!$'0.0*#6!'7Z5(*Z0\060/]!0*!$#Z7Z!(-!8#'^7Z/0*&!(-!('&#*Z!#*+!/'#--0$%0*&!(-!57'Z(*Z!-('!/80Z!5)'5(Z7!0*$6)+7Z!/'#--0$%7'Z=!5'($)'7'Z=!\'(%7'Z=!0*/7'.7+0#'07Z=!8(Z50/#6Y!*)'Z0*&!Z/#--!#*+!.7+0$#6!6#\('#/(']!/7$8*0$0#*Z!0*^(6^7+!0*!/87!0667&#6!/'#*Z56#*/!5'($7+)'7BNC!!

47$!;;!+7$6#'7Z!5'(80\0/0(*!(-!'7.(^#6!('!/'#*Z56#*/#/0(*!(-!8).#*!('&#*Z!-('!#*]!5)'5(Z7!(/87'!/8#*!/87'#57)/0$!5)'5(Z7Z=!#*+!47$!;W!$6#'0-07Z!/8#/!0/!5)*0Z87Z!/8(Z7![8(!Z77%![0660*&!57(567!('!(--7'!/(!Z)556]!('&#*Zc!0/!Z8()6+!\7!5)*0Z8#\67![0/8!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!-('!#!/7'.![80$8!Z8()6+!*(/!\7!67ZZ!/8#*!/[(!]7#'Z!$/![80$8!.#]!7_/7*+!/(!Z7^7*!]7#'Z=!#*+!Z8()6+!\7!60#\67!/(!-0*7![80$8!Z8()6+!*(/!\7!67ZZ!/8#*!/7*!/8()Z#*+!')577Z!\)/!.#]!7_/7*+!/(!/[7*/]!/8()Z#*+!')577ZB!

The!Juvenile!Justice!Act,!2000!!

!

3!b)^7*067!('!$806+!.7#*Z!#!57'Z(*![8(!0Z!)*+7'!70&8/77*/8!]7#'Z!(-!(6+B!,/!5'(80\0/Z!/87!7_56(0/#/0(*!(-!k)^7*067!('!$806+!7.56(]77c!*(!57'Z(*!.)Z/!5'($)'7!#!k)^7*067!('!$806+!-('!/87!5)'5(Z7!(-!#*]!8#e#'+()Z!7.56(].7*/!\]!#*]!.7#*ZB!,/!0*$6)+7Z!#*]!-('.Z!(-!-('$7+!6#\('!#*+!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*B!287!5'(^0Z0(*!$#*!\7!)Z7+!#&#0*Z/!57(567![8(!/'#--0$!$806+'7*!-('!/87!5)'5(Z7!(-!6#$'!#*+!#&#0*Z/!/8(Z7![8(!7.56(]!Z)$8!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!43!Section!16(I).!!44!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.19).!45!Ibid!pg!125.!

;N!

/'#--0$%7+!$806+'7*BNO

P8#5/7'!28'77!(-!/87!3$/!+7#6Z![0/8!$806+'7*!'7a)0'0*&!$#'7!#*+!5'(/7$/0(*B!,/!0Z!7ZZ7*/0#6!/8#/!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!#&7*$07Z!Z8()6+!7*Z)'7!/8#/!^0$/0.0e7+!$806+'7*!.)Z/!*(/!\7!#$$)Z7+!*('!\7!#''7Z/7+!#*+!/87]!.)Z/!\7!5'(+)$7+!\7-('7!/87!P806+!Q76-#'7!P(..0//77!TPQPVBNS!!

3!.0*0.).!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!-('!#!/7'.!0Z!5'(^0+7+!-('!/87!(--7*+7'![80$8!.#]!7_/7*+!/(!Z0_!.(*/8Z=!('!-0*7=!('![0/8!\(/8B!!

Immigration!(Carrier’s!Liability)!Act,!2000!

!

,..0&'#/0(*!3$/!$#*!\7!)Z7+!/(!5'(Z7$)/7!/87!57'Z(*Z![8(!#'7!0*^(6^7+!0*!/87!0667&#6!/'#*Z5('/!(-!8).#*!\70*&!-'(.!(/87'!$()*/'07ZB!!

,*!0/Z!+7-0*0/0(*=!fP#''07'`!.7#*Z!#!57'Z(*![8(!0Z!7*&#&7+!0*!/87!$Z0*7ZZ!(-!/'#*Z5('/0*&!5#ZZ7*&7'Z!\]![#/7'!('!#0'!#*+!0*$6)+7Z!#*]!#ZZ($0#/0(*!(-!57'Z(*Z!=![87/87'!0*$('5('#/7+!('!*(/=!\]![8(.!/87!#0'$'#-/!('!/87!Z805!0Z!([*7+!('!$8#'/7'7+B!280Z!3$/!#55607Z!(*6]!/(!$#''07'Z!\]!#0'!('!\]!Z7#B!!

287!$#''07'!.#]!\7!5)*0Z87+!\]!/87!$(.57/7*/!#)/8('0/]!)*+7'!/87!K#ZZ5('/!3$/!\]!0.5(Z0*&!#!57*#6/]!(-!(*7!8)*+'7+!/8()Z#*+!')577ZB!!

!

The!Prohibition!of!Child!Marriage!Act,!2006!!

!

280Z!3$/!+7$6#'7Z!/8#/!.#''0#&7!(-!#!.0*('!$806+!/(!\7!^(0+!0*!$7'/#0*!$0'$).Z/#*$7Zc!47$!;<!+7-0*7Z!/8#/!.#''0#&7![87'7!/87!.0*('!8#Z!\77*!/#%7*!()/!(-!6#[-)6!&)#'+0#*Z805=!('!\77*!\]!-('$7!$(.57667+=!('!\77*!\]!#*]!+7$70/-)6!.7#*Z!0*+)$7+!/(!&(!-'(.!#*]!56#$7!Z8()6+!\7!5'(80\0/7+=!#*+!#*]!.#''0#&7!#-/7'!/87!.0*('!0Z!Z(6+!('!/'#--0$%7+=!('!)Z7+!-('!0..('#6!5)'5(Z7Z!Z8()6+!\7!#6Z(!*)66!#*+!^(0+B!

P806+!:#''0#&7!K'(80\0/0(*!H--0$7'Z!#'7!*(/0-07+!\]!/87!4/#/7!G(^7'*.7*/!#*+!Z)$8!H--0$7'Z!8#^7!/87!+)/]!(-!5'7^7*/0*&!$806+!.#''0#&7Z!#Z![766!#Z!$(667$/0(*!(-!7^0+7*$7!-('!5'(Z7$)/0(*T47$!;OV!

1([7^7'=!/87'7!0Z!*(!Z57$0-0$!Z7$/0(*!-('!/87!5)*0Z8.7*/B!!

<B<BNB!4232E!D3Q!423@A39A4!9ED32,@G!2H!1I:3@!293JJ,PR,@G!

287'7!#'7!/[(!Z/#/7!6#[Z!/8#/!+7#6![0/8!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&c!:#8#'#Z8/'#!P(*/'(6!(-!H'&#*0e7+!P'0.7!3$/=!;WWW!#*+!/87!G(#!P806+'7*`Z!3$/=!<>>MB!"(/8!8#*+67!#!Z57$0-0$!-($)Z!#.(*&Z/!/'#--0$%0*&!-('.Zc!/87'7-('7=!/87]!8#^7!Z8('/$(.0*&Z!/8#/!$(^7'!60.0/7+!#'7#Z!0*!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!3Z!/87!*#/0(*#6!6#[Z=!/87!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!0Z!*(/!Z)--0$07*/6]!Z/'0*&7*/B!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!46!Ibid!pg!20.!47!Ibid.!!

;C!

!Table!4:!Relevant!State!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

Relevant!State!Statutes!for!TIP!in!India!

Maharashtra!Control!of!Organized!Crime!Act,!1999!

!

2'#--0$%0*&!0Z!#!$'0.7!/8#/!0*^(6^7Z!#!*).\7'!(-!/'#--0$%7'Zc!/87]!&7*7'#66]!(57'#/7!#Z!#!*7/[('%c!/87'7-('7=!0/!0Z!0.57'#/0^7!/(!57'$70^7!/'#--0$%0*&!#Z!#*!('&#*0e7+!P'0.7B!!

287!4/#/7!(-!:#8#'#Z8/'#!7*#$/7+!/87!Z57$0#6!Z/#/7!6#[!0*!;WWW!/(!5'7^7*/!/80Z!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7B!!

fH'&#*0e7+!$'0.7`!0Z!+7-0*7+!0*!47$/0(*!<T7V!(-!/87!:#8#'#Z8/'#!P(*/'(6!(-!H'&#*0e7+!P'0.7!3$/!;WWWT:PHP3V?!g3*]!$(*/0*)0*&!)*6#[-)6!#$/0^0/]!\]!#*!0*+0^0+)#6!Z0*&6]!('!b(0*/6]=!70/87'!#Z!#!.7.\7'!(-!#*!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7!Z]*+0$#/7!('!(*!\78#6-!(-!Z)$8!Z]*+0$#/7=!\]!)Z7!(-!^0(67*$7!('!/8'7#/!(-!^0(67*$7!('!0*/0.0+#/0(*!('!$(7'$0(*!('!(/87'!)*6#[-)6!.7#*Z=![0/8!/87!(\b7$/0^7!(-!&#0*0*&!57$)*0#']!\7*7-0/Z=!('!&#0*0*&!)*+)7!7$(*(.0$!('!(/87'!#+^#*/#&7!-('!80.Z76-!('!#*]!(/87'!57'Z(*!('!5'(.(/0*&!0*Z)'&7*$]hB!!

280Z!0Z!^7']!\'(#+!+7-0*0/0(*!#*+!0*$6)+7Z!#66!0667&#6!#$/0^0/]!\]!#*!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7!#*+!-'(.!/87!47$!M=!#*]!57'Z(*![8(!0Z!#!.7.\7'!(-!#*!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7!Z]*+0$#/7!Z8#66!\7!5)*0Z8#\67![0/8!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!-('!#!/7'.!#/!#!.0*0.).![80$8!.#]!7_/7*+!/(!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!-('!60-7!#*+!Z8#66!#6Z(!\7!60#\67!/(!#!-0*7=!Z)\b7$/!/(!.0*0.).!-0*7!(-!-0^7!8)*+'7+!/8()Z#*+!')577ZB!

,*!,*+0#=!$)''7*/6]=!/87]!+(!*(/!8#^7!Z57$0-0$!$7*/'#6!67&0Z6#/0(*!/8#/!+7#6Z![0/8!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7B!2[(!'767^#*/!6#[!+7#60*&![0/8!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7lK'7^7*/0(*!(-!27''('0Z.!3$/=!<>><!#*+!27''('0Z/!#*+!A0Z')5/0^7!3$/0^0/07Z!TK'7^7*/0(*V!3$/=!;WLSl![7'7!'757#67+c!/87'7-('7=!/87]!#'7!*(!6(*&7'!#5560$#\67B!H/87'!5'(^0Z0(*Z!0*!6#[!/8#/!$#*!\7!0*^(%7+!/(!+7#6![0/8!('&#*0e7+!$'0.7!-#66!)*+7'!/87!,*+0#*!K7*#6!P(+7!#*+!/87!K'7^7*/0(*!(-!P('')5/0(*!3$/=!;WLLBNL!

The!Goa!Children’s!Act,!200349!

!

287!G(#!P806+'7*`Z!3$/![#Z!g7Z/#\60Z87+!/(!5'(.(/7!#*+!5'7Z7'^7!/87!\7Z/!0*/7'7Z/!(-!P806+'7*!0*!G(#!#*+!/(!$'7#/7!#!$806+!-'07*+6]!Z($07/]!/8#/!0Z!5'()+!/(!\7!$806+!-'07*+6]Bh!,/!+7$6#'7Z!/8#/!/87!4/#/7!(-!G(#!Z8#66!5'(80\0/7+!#*]!-('.Z!(-!$806+!#\)Z7=!$806+!6#\('=!$806+`Z!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*!#*+!$806+`Z!('&#*!/'#+0*&!T47$!S=L=W=;>=;;=;<VB!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!48!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.21);!49!Government!of!Goa.!(2003).!Goa!Children’s!Act.!Retrieved!February!5,!2010,!from!goagovt.nic.in/documents/goachildact2003.pdf.!

;O!

,/!#6Z(!$(*/#0*Z!5'(^0Z0(*Z![0/8!'7Z57$/!/(!/87!$)Z/(.!(-!+7+0$#/0(*BC> 287!4/#/7!Z8()6+!$'7#/7!/87!P806+'7*`Z!J)*+!-('!'#0Z0*&!#*+!$(('+0*#/0*&!'7Z()'$7Z!-('!#$807^0*&!/87!5)'5(Z7Z!(-!/80Z!3$/!T47$!;MVB!!

287!P(.57/7*/!3)/8('0/]!Z8()6+!8#^7!/87!5([7'!/(!0.5(Z7!57*#6/07Z!-('!#*]!^0(6#/0(*!'#*&0*&!-'(.!9ZB!;>>YU!/(!9ZB!C>=>>>YU!(*!7^7']!($$#Z0(*B!3*+!Z57$0-0$#66]=!#!57'Z(*!'7Z5(*Z0\67!-('!/87!+7+0$#/0(*!Z8#66!\7!5)*0Z87+![0/8!#!.#_0.).!(-!M!]7#'Z!0.5'0Z(*.7*/!#*+!-0*7!(-!9ZB!<>>>YUT47$B!W!TSVVB!!

K7*#6/07Z!#'7!7*8#*$7+!)*+7'!/87!3$/=!0-!/87!+7+0$#/0(*!0Z!.#+7!\]!#!5#'7*/=!&)#'+0#*!('!'76#/0^7!(-!/87!$806+!T47$B!W!TLV!U!,.5'0Z(*.7*/!(-!*(/!67ZZ!/8#*!<!]7#'Z!#*+!7_/7*+#\67!/(!C!]7#'Z!#*+!-0*7!\7/[77*!9ZB!<>>>YU!)5!/(!9ZB!C>>>YUVB!

<BMB!,@42,2I2,H@4?!9HDE4!3@A!P13DDE@GE4!

287!-(66([0*&!/#\67!()/60*7Z!/87!^#'0()Z!'(67Z!(-!%7]!0*Z/0/)/0(*Z!#*+!'7^07[Z!/87!$8#667*&7Z!-#$0*&!7#$8!$(.5(*7*/![0/8!'7Z57$/!/(!5'(Z7$)/0(*!(-!/'#--0$%0*&B!

Table!5:!Roles,!Responsibilities,!and!Challenges!of!Institutions!Supporting!the!Legal!Framework!

Roles,!Responsibilities,!and!Challenges!of!Institutions!Supporting!the!!Legal!Framework!

Institution! Role! Challenges

Central!Government!

! 287!,*+0#!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!0Z!0*!$8#'&7!(-!'#/0-]0*&!/87!0*/7'*#/0(*#6=!'7&0(*#6!#*+!*#/0(*#6!6#[Z!'76#/0*&!/(!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!0ZZ)7Z!#*+!$(*+)$/Z!0*-('.#/0(*!#*+!7+)$#/0(*!$#.5#0&*Z!#&#0*Z/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!!

! ,*!6#/7!<>>L!/87!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!$(.567/7+!0/Z!;LU.(*/8!6(*&!$(*Z)6/#/0(*!5'($7ZZ![0/8!/87!:0*0Z/']!(-!Q(.7*!#*+!P806+!A7^76(5.7*/=!:0*0Z/']!(-!1(.7!3--#0'Z=!@#/0(*#6!1).#*!90&8/Z!P(..0ZZ0(*!#*+!@#/0(*#6!P(..0ZZ0(*!-('!Q(.7*!8#^7!+7$0+7+!/(![('%!0*!)*0Z(*!#*+!+'#[!)5!#*!,*/7&'#/7+!K6#*!(-!3$/0(*!/(!K'7^7*/!#*+!P(.\#/!1).#*!2'#--0$%0*&![0/8!457$0#6!

! 287!P7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!+(7Z!*(/!8#^7!+0'7$/!'7Z5(*Z0\060/]!-('!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/B!g4/#/7Z!)*+7'!/87!,*+0#*!P(*Z/0/)/0(*!8#^7!/87!5'0.#']!'7Z5(*Z0\060/]!-('!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!#*+!Z/#/7U67^76!#)/8('0/07Z!#'7!60.0/7+!0*!/870'!#\060/07Z!/(!7--7$/0^76]!$(*-'(*/!0*/7'Z/#/7!#*+!/'#*Z*#/0(*#6!/'#--0$%0*&!$'0.7ZBhCM!!

! 287'7!0Z!#!$7'/#0*!67^76!(-!-'#&.7*/#/0(*!(-!7--('/Z!#/!/87!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!67^76!\7$#)Z7!(-!/87!.#*]!.0*0Z/'07Z!/8#/!8#^7!#!^7Z/7+!0*/7'7Z/!0*!/'#--0$%0*&!T0B7B!:0*0Z/']!(-!Q(.7*!#*+!P806+!A7^76(5.7*/=!/87!:0*0Z/']!(-!D#\('=!/87!:0*0Z/']!(-!1(.7!3--#0'Z=!:0*0Z/']!(-!17#6/8!#*+!J#.06]!Q76-#'7=!#*+!/87!:0*0Z/']!(-!2()'0Z.VB!,*!#++0/0(*!/(!#!.)6/0/)+7!(-!Z75#'#/7!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!5'(&'#.Z!#'7!Z7^7'#6!Z75#'#/7!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!56#*Z!(-!#$/0(*!+($).7*/Z!-'(.!/87!^#'0()Z!.0*0Z/'07ZB!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!50!UNODC,!Government!of!India.!(2008).!Resource!Book!on!the!Legal!Framework!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!(p.70).!53!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!

;S!

J($)Z!(*!P806+'7*!#*+!Q(.7*=!#*+!0*!k#*)#']!<>>W=!/87!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!#55'(^7+!#!*#/0(*[0+7!.(+76!/8#/!.7'&7Z!0/Z!*#/0(*#6!7+)$#/0(*#6!#*+!5(^7'/]!#667^0#/0(*!5'(&'#.Z!/(&7/87'!/(!$(.\#/!$806+!6#\('BC;!!

! 287!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!8#Z!#6Z(!#66($#/7+!q;L!.0660(*!/(!/87!:0*0Z/']!(-!1(.7!3--#0'Z!/(!$'7#/7!<WS!#*/0U8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!)*0/Z!#$'(ZZ!/87!*#/0(*!/(!/'#0*!#*+!Z7*Z0/0e7!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!(--0$0#6ZBC<!

! Q8067!/87'7!#'7!Z7^7'#6!5'(&'#.Z!\70*&!67+!\]!/87!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/=!/870'!'7Z()'$7!#66($#/0(*Z!56#$7!/87!7--0$#$]!(-!Z)$8!5'(&'#.Z!0*!a)7Z/0(*B!J('!0*Z/#*$7=!/87!gi475/7.\7'!<>>O=!/87!,*+0#*!&(^7'*.7*/!'7Z5(*+7+!/(!/87!/'#--0$%0*&!0ZZ)7!\]!$'7#/0*&!#!$7*/'#6!#*/0U/'#--0$%0*&!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!g*(+#6!$766Bo!287!*(+#6!$766!0Z!#!-7+7'#6!two"person!department!'7Z5(*Z0\67!-('!$(667$/0*&!#*+!57'-('.0*&!#*#6]Z0Z!(-!+#/#!'76#/7+!/(!/'#--0$%0*&=!0+7*/0-]0*&!/87!$#)Z7Z!(-!/87!5'(\67.=!.(*0/('0*&!#$/0(*!/#%7*!\]!Z/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/Z=!#*+!8(6+0*&!.77/0*&Z![0/8!Z/#/7U67^76!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/BhCN!

! 287!*#/0(*#6!&(^7'*.7*/!5'(^0+7Z!-#'!/((!.#*]!5(60$]!5'7Z$'05/0(*Z!-('!Z/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/ZB!,*!#*!3)&)Z/!<>>W!.77/0*&!(-!*(+#6!(--0$7'Z=!.('7!/8#*!MN!'7$(..7*+#/0(*Z![7'7!5#ZZ7+!(*/(!Z/#/7Z!/(!$)'\!$'0.7Z!#&#0*Z/![(.7*!#*+!/'#--0$%0*&B!Q0/8!Z)$8!#*!#\)*+#*$7!(-!'7$(..7*+#/0(*Z=!5'0('0/]!#'7#ZY#$/0(*!Z/75Z!.#]!\7!)*$67#'!/(!Z/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/ZBCC!

! G(^7'*.7*/U')*Y&(^7'*.7*/UZ)55('/7+!Z876/7'Z!#'7!*(/('0()Z6]!)*+7'!'7Z()'$7+!#*+!*(/!^0$/0.U-'07*+6]B!3$$('+0*&!/(!#!<>>M!Z/)+]!-'(.!/87!D#[]7'Z!P(667$/0^7=!.#*]!^0$/0.Z!7''(*7()Z6]!/8()&8/!/87]![7'7!\70*&!%75/!0*!/87!Z876/7'Z!\7$#)Z7!o$#Z7Z!8#+!\77*!6(+&7+!#&#0*Z/!/87.!+)'0*&!/87!$()'Z7!(-!/87!'#0+ZBBB:(Z/!0*.#/7Z![7'7!)*#[#'7!(-!/87!-#$/!/8#/!/87]![7'7!\70*&!+7/#0*7+!/(!*#\!/87!57(567![8(!8#+!/'#--0$%7+!/87.BoCO!

! 287!&(^7'*.7*/iZ!.(*0/('0*&!#*+!7^#6)#/0(*!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!0Z!Z/066!0*!0/Z!*#Z$7*/!Z/#&7ZB!!

! g287!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/`Z!@#/0(*#6!P'0.7!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!51!Episcopal!Life.!(2009).!Human!Trafficking:!India!in!Focus.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!http://www.episcopal"life.org/documents/Country_Report_India.pdf.!52!Episcopal!Life.!(2009).!Human!Trafficking:!India!in!Focus.!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!!from!http://www.episcopal"life.org/documents/Country_Report_India.pdf.!54!US!Department!of!State.!(2007).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!!55!Press!Information!Bureau:!Government!of!India.!(2009).!Drive!against!Human!Trafficking!and!Crime!against!Women!to!be!intensified:!Ajay!Maken/!MHA!issues!Advisories!in!this!regard!to!States/UTs.!Retrieved!February!6,!2010,!from!http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=52750&kwd=.!56!Lawyer’s!Collective.!(2003).!Traffic!in!persons!for!commercial!sexual!exploitation:!Legislation,!role!and!effectiveness!of!the!law!enforcement!and!law!adjudication!machinery!(p.!8).!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!

;L!

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State!Governments!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!57!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!58!Ibid.!!

!

7--('/Z!/(!$(.\#/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!#'7!7ZZ7*/0#6!/(!Z(6^7!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!5'(\67.ZB!!!

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o g,*!3*+8'#!K'#+7Z8=!"08#'=!:#8#'#Z8/'#=!G(#=!#*+!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!T[0/8!#!$(.\0*7+!5(5)6#/0(*!(-!MO>!.0660(*!57(567V=!&(^7'*.7*/!(--0$0#6Z!'7&0Z/7'7+!WON!Z7_!/'#--0$%0*&!$#Z7Z=!$(*+)$/7+!MSW!'7Z$)7!(57'#/0(*Z=!87657+!'7Z$)7!;=OCM!^0$/0.Z=!#''7Z/7+!;=WS>!/'#--0$%7'Z!T0*$6)+0*&!LCO!$)Z/(.7'ZV=!convicted![only]!30!sex!traffickers=!87657+!'78#\060/#/7!LSO!Z7_!/'#--0$%0*&!^0$/0.Z=!#*+!/'#0*7+!;M=NW>!5(60$7!(--0$7'Z!#*+!5'(Z7$)/('ZBh!T7.58#Z0Z!#++7+VO;!!

o ,*!:).\#0=!#)/8('0/07Z!5'(Z7$)/7+!;>!Z7_!/'#--0$%0*&!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!59!UNODC.!(2005).!Project!Summary:!Strengthening!the!law!enforcement!response!in!India!against!trafficking!in!persons!and!sex!tourism!in!key!states!and!cities!through!training!and!capacity!building.!Retrieved!February!6,!2010,!from!http://www.unodc.org/india/ind_s16.html.!60!Lawyer’s!Collective.!(2003).!Traffic!in!persons!for!commercial!sexual!exploitation:!Legislation,!role!and!effectiveness!of!the!law!enforcement!and!law!adjudication!machinery.!!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!61!US!Department!of!State.!(2009).!Trafficking!in!Persons!Report:!India.!Retrieved!February!4,!2010,!from!http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USDOS,,IND,4a4214b4c,0.html.!

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Courts!! P()'/Z!+7#6![0/8!/87!67&#6!$#Z7Z!

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Non"governmental!Organizations!

! !@GHZ![('%!/(!8765!/87!^0$/0.Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!\]!5'(^0+0*&!5'(/7$/0(*=!5'7^7*/0(*=!5'(Z7$)/0(*=!'7Z$)7=!#*+!'78#\060/#/0(*!5'(&'#.ZB!

! J'(.!Z7^7'#6!(-!/87!0*/7'^07[Z=!0/![#Z!$67#'!/8#/!0/!0Z!*7#'6]!0.5(ZZ0\67!-('!@GHZ!/(!/#%7!#$/0(*!(*!/870'!([*!0*!/87!#'7#!(-!5'(Z7$)/0(*!#*+!'7Z$)7ZB!!

! J($)Z0*&!#*!@GHiZ!'7Z()'$7Z!Z57$0-0$#66]!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!62!Ibid.!!63!Lawyer’s!Collective.!(2003).!Traffic!in!persons!for!commercial!sexual!exploitation:!Legislation,!role!and!effectiveness!of!the!law!enforcement!and!law!adjudication!machinery.!!Retrieved!January!29,!2010,!from!http://www.unifem.org.in/antitafficking.html.!64!!ThaIndian.com.!(2009).!31,139,022!cases!pending!in!Indian!courts.!!Retrieved!January!28,!2010,!from!http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/31139022"cases"pending"in"indian"courts_100290788.html.!65!!Center!for!Media!Studies.!(2005).!India!Corruption!Study!200!to!Improve!Governance.Transparency!International!India.!Retrieved!February!10,!2010,!from!www.cmsindia.org/cms/events/judiciary.pdf.!66!Ibid.!!67!Center!for!Media!Studies.!(2005).!India!Corruption!Study!200!to!Improve!Governance.Transparency!International!India.!Retrieved!February!10,!2010,!from!www.cmsindia.org/cms/events/judiciary.pdf.!

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Figure!1:!Judicial!Process!for!Trafficking!Cases!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!68!Asian!Legal!Resource!Center.!(2008).!Judicial!Delays!to!Criminal!Trials!in!Delhi.!Article!2!of!the!International!Covenant!on!Civil!and!Political!Rights.!Vol!7:2,!(p.!9).!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!74!Ibid!pg!12.!75!15!(6!A)!ITPA.!76!Nair,!P.M.!(2007).!Handbook!for!Law!Enforcement!Agencies!in!India!(p.!28).!Retrieved!February!3,!2010,!from!http://www.apneaap.org/policy"work/our"resources/best"practices/handbook"law"enforcement"agencies"india"drpm"m"nair.!77!Asian!Legal!Resource!Center.!(2008).!Judicial!Delays!to!Criminal!Trials!in!Delhi!(p.10).!Article!2!of!the!International!Covenant!on!Civil!and!Political!Rights.!Vol!7:2.!

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Figure!2:!Arrests,!Prosecutions,!and!Convictions!under!ITPA,!1956!(2003"2006)!

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Figure!3:!Percentage!Change!in!Arrests,!Prosecutions,!and!Convictions!under!ITPA,!1956!(2004"2006)!

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Table!6:!Convictions!as!a!Percent!of!Prosecutions!under!ITPA!(2003"2006)!

Convictions/Prosecutions!under!ITPA!(2003"2006)!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!86!Mukherji!KK,!Muherjee!S.!(2007).!Girls!and!women!in!prostitution!in!India.!!Department!of!Women!and!Child!Development,!New!Delhi,!India.!

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-(66([7+!\]!5)*0Z8.7*/!(-!/87!+0Z/0*$/0(*!\7/[77*!/87!7_56(0/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!88!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!(2002"2003).!Retrieved!January!20,!2010,!from!http://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/ReportonTrafficking.pdf.!89!Combating!Trafficking!in!Persons.!(2009).!Retrieved!!February!5,!2010,!from!http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/UN_Handbook_engl_core_low.pdf.!

MC!

#Z!+7$70/=!$(7'$0(*!#*+!-('$7!67#+0*&!/(!/80Z!Z(60/0$0/0*&!Z8()6+!\7!0*^7Z/0&#/7+B!280Z![066!0*!/)'*!67#+!/(!5'(/7$/0(*!-('!^0$/0.Z`!'0&8/Z!#*+![066!5'7^7*/!/870'!-)'/87'!^0$/0.0e#/0(*B!,*!('+7'!/(!\'0*&!#!Z80-/!0*!/87!+760^7']!(-!b)Z/0$7=!/87!5(60$7!#*+!b)+0$0#']!Z8()6+!\7!Z7*Z0/0e7+!(*!&7*+7'!+0Z$'0.0*#/0(*!#*+!^0(6#/0(*!(-!8).#*!'0&8/ZB!287!5'(Z7$)/('!.)Z/!#66([!/87!^0$/0.!/(!5'7Z7*/!80ZY87'!^07[Z!#*+!$(*$7'*Z!+)'0*&!/87!b)+0$0#6!5'($77+0*&ZB!4/'7*&/87*0*&!5'(Z7$)/0(*!'7a)0'7Z!Z/'7*&/87*0*&!(-!/87!$8#**76Z!(-!$(..)*0$#/0(*!\7/[77*!#)/8('0/07ZB!

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,*+0#`Z!$7*/'#6!&(^7'*.7*/!$(*-'(*/Z!Z7^7'7!$8#667*&7Z!0*!7*-('$0*&!/87!6#[!#&#0*Z/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!4/#/7!67^76!.0*0Z/'07Z!8#^7!60.0/7+!#\060/07Z!/(!7--7$/0^76]!$(.\#/!0*/7'Z/#/7!#*+!/'#*Z*#/0(*#6!$'0.7Z!#*+!$()'/Z!#'7!(^7'\)'+7*7+B!I*-('/)*#/76]=!#\()/!<<s!(-!/'#--0$%7'Z!#'7!*(/!Z)\b7$/7+!/(!5'(Z7$)/0(*!\7$#)Z7!(-!/870'!\#$%0*&!-'(.!/87!5(60/0$ZB!P('')5/0(*!(-!6#[!7*-('$7.7*/!(--0$7'Z!67#+Z!/(!/87!5'(/7$/0(*!(-!\'(/876Z!#*+!/'#--0$%7'ZBW;!

MO

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!90!Synergy!in!Action.!(2007).!Retrieved!January!22,!2010,!from!http://www.ungift.org/ungift/en/knowledge/regions.html.!91!Human!Trafficking"!India!in!Focus.!Retrieved!February!2,!2010,!from!http://www.episcopal"life.org/documents/Country_Report_India.pdf.!

!

!

4. ! !DETAILED!STATE !PROFILES!

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NB;B!3@A193!K93AE41!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!92!Jafri,!S.!(2002,!September!19).!Andhra!tops!in!trafficking!in!females:!Survey.!Retrieved!November!7,!2009,!from!http://us.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/19jafri.htm.!93!Vetticattil,!J.,!&!Krishnan,!S.!(2002).!The!Shattered!Innocence!(p.!82).!Catholic!Relief!Services!(CRS).!94!Ibid!pg!5.!!95!Ibid!pg!5.!96!Ibid!pg!5.!97!Ibid!pg!6.!

MS!

http://us.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/19jafri.htm

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ML

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

#6/8()&8!/87'7!0Z!*(!Z57$0#6!8(.7!]7/!-('!'7Z$)7+!^0$/0.ZB103!

3-/7'!.)$8!$(*Z)6/#/0(*![0/8!@GHZ!#*+!(/87'!&'()5Z=!/87!&(^7'*.7*/!8#Z!5'0*$05#66]!#&'77+!/(!+'#-/!#!$(.5'787*Z0^7!5(60$]!/(!$(.\#/!/'#--0$%0*&!(-![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*!-('!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*B!3/!/87!.(.7*/!/8()&8=!/87'7!0Z!*(!5'(&'#.!('!Z/')$/)'7+!5'($7ZZ!/8#/!0Z!67+!\]!/87!Z/#/7![87'7\]!^0$/0.Z!$#*!&(!/8'()&8!#!'78#\060/#/0(*!5'($7ZZB104!

!98!Vetticattil,!J.,!&!Krishnan,!S.!(2002).!The!Shattered!Innocence!(p.!82).!Catholic!Relief!Services!(CRS).!99!Ibid!pg!7.!100!Ibid!pg!7.!101!Ibid!pg!75.!102!Ibid!pg!76.!103!Ibid!pg!76.!104!Ibid!pg!77.!

!

!

NB<B!",139!


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,+7*/0-]0*&!Z)$8!80&8U'0Z%!#'7#Z!8765Z!/(!*#''([!/87!Z/)+]!-($)Z!-)'/87'B!287Z7![066!5'(^7!#!Z/#'/0*&!0/8!'7&#'+!/(!/87!@GHZ![('%0*&!/87'7=!/87!*#/)'7!(-!/870'!5(0*/!-('!/87!#*#6]Z0Z!(*!"08#'![

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!105!Bhatt,!K.!(2005,!August).!Conference!on!human!trafficking!and!bonded!labour.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Industries"envirn"resettlement/2005/human"trafficking.htm.!!106!Bureau!of!Democracy,!Human!Rights,!and!Labor.!(2000).!1999!Country!Reports!on!Human!Rights!Practices.!107!Vahini.!S.!Shakti!Vahini.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.shaktivahini.org/?p=500.!

MW!

http://www.shaktivahini.org/?p=500

http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Industries-envirn-resettlement/2005/human-trafficking.htm

(57'#/0(*Z!#*+!/870'!()/'7#$8B!280Z![066!8765!0+7*/0-]!-('!23J!5(ZZ0\67!0*/7'^7*/0(*Z!0*!/87!.(Z/!80&8U'0Z%!#'7#Z!(-!"08#'B!

I*+7'Z/#*+0*&!/87!Z($0(U7$(*(.0$!\#$%&'()*+!0*!"08#'!.#]!8765!+7$0587'!Z(.7!(-!/87!'7#Z(*Z![8]!Z)$8!80&8!67^76Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&!($$)'!/87'7B!"08#'!0Z!.#0*6]!#*!#&'0$)6/)'#6!7$(*(.]!#*+!#6Z(!(*7!(-!,*+0#`Z!5(('7Z/!Z/#/7ZB!,/Z!'#*%0*&Z![0/8!'7&#'+!/(!Z($0(U7$(*(.0$!0*+0$#/('Z!#'7!*7#'!/87!\(//(.![87*!$(.5#'7+![0/8!#66!(/87'!Z/#/7ZB!287!,*+0#*!7$(*(.0$!\((.!8#Z!\]5#ZZ7+!"08#'=![80$8!'7.#0*Z!+0Z$(**7$/7+!-'(.!/87![('6+!7$(*(.]B!,/!#6Z(!'7.#0*Z!(*7!(-!/87!Z6([7Z/!&'([0*&!Z/#/7ZB!2#\67!S!\76([!&0^7Z!#*!0*+0$#/0(*!(-!/87!Z($0(U7$(*(.0$!Z/#/)Z!(-!/87!Z/#/7B!

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!Table!7:!!Poverty!Incidence!in!Bihar!versus!the!Rest!of!India108!

Sector! Year!

Bihar!

%!Below!the!Poverty!Line!

India!

%!Below!the!Poverty!Line!

Rural!

;WLMULN! ONBN! NCBS!

;WLSULL! C<BO! MWB;!

;WWMUWN! CLB<! <SB<!

;WWWU>>! NNBM! <SB;!

<>>NU>C! N<B;! <LBM!

Urban!

;WLMULN! NSBM! N>BL!

;WLSULL! NLBS! MLB<!

;WWMUWN! MNBC! M<BN!

;WWWU>>! M<BW! <MBO!

<>>NU>C! MNBO! <CBS!

Rural!&!Urban!T$(.\0*7+V!

;WLMULN! O<B<! NNBC!

;WLSULL! C<B;! MLBW!

;WWMUWN! CCB>! MOB>!

;WWWU>>! N<BO! <OB;!

<>>NU>C! N;BN! <SBC!

Table!11!Z8([Z!/8#/!(^7'!/0.7!/066!*([!"08#'!8#Z!$(*Z0Z/7*/6]!-#'7+![('Z7!/8#*!/87!'7Z/!(-!,*+0#![0/8!!287!&7*+7'!'#/0(!0*!"08#'!#/!W;W!-7.#67Z!57'!/8()Z#*+!.#67Z!0Z!'7-7'7*$7!/(!5(^7'/]!0*$0+7*$7B

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!108!Economic!Survey!2008"09!(2009,!February).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ESR"2008"09"EN.pdf.!

N;!

Z60&8/6]!6([7'!/8#*!/87!*#/0(*#6!'#/0(!#/!WMM=!\)/!/87!$806+!Z7_!'#/0(!0*!"08#'!0Z!80&87'!/8#*!/87!*#/0(*#6!#^7'#&7!#/!WN<B!Q0/8!#!&7*+7'!'#/0(!(-!W;W=![(.7*!0*!"08#'!#'7!+0Z#+^#*/#&7+!Z($0#66]![0/8!'7Z57$/!/(!60/7'#$]=!7+)$#/0(*!#*+![('%!5#'/0$05#/0(*B!280Z!0Z!+)7!/(!#!.)6/0/)+7!(-!-#$/('Z?!$)6/)'#6=!7/8*0$=!$#Z/7!\#Z7+=!7$(*(.0$=!6#$%!(-!Z/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/!0*/7'^7*/0(*!7/$B!"08#'!0Z!#6Z(!(*7!(-!/87!Z/#/7Z!/8#/!-#$7Z!/87!.(Z/!+0^0Z0^7!$#Z/7U\#Z7+!5(60/0$ZB!287!/(/#6!Z8#'7!(-!4P!T4$87+)67Z!$6#ZZV!0*!/87!5(5)6#/0(*!0Z!;CBS!57'$7*/B!"08#'!8#Z!#!Q('%!K#'/0$05#/0(*!9#/0(*!TQK9V!(-!M<BW!57'$7*/B!4)'5'0Z0*&6]=!/87!QK9!(-!/87!4P!#*+!42!0Z!80&87'!#/!MLB<!57'$7*/!#*+!NCB<!57'$7*/!'7Z57$/0^76]B!1([7^7'=!/87!&7*+7'!&#5!0Z!Z/#'%![0/8!-7.#67Z!#/!;LBN!57'$7*/!#*+!.#67Z!#/!NOBM!57'$7*/B!280Z!&7*+7'!&#5=!#&#0*!Z)'5'0Z0*&6]=!0Z!67ZZ!Z/#'%!0*!/87!4P![0/8!-7.#67!QK9!#/!<LB<!57'$7*/![8067!/87!

^76]B!.#67!QK9!0Z!#/!NSBC!57'$7*/B!J('!42Z=!/87!&#5!0Z!7^7*!67ZZ!#/!MOBW!#*+!C<BW!57'$7*/!'7Z57$/0

1([7^7'=!60/7'#$]!Z/#/0Z/0$Z!-'(.!/87!.(Z/!'7$7*/!7$(*(.0$!Z)'^7]!Z8([!/8#/!()/!(-!/87!<<!Z$87+)67+!$#Z/7Z!0*!"08#'=!<>!#'7!#$)/76]!+75'0^7+!0*!/7'.Z!(-!7+)$#/0(*#6=!7$(*(.0$=!Z($0(U$)6/)'#6!#*+!5(60/0$#6!Z/#/)ZB!Q8067!/87!/(/#6!60/7'#$]!'#/7!(-!"08#'!0Z!NS!57'$7*/=!#*+!/8#/!-('!#66!Z$87+)67+!$#Z/7Z!0Z!<LBC!57'$7*/=!0/!0Z!(*6]!;OBS!57'$7*/!0*!$#Z7!(-!MahadalitsB!A7Z50/7!7--('/Z!\]!\(/8!/87!P7*/'#6!#*+!/87!4/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/=!5(5)6#/0(*Z!\76(*&0*&!/(!/87Z7!$#Z/7Z!8#^7!*(/!\7*7-0/7+!-'(.!#--0'.#/0^7!#$/0(*!.7#*/!7_$6)Z0^76]!-('!4$87+)67+!P#Z/7ZB;>W!

"08#'!0Z!#6Z(!5'(*7!/(!*#/)'#6!+0Z#Z/7'ZB!287!-6((+Z!#--7$/0*&!/87!R(Z0!'7&0(*!0*!<>>L!'7Z)6/7+!0*!0*$'7#Z7+!67^76Z!(-!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!#$$('+0*&!/(!(--0$0#6Z!0*!/87!4($0#6!Q76-#'7!A75#'/.7*/B!287Z7!(--0$0#6Z!#6Z(!'75('/7+!/8#/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&![#Z!(*!/87!'0Z7=!despite!the!introduction!of!the!Human!Trafficking!Prevention!Programme!launched!in!2007.!287!#'7#Z![87'7!/87!.(Z/!$#Z7Z![7'7!'75('/7+!-'(.![7'7!R0Z8#*&#*b=!K)'*0#=!3'#'0#=!R#/08#'=!40/#.#'80=!:#+8)\#*0!#*+!4#8#'Z#B;;>!LOBNL!57'$7*/!(-!"08#'`Z!+0Z/'0$/Z!#'7!#--7$/7+!\]!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!0*!,*+0#=!#$$('+0*&!/(!#!'7$7*/!Z/)+]!$(*+)$/7+!\]!/87!@#/0(*#6!P(..0ZZ0(*!-('!Q(.7*B!"08#'!8#Z!$(*Z0Z/7*/6]!'#*%7+!#Z!(*7!(-!/87!/(5!Z/#/7Z!

N<

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-#$0*&!/87!5'(\67.!(-!Z7660*&!#*+!5'($)'#/0(*!(-!&0'6ZB!!

"08#'!Z8#'7Z!#!\('+7'![0/8!\(/8!@75#6!#*+!Q7Z/!"7*&#6B!3!'75('/!\]!48#%/0!F#80*0;;;!Z8([Z!/8#/!"08#'!0Z!/87!.#0*!/'#*Z0/!Z/#/7!0*!,*+0#!/8'()&8![80$8!/'#--0$%7+![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*!5#ZZB!287!.#0*!7*/']!5(0*/Z!#'7!9#_#()6=!"#0'&#*0#=!:(/08#'0=!40/#.#'80=!@#'%#/'#&#*b=!:#+8)^#*0=!4(*\#'Z8#=!k(&\#*0=!#*+!R#%#'\0/#B!"08#'!#6Z(!Z7'^7Z!#Z!#!+7Z/0*#/0(*!Z/#/7!-('!/'#--0$%0*&!(-![(.7*!-'(.!@75#6B!40.06#'6]=!"08#'!0Z!#6Z(!#!/'#*Z0/!#*+!+7Z/0*#/0(*!5(0*/!-('!/'#--0$%0*&!-'(.!"#*&6#+7Z8B!E67^7*!+0Z/'0$/Z!8#^7!\77*!0+7*/0-07+!#Z!\70*&!.#b('!/'#--0$%0*&!+0Z/'0$/Z!0*!"08#'?!R0Z8#*&#*b=!R#/808#'=!K)'*0#=!3'#'0#=!4#8#'Z#=!4)5#)6=!:#+875)'#=!R8#&#'0#=!:#+8)\#*0=!A#'\8#*&#!#*+!"7&)Z#'#0B!H*!#!Z.#667'!Z$#67=!/87!'75('/!#6Z(!-()*+!7^0+7*$7!(-!&0'6Z!\70*&!/'#--0$%7+!/8'()&8!"08#'!-'(.!H'0ZZ#!#*+!3ZZ#.B!

!109!Economic!Survey!2008"09!(2009,!February).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ESR"2008"09"EN.pdf!110!Law!fails!to!check!human!trafficking!in!Bihar!(2009,!July!31).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://igovernment.in/site/Law"fails"to"check"human"trafficking"in"Bihar/.!111!Vahini.!S.!Shakti!Vahini.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.shaktivahini.org/?p=500.!

!

!

!

4232E!,@,2,32,FE4!3@A!21E,9!9E4ID24!

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

,*/7'7Z/0*&6]!/8()&8=!/87!Z/#/7!&(^7'*.7*/!0Z!%77*!/(!0*/'(+)$7!6#[Z!/(!$)'\!2,K!/8'()&8!\(/8!Z)556]!#*+!+7.#*+!$8#**76ZB!"08#'!0Z!8(6+0*&!#!$(*-7'7*$7![0/8!Z/#/7!'75'7Z7*/#/0^7Z!(-!Q7Z/!"7*&#6=!:#8#'#Z/8'#!#*+!A7680!0*!A7$7.\7'!<>>W!/(!+0Z$)ZZ!/87![#]!-('[#'+!-('!0.567.7*/#/0(*!(-!#!"066!57*+0*&!0*!/87!D(%!4#\8#!T1()Z7!(-!K7(567V![80$8![()6+!#66([!&'7#/7'!5'(Z7$)/0(*!#*+!57*#6/07Z!-('!57(567!$]0*&!5'(Z/0/)/7Z!#*+!/'#--0$%7'ZB!!D7#+0*&!@GHZ!8#^7!0+7*/0-07+!/8#/!/87!#55'(#$87Z!/(!+#/7!8#^7!*(/!\77*!$(.5'787*Z0^7=!$(*$7*/'#/0*&!.(Z/6]!(*!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_U56#$7!'#0+Z!T[0/8!.(Z/!/'#--0$%7'Z!&7//0*&!#[#]V!#Z!(55(Z7+!/(!Z]Z/7.#/0$!/#'&7/0*&!(-!5'7^7*/0(*=!5'(/7$/0(*!#*+!5'(Z7$)/0(*B!J)'/87'.('7=!(-!/8(Z7!-7[![8(!#'7!'7Z$)7+=!7--('/Z!-('!'75#'#/0(*=!

&'#/0(*!(-!Z)'^0^('Z!'7.#0*!Z$#*/B!!'78#\060/#/0(*!#*+!'70*/7

NBMB!P11322,4G391!


,*!<>><=!P88#//0Z&#'8`Z!/'#--0$%0*&!$#Z7Z!'75'7Z7*/7+!N;BN!57'$7*/!(-!#66!$#Z7Z!0*!,*+0#!'75('/7+!0*!^0(6#/0(*!(-!/87!,..('#6!2'#--0$%0*&!K'7^7*/0(*!3$/!T;WCOVB!280Z!'75'7Z7*/7+!/87!80&87Z/!'#/7!#.(*&Z/!#66!Z/#/7Z!#/!/87!/0.7![0/8!^0$/0.Z!#$$()*/0*&!-('!g<;BW!57'!;=>>=>>>!5(5)6#/0(*=!$(.5#'7+!/(!;B;!#/!/87!*#/0(*#6!67^76Bh;;<!Q8067!(*6]!Z57$)6#/0^7=!0/!0Z!\7607^7+!/8#/!#Z!.#*]!#Z!;<=>>>!/(!;C=>>>!$806+'7*!#'7!/'#--0$%7+!-'(.!/87!Z/#/7!7#$8!]7#'B;;M!D0%7!(/87'!Z/#/7Z=!57'57/'#/('Z!(-/7*!6)'7!^0$/0.Z=!5'7+(.0*#*/6]!&0'6!$806+'7*=!\]!5'(.0Z7!(-!7.56(].7*/!(55('/)*0/07Z!0*!/87!.#b('!.7/'(5(60/#*!#'7#Z=!(*6]!/(!-0*+!/87.Z76^7Z!\70*&!Z7_)#66]!7_56(0/7+B!287'7!#'7!#6Z(!^7']!80&8!67^76Z!(-!Z$87+)67+!$#Z/7Z!T4PV!#*+!/'0\7Z!T42V!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8=![0/8!;;BO;!57'$7*/!#*+!M;BL>!57'$7*/=!'7Z57$/0^76]!0*!<>>;!T'76#/0^7!/(!LB<!57'$7*/!*#/0(*#66]=!\#Z7+!(*!/87!<>>;!$7*Z)ZVB;;N!!!H\^0()Z6]=!/87!67^76Z!(-!4PZ!d!42Z!$()567+![0/8!80&8!67^76Z!(-!5(^7'/]=!56#$7!/87!Z/#/7!0*!#!^)6*7'#\67!5(Z0/0(*!-('![()6+U\7!/'#--0$%7'ZB!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!112!Trafficking:!National!Women’s!Resource!Council!for!India.!Retrieved!October!26,!2009,!from!http://nrcw.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=308.!

113!Angry!voters!lay!precondition!for!candidates!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!October!30,!2009,!from!http://newshopper.sulekha.com/news/angry"voters"lay"precondition"for"candidates"in"chhattisgarh.htm.!114!Chhattisgarh:!A!Profile.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!data.undp.org.in/shdr/chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh_AProfile.pdf.!

NM!

287!Z/#/7!0Z!)*0a)7=!0*!/8#/=!7_/'7.7!5#/'0#'$8#6!(55'7ZZ0(*=!(*7!(-!/87!/]50$#66]!$0/7+!)*+7'6]0*&!$#)Z7Z!(-!/'#--0$%0*&=!+(7Z!*(/!#$$)'#/76]!$8#'#$/7'0e7!/87!^)6*7'#\060/07Z!-#$7+!\]![(.7*!/87'7=!7Z57$0#66]!0*!')'#6!#'7#ZB!F0$/0.Z!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8!$8#667*&7!/80Z!$(*/7*/0(*!0*!/8#/![(.7*!8#^7!#!'76#/0^76]!privileged!5(Z0/0(*B!D($#6!/'#+0/0(*Z!#*+!$)6/)'7!56#]!#!6#'&7!'(67!0*!767^#/0*&![(.7*`Z!5(Z0/0(*!/(!#!*7#'!7a)#6!Z/#/)Z![0/8!.7*B!287!Z7_!'#/0(!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8!0Z!^7']!80&8!-('!,*+0#![0/8!/87'7!\70*&!WW>![(.7*!57'!;>>>!.7*=!\#Z7+!(*!/87!<>>;!$7*Z)ZB!,*!')'#6!#'7#Z!/87'7!#'7!#$/)#66]!.('7![(.7*!/8#*!.7*l/87!'#/0(!0Z!;=>>N![(.7*!57'!;=>>>!.7*B;;C!280Z!0Z!Z0&*0-0$#*/6]!80&87'!/8#*!/87!*#/0(*#6!#^7'#&7!TWMMV!#*+!56#$7Z!/87!Z/#/7!#.(*&Z/!/87!'#*%Z!(-!/87!/(5!/8'77!0*!/87!$()*/']![0/8!'7&#'+!/(!/80Z!Z/#/0Z/0$B;;O!

P)6/)'#66]=!g/87![(.7*!(-!P88#//0Z&#'8!#'7!#66([7+!#*+!7*$()'#&7+!\]!Z($07/]!/(!.#'']!m\#Z7+!(*!/870'!([*!$8(0$7Zn!#*+!&7/!Z75#'#/7+!m\#Z7+!(*!/870'!([*n!+7$0Z0(*ZB!Q(.7*!5([7'!0Z![('Z80557+!#*+!/80Z!0Z!7^0+7*/!0*!/87!^#'0()Z!-7.#67!+70/07Z!60%7!4#\#'0!:#/#=!A#*/7Z8[#'0!A7^0!#*+!:#8#.#]#!/8#/!#'7![('Z80557+![0/8!&'7#/!e7#6!m0*!/87!Z/#/7nB;;S!,*!#++0/0(*=!.#*]!0*!/87!Z/#/7!\7607^7!0*![0/$8$'#-/=![0/8!Z(.7!$0/0*&!0/!#Z!/87!'7#Z(*!/8#/![(.7*!.#0*/#0*!Z)$8!5([7'!0*!/87!Z/#/7![87*!$(.5#'7+!/(!76Z7[87'7B;;L!

E$(*(.0$#66]=!/((=![(.7*!#'7!^#6)7+B!gQ(.7*!#'7!/87!.#b('!#&'0$)6/)'#6![('%7'ZBh;;W!2#%0*&!5#'/!0*!7^7']!Z/75!(-!-((+!5'(+)$/0(*=!Z(.7![(.7*!0*!#'7#Z!60%7!3\)b8.#'#*+!408#[#!#6Z(!)Z7!/87!56()&8=!g#!-)*$/0(*!/8#/!0Z!/#$(!#*+!5'(80\0/7+!-('!/87.!0*!#6.(Z/!#66!(/87'!5#'/Z!(-!/87!$()*/']=!0*+77+!/87![('6+Bh;<>!280Z!-#$/!#6Z(!8(6+Z!/')7!-('!/87!)'\#*!7$(*(.0$!Z7$/('!#*+!.0&'#*/!6#\('!7.56(].7*/=![0/8![(.7*!-'(.!P88#//0Z&#'8!\70*&!.#b('!$(*/'0$/('Z!/(!/87!$(*Z/')$/0(*!0*+)Z/']!

NN

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4/066=!+7Z50/7!/87!Z/#/7`Z!(\Z7'^7+!Z)$$7ZZ!0*!.#0*/#0*0*&!\7//7'!&7*+7'!7a)#60/]!'76#/0^7!/(!/87!'7Z/!(-!/87!$()*/']=!#//7.5/Z!/(!-('$7![(.7*!0*/(!Z)\Z7'^07*/!5(Z0/0(*Z!0*!Z($07/]!#'7![766U+($).7*/7+B!Q0/$8U8)*/Z!#ZZ($0#/7+![0/8!/870'!\7607-!0*![0/$8$'#-/!#'7!066)Z/'#/0^7!(-!/80Z=!#Z![766!#Z!80&8!67^76Z!(-!+(.7Z/0$!^0(67*$7!\#Z7+!(*!&(^7'*.7*/!7Z/0.#/7ZB;<;!3Z!/87!@#/0(*#6!P()*$06!-('!Q(.7*!#+75/6]!5(Z0/Z=!g[(.7*!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8!#'7!/(+#]!#/!/87!$'(ZZ'(#+Z!(-!80Z/(']B!287]!8#^7!#!Z/'(*&!5'7Z7*$7!0*!/87!/'#+0/0(*#6!7$(*(.0$!60-7!(-!/87!Z/#/7=!\)/!/87!a)7Z/0(*!0Z![066!/80Z!5'7Z7*$7!\7!.#0*/#0*7+!0*!

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!115!Chhattisgarh:!A!Profile.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!data.undp.org.in/shdr/chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh_AProfile.pdf.!116!Profile!of!the!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/chhattisgarh.htm.!117!Status!of!Women!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/people"culture"festivals/status"of"women.html.!118!Chattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!12,!2009,!from!http://www.indianetzone.com/3/chhatisgarh.htm.!

119!Profile:!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile"Chhattisgarh.pdf.!

120!Ibid.!!121!Ibid.!!122!Ibid.!!

!

:('7(^7'=!+7Z50/7![(.7*`Z!Z)$$7ZZ!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8!Z($07/]=!0/!8#Z!$67#'6]!*(/!\77*!7*()&8!/(!.#%7!/87.!0*^)6*7'#\67!/(!/'#--0$%0*&B!,*!/80Z!$#Z7=!/87!Z/#/7!0Z!Z0.06#'!/(!(/87'Z!0*!,*+0#B!D0%7!k8#'%8#*+=!P88#//0Z&#'8!#6Z(!$(*/7*+Z![0/8!#*!7^7'UZ/'7*&/87*0*&!@#_#60/7!.(^7.7*/B!@#_#60/7Z!#'7!:#(0Z/!'7\76Z!/8#/!7*&#&7!0*!&)7'066#U60%7![#'-#'7![0/8!6($#6!#)/8('0/07ZB!3Z!'7$7*/6]!#Z!k)6]!<>>W=!MO!5(60$7!(--0$7'Z![7'7!%0667+!0*!#//#$%Z!-'(.!@#_#60/7ZB;<M!280Z!$(*Z/#*/!)*'7Z/!Z7'^7Z!#Z!#!+0Z/'#$/0(*!-('!#)/8('0/07Z!-'(.!0ZZ)7Z!60%7!/'#--0$%0*&B!!:('7(^7'=!0*/7'*#/0(*#6!60/7'#/)'7!'757#/7+6]!#'&)7Z!/8#/!/'#--0$%0*&!0*$'7#Z7Z!0*!/0.7Z!(-!$(*-60$/!#*+!+0Z#Z/7'ZB!457$0#6!#//7*/0(*!.)Z/!\7!5#0+!/(!/80Z!0*!P88#//0Z&#'8B!

36Z(=![0/8!L>!57'$7*/!(-!/87!5(5)6#/0(*!60^0*&!0*!')'#6!#'7#Z=!/87'7!0Z!#!*77+!/(!%775!')'#6!$(..)*0/07Z!7$(*(.0$#66]!Z76-UZ)Z/#0*0*&B!280Z!8#Z!/(!\7!#$$(.560Z87+!0*!/87!-#$7!(-!6([!60/7'#$]!'#/7Z!#.(*&Z/![(.7*UUC;BW!57'$7*/=!$(.5#'7+!/(!/87!*#/0(*#6!#^7'#&7!(-!CMBS!57'$7*/B;<N!!!:7*!#'7!#/!SSBLO!57'$7*/B;<C!287!6([!60/7'#$]!'#/7Z!5(0*/!/(!/87!-'#&060/]!(-![(.7*`Z!7.5([7'.7*/!0*!/87!Z/#/7!#*+!/87!-#$/!/8#/=!+7Z50/7!57'-('.0*&!\7//7'!/8#*!(/87'!Z/#/7Z=!P88#//0Z&#'8!Z/066!8#Z![('%!/(!+(!0*!/87!'7#6.!(-!&7*+7'!7a)#60/]B!H^7'#66=!MLBW;!57'$7*/!(-!/87!5(5)6#/0(*!60^7Z!\76([!/87!5(^7'/]!60*7=![0/8!#!+0Z5'(5('/0(*#/7!#.()*/!(-![(.7*!-#660*&![0/80*!/80Z!&'()5B;<O!280Z!56#$7Z!0/!#.(*&Z/!

8#'%8#*+=!"08#'=!#*+!H'0ZZ#B!!(/87'!Z/#/7Z!/8#/!#'7!$8#'#$/7'0Z/0$#66]!5(('lk

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g287!P(*Z/0/)/0(*!(-!,*+0#!*(/!(*6]!&'#*/Z!7a)#60/]!/(![(.7*!\)/!#6Z(!7.5([7'Z!/87!4/#/7!/(!#+(5/!.7#Z)'7Z!#*+!-'#.7!5(60$07Z!(-!5(Z0/0^7!+0Z$'0.0*#/0(*!0*!-#^('!(-![(.7*B!287'7-('7=!/80Z!5(60$]!#0.Z!/(!$'7#/7!#*!7*^0'(*.7*/=![80$8!7*#\67Z![(.7*!/(!7--7$/0^76]!$(*/'0\)/7!0*!/87!5'($7ZZ!(-!7$(*(.0$!#*+!Z($0#6!/'#*Z-('.#/0(*!#*+!*(/!\7!.7'7

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! 3$807^7!7a)#60/]!0*!#$$7ZZ!/(!7$(*(.0$!'7Z()'$7Z!0*$6)+0*&!-('7Z/Z=!.(*!5'(57'/]=!6#*+!#*+!(/87'!.7#*Z!(-!5'(+)$/0(*!

!123!Das,!K.!(2009,!July!13).!36!cops!killed!in!Naxal!attacks!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.business"standard.com/india/news/36"cops"killed"in"naxal"attacks"in"chhattisgarh/363748/.!124!Profile!of!the!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!http://www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/State%20Files/chhattisgarh.htm.!125!Profile:!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile"Chhattisgarh.pdf.!126!Chhattisgarh!2010.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN011832.pdf.!

!

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!127!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/.!128!Congress!walkout!over!Chhattisgarh!girls’!trafficking!(2009,!July!28).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://blog.taragana.com/n/congress"walkout"over"chhattisgarh"girls"trafficking"123149/.!129!Trafficking!of!tribal!girls!unabated!in!Chhattisgarh!(2009,!July!28).!Retrieved!October!2,!2009,!from!http://www.indiaenews.com/pdf/57532.pdf.!130!Ibid.!!

!

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,*!#++0/0(*!/(!7.56(].7*/!Z$87.7Z=!/87'7!#'7!(/87'!Z7'^0$7Z!5'(^0+7+!\]!/87!&(^7'*.7*/!0*$6)+0*&!-#.06]!$()*Z760*&!Z7'^0$7Z!#*+!Z(.7!'78#\060/#/0(*!Z)55('/!T0B7B![(.7*`Z!8(.7Z!0*!9#05)'=!4#'&)b#=!#*+!A#*/7[#+#VB!287'7!#'7!#6Z(!+0Z/'0$/!67^76Z!gP(..0//77Z!-('!K'7^7*/0(*!(-!3/'($0/07Z!#&#0*Z/!Q(.7*!#*+!2'#--0$%0*&h!0*!#66!;O!A0Z/'0$/Z!(-!/87!4/#/7B;MC97Z)6/Z!-'(.!/87Z7!Z/#/7U67+!#$/0(*Z!8#^7!]7/!/(!\7!'75('/7+!\'(#+6]B!!

NS

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!131!Mahajan,!N.!(2007,!February!15).!With!Naxalites!around,!cops!here!have!no!time!to!track!missing!kids.!Retrieved!October!29,!2009,!from!http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with"naxalites"around"cops"here"have"no"time"to"track"missing"kids/23390/0.!132!Ibid.!!133!Chhattisgarh!villagers!benefit!from!rural!employment!scheme!(2009,!May!5).!Retrieved!October!31,!2009,!from!http://www.khabarexpress.com/05/05/2009/Chhattisgarh"villagers"benefit"from"rural"employment"scheme"news_81610.html.!134!Ghosh,!R.!Trafficking!in!Chhattisgarh.!Retrieved!November!6,!2009,!from!http://prtyancha.com/humantrafficking.php.!135!UNODC.!(2008).!India!Country!Report.!Retrieved!November!11,!2009,!from!www.unodc.org/pdf/india/.../India%20Country%20Report.pdf.!

!

!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!136!Parivartan:!Delhi!Police.!Retrieved!November!6,!2009,!from!http://www.delhipolice.nic.in/parivartan/parivartan.htm.!137!Souza,!P.,!&!Nair,!P.!(2006).!!Goa.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.freewebs.com/venupreetu/stuckintraffic.htm.!138!UNODC:!Regional!Office!for!India!Project!Summary.!(2007).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/india/ind_s16.html.!

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!139!Souza,!P.,!&!Nair!,!P.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.freewebs.com/venupreetu/stuckintraffic.htm.!

140!Goa!Becomes!Second!State!to!Have!Anti"Humans!Trade!Unit.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.goablog.org/posts/goa"becomes"second"state"to"have"anti"human"trade"unit/.!

141!Andhra!Pradesh!acts!against!Human!Traffickers.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/india/ht_units_hyderabad.ht.! !142!Jharkhand,!India.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://www.yuwa"india.org/Jharkhand/Jharkhand.html.!143!Ibid.!!144!Mukherjee,!A.!(2005,!April!28).!Time!to!curb!human!trafficking.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050428/asp/jamshedpur/story_4671252.asp.!

145!Dutta,!S.!(2009,!January!19).!Human!Trafficking:!The!Great!Commodity!Exchange.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://www.chowk.com/articles/15304.!

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!146!!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.jharkhandonline.in/Profile/Economy/.!147!Srivastava,!A.!(2009,!September!27).!Jharkhand:!Poverty!amidst!plenty.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/63858/Web%20Exclusive/Jharkhand:+Poverty+amidst+plenty.html#at.!148!Jharkhand,!India.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://www.yuwa"india.org/Jharkhand/Jharkhand.html.!149!About!Jharkhand.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://jharkhand.nic.in/about.htm.!150!CIA!World!Factbook:!India.!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the"world"factbook/geos/in.html.!151!District"specific!Literates!and!Literacy!Rates,!2001.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html.!152!Ibid.!!153!India!Human!Rights!Report!2007.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/AR07/jharkhand.htm.!

154!Arya,!B.!(2006,!August!19).!Child!trafficking!prevalent!in!Jharkhand.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://n"cat.blogspot.com/2006/08/child"trafficking"prevalent"in.html.!

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!155!About!BKS.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.atsecjharkhand.org/pubs/reports.pdf.!156!Ibid.!157!Mukherjee,!A.!Time!to!curb!human!trafficking.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050428/asp/jamshedpur/story_4671252.asp.!158!Swamy,!S.!Jharkhand!State!seriously!failing!in!protecting!the!Human!Rights!of!its!people.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://openspace.org.in/book/export/html/826.!

!

http://openspace.org.in/book/export/html/826

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!159!Arya,!B.!(2006,!August!15).!Child!trafficking!prevalent!in!Jharkhand!.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://n"cat.blogspot.com/2006/08/child"trafficking"prevalent"in.html.!160!Swamy,!S.!Jharkhand!State!seriously!failing!in!protecting!the!Human!Rights!of!its!people’!.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://openspace.org.in/book/export/html/826.!161!Minutes!of!the!Meeting!of!the!State/UT!Nodal!Officers!for!Human!Trafficking,!Held!by!Joint!Secretary!(2009,!August!28).!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/Minuts"on"HTrafficking"150909.pdf.!162!Ibid.!163!Ibid.!!

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287!5'(5('/0(*!(-!57(567!60^0*&!\76([!/87!5(^7'/]!60*7!0*!;WWWU<>>>![#Z!NS!57'$7*/=![80$8!0Z!*7#'6]!+()\67!/87!#66U,*+0#!#^7'#&7!(-!<O!57'$7*/B!287!60/7'#$]!'#/7!0Z!ON!57'$7*/=![0/8!SO!57'$7*/!(-!.#67Z!#*+!C;!57'$7*/!(-!-7.#67Z!\70*&!60/7'#/7B164!

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,*$'7#Z0*&!67^76Z!(-!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&![7'7!'75('/7+!0*!H'0ZZ#!#-/7'!/87!Z)57'U$]$6(*7!0*!;WWWB!3*!7#'607'!Z/)+]!\]!/87!2#/#!,*Z/0/)/7!(-!4($0#6!4$07*$7Z!T2,44V=!:).\#0=!0*!;WWW!7Z/0.#/7+!/8#/!H'0ZZ#!8#+!;;C=MMM!$(..7'$0#6!Z7_![('%7'ZB166!287!I*0/7+!@#/0(*Z!H--0$7!(*!A')&Z!#*+!P'0.7!TI@HAPV!8#Z!60Z/7+!H'0ZZ#!#Z!#!.#b('!Z()'$7!(-!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!3!6#'&7!*).\7'!(-!57(567!0*!H'0ZZ#=!7Z57$0#66]!&0'6Z!#*+![(.7*=!#'7!/'#--0$%7+!.7/'(5(60/#*!#'7#Z!Z)$8!#Z!A7680!#*+!:).\#0B;OS!

3!2#Z%!J('$7!(*!Q(.7*!#*+!F0(67*$7!T2JQFV!Z/)+]!-()*+!/8#/!57(567!60^0*&![0/80*!/87!$(..)*0/]!#'7!/87!-0'Z/!60*%Z!0*!/87!/'#--0$%0*&!$8#0*!\7$#)Z7!(-!/870'!-#.060#'0/]![0/8!6($#6!-#.0607ZB!,*!5#'/0$)6#'=!/87]!$#*!'7$(&*0e7!/8(Z7!0*!7$(*(.0$!+0Z/'7ZZB168!:#*]!&0'6Z!#'7!#6Z(!-((67+!\]!-#6Z7!5'(.0Z7Z!(-!.#''0#&7=!-(66([7+!\]!+7Z7'/0(*!#-/7'!\70*&!Z7_)#66]!7_56(0/7+B!287!2JQF!Z/)+]!#6Z(!

CN

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-()*+!#!$67#'!0*^(6^7.7*/!(-!5(60$7!#*+!5(60/0$0#*Z!0*!/'#--0$%0*&B169!

3*(/87'!@GH=!/87!H'0ZZ#!4/#/7!P(..0ZZ0(*!-('!Q(.7*=!-()*+!/8#/!-0^7!$(#Z/#6!+0Z/'0$/Z!8#+!\7$(.7!^)6*7'#\67!/(!/'#--0$%0*&!#*+!6#\('!7_56(0/#/0(*!0*!&7*7'#6=!7Z57$0#66]![0/8!'(#+!#*+!'#06!$(**7$/0(*Z!5'(^0+0*&!7#Z]!#$$7ZZ!0*/(!#*+!()/!(-!/87!Z/#/7B!J(66([0*&!/87!$]$6(*7=!<;!(-!/87!M>!+0Z/'0$/Z!0*!H'0ZZ#!8#^7!\77*!Z)$%7+!0*/(!/80Z!*7/[('%=!7_/7*+0*&!/87!&7(&'#580$!Z$(57!(-!/'#--0$%0*&![0/80*!H'0ZZ#B!287!.#0*!Z()'$0*&!+0Z/'0$/Z=!/8()&8=!'7.#0*!/87!$(#Z/#6!+0Z/'0$/Z!(-!"8#+'#%=!k#&#/Z0*&85)'=!P)//#$%!

!164!Ibid.!165!Pandey,!B.,!Jena,!D.,!&!Mohanty,!S.!(2002).!Trafficking!in!Women!in!Orissa!,Institute!for!Socio!Economic!Development!(ISED).!Retrieved!November!9,!2009.!166!Jena,!M.!(2003,!April!26).!Trafficking!in!Overdrive.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://www.boloji.com/wfs/wfs160.htm.!

167!Bahuguna,!N.!(2004,!November!4).!Human!Trafficking!Escalates.!Retrieved!November!4,!2009,!from!http://www.boloji.com/wfs6/wfs1053.htm.!

168!Ibid.!169!Ibid.!

!

#*+!k#b5)'!#Z![766!#Z!/'0\#6U+(.0*#/7+!\('+7'!+0Z/'0$/Z!(-!R('#5)/=!9#]#&#+#=!@)#5#+#!#*+!:#])'\8#*bB170!

CC

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!170!Ibid.!!

!

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171 /#/7!0*0/0#/0^7Z!/(!$(.\#/!2,K!0*!H'0ZZ#!8#^7!]7/!/(!\7!0+7*/0-07+B!/8#*!-0^7!]7#'ZBh !4

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287!+0--0$)6/]![0/8!#!5(^7'/]!/87Z0Z!-('!/'#--0$%0*&!0*!/87!Z/#/7!0Z!/8#/!2#.06!@#+)`Z!Z($0(7$(*(.0$!Z/#/)Z!0Z!a)0/7!80&8!-('!,*+0#B!,/!0Z!/87!Z7$(*+!.(Z/!0*+)Z/'0#60e7+!Z/#/7=!/87!Z7$(*+!6#'&7Z/!5'(+)$7'!(-!'0$7=!Z7$(*+!0*!57'!$#50/#!0*$(.7=!#*+!57'8#5Z!.(Z/!0.5('/#*/6]=!8#Z!/87!/80'+!80&87Z/!8).#*!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!171!Kumar!Das,!P.!Trafficking!goes!unchecked!.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.thehindu.com/2008/05/13/stories/2008051357310200.htm.!172!Shakti!Vahini!(2009,!October!4).!Half!the!districts!in!India!are!affected!by!human!trafficking:!NCW.!Retrieved!November!8,!2009,!from!http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india"news/half"the"districts"in"india"are"affected"by"human"trafficking"ncw_100255954.html#ixzz0VJFzgwME.!173!Ibid.!174!Smuggling!of!Migrants!from!India!(2009).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/Smuggling_of_Migrants_from_India.pdf.!175!UNODC!Compendium!of!Best!Practices!on!Anti!Human!Trafficking!by!Non!Governmental!Organizations!(2008).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009.!176!Shakti!Vahini!(2005).!Trafficking!and!HIV.!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.imicreation.com/sv/pdf/tamilnadu.pdf.!

CO!

http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/half-the-districts-in-india-are-affected-by-human-trafficking-ncw_100255954.html#ixzz0VJFzgwME

http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/half-the-districts-in-india-are-affected-by-human-trafficking-ncw_100255954.html#ixzz0VJFzgwME

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3Z!(*7!(-!/87!.('7!5'(Z57'()Z!Z/#/7Z!0*!,*+0#=!(*7!.0&8/!7_57$/!/8#/!2#.06!@#+)![()6+!8#^7!.('7!677[#]!/(!#66($#/7!'7Z()'$7Z!/([#'+!$(.\#/0*&!/'#--0$%0*&B!287!&(^7'*.7*/!8#Z!0*+77+!0.567.7*/7+!$()*/7'U2,K!5'(&'#.ZB!,/!8#Z!$'7#/7+!#!Z/#/7U67^76!#$/0(*!56#*=!-('.7+!#*!3+^0Z(']!P(..0//77!-('!7#$8!+0Z/'0$/=!#*+!$'7#/7+!^066#&7U67^76![#/$8+(&!$(..0//77Z!0*!*7#'6]!#66!^066#&7ZB!G)0+760*7Z!#*+!Z)57'^0Z0(*!-('!/87Z7!$(..0//77Z!-#66!/(!/87!Z/#/7`Z!:0*0Z/7'!-('!4($0#6!Q76-#'7B!287!3++0/0(*#6!A0'7$/('!G7*7'#6!(-!K(60$7=!P'0.7!"'#*$8!U!P'0.0*#6!,*^7Z/0&#/0(*!A75#'/.7*/=!3'$8#*#!9#.#Z)*+#'#.=!0Z!/87!(--0$7'!#ZZ0&*7+!/(!/#%7!#66!*7$7ZZ#']!#$/0(*!/(!$(.\#/!/'#--0$%0*&B!487!-($)Z7Z!(*![(.7*`Z!'0&8/Z=!#*+!0*!/7'.Z!(-!/87!5(60$7!-776Z!/8#/!g-)*+#.7*/#6!$8#*&7Z!#'7!*77+7+!0*!

#\(^7!#66=!.(/0^#/0(*!/(!\'0+&7!/87![0+7!&#5!\7/[77*!7*#$/.7*/!(-!!

177!Smuggling!of!Migrants!from!India!(2009).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.unodc.org/documents/human"trafficking/Smuggling_of_Migrants_from_India.pdf.!178!Ibid.!!179!India!Census!2001.!(2001).!Dubey,!2001.!180!Ibid.!!181!Countering!Terrorism!and!Insurgency!in!the!21st!Century:!International!Perspectives,!James!J.!F.!Forest,!Praeger!Security!International.!

182!BSF!Offers!Counter"Insurgency!Training!to!Commandos.!(2007).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.india"defence.com/reports/2839.!

183!UNAIDS!(2008).!2007!AIDS!Epidemic!Update.!UNAIDS:!Geneva.!http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/2007/.!184!Shakti!Vahini!(2005).!Trafficking!and!HIV.!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://www.imicreation.com/sv/pdf/tamilnadu.pdf.!185!Tamil!Nadu!State!AIDS!Control!Society!(2009).!Department!of!Health!and!Family!Welfare!Policy!Note,!2008"2009.!Government!of!Tamil!Nadu!Health!and!Family!Welfare!Department:!Chennai.!

!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!186!Bringing!a!Women’s!Rights!Perspective!to!Law.!(2003).!Retrieved!October!31,!2009,!from!http://www.zoominfo.com/people/Ramasundaram_Archana_271535070.aspx.!187!IJM!Operation!Frees!Eight!From!Slavery!(2009,!October!19).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.ijm.org/newsfromthefield/ijmoperationfreeseightfromslavery.!188!Ibid.!!189!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.!

CL!

3!'#*&7!(-!Z($0(U7$(*(.0$!-#$/('Z=!#6(*&![0/8!#![7#%!')67!(-!6#[!#*+!0.567.7*/#/0(*=!8#Z!67+!/(!0*$'7#Z0*&!2,K!0*!Q7Z/!"7*&#6B!280Z!0Z!/')7!-('!\(/8!$'(ZZU\('+7'!/'#--0$%0*&!#*+!0*/'#UZ/#/7!/'#--0$%0*&=!5#'/0$)6#'6]!-('![(.7*!#*+!$806+'7*B!!

3$$('+0*&!/(!/87!$(.5'787*Z0^7!*#/0(*#6!Z)'^7]!(*!.0&'#/0(*!0*!;WWM=!$)''7*/6]!<NBOL!57'$7*/!(-!/87!/(/#6!5(5)6#/0(*!(-!/87!Z/#/7!'75'7Z7*/Z!.0&'#*/!5(5)6#/0(*ZB;W>!3'()*+!<UM!.0660(*!57(567!#'7!/'#--0$%7+!#**)#66]!0*!#*+!()/!(-!,*+0#B!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!'75'7Z7*/Z!#!.#b('!Z()'$7!#*+!/'#*Z0/!-('!/'#--0$%0*&B!:(Z/6]!57(567!#'7!/'#--0$%7+!^0#=!('!-'(.=!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!/(!.7/'(5(60/#*!$0/07Z!60%7!A7680!#*+!:).\#0!-('!6#\('!('!Z7_)#6!7_56(0/#/0(*B;W;!

3'()*+!<S!57'$7*/!(-!/87!5(5)6#/0(*!0*!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!60^7Z!\76([!/87!5(^7'/]!60*7B;W<!280Z!8#Z!6#Z/0*&!*7&#/0^7!'7Z)6/Z=![80$8!67#+!/(!#!'70*-('$0*&!$]$67!(-!5(^7'/]!#*+!8).#*!+7&'#+#/0(*B!D([!67^76Z!(-!7+)$#/0(*![0/8!#ZZ($0#/7+!6([!67^76Z!(-!60/7'#$]=!5(('!87#6/8!Z/#/)Z!#*+!6([!6#\('!5'(+)$/0^0/]!#66!

Z!/(!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B67*+!/(!/87!^)6*7'#\060/]!(-!.#'&0*#60e7+!&'()5 ;WM!

4232E!,@,2,32,FE4!3@A!21E,9!9E4ID24!

Q7Z/!"7*&#6!0Z!/87!-0'Z/!Z/#/7!/(!$'7#/7!#!1).#*!90&8/Z!P(..0ZZ0(*!(-!0/Z!([*B!D((%0*&!0*/(!/87!$(.56#0*/Z!)*+7'!/87!K'(/7$/0(*!(-!1).#*!90&8/Z!3$/=!/87!4/#/7!P(..0ZZ0(*!8#Z!#66!/87!#)/8('0/]!(-!#!$0^06!$()'/!/']0*&!#!Z)0/!)*+7'!/87!P(+7!(-!P0^06!K'($7+)'7=!;W>LB!1([7^7'=!/87!'(67!(-!/87!1).#*!

CW

+(!*(/!-(66([!#*!0*/7&'#/0^7!#*+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

90&8/Z!P(..0ZZ0(*!0*!$(.\#/0*&!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!0Z!*(/!$67#'6]!+7-0*7+B194!

35#'/!-'(.!/87!1).#*!90&8/Z!P(..0ZZ0(*=!/87!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!G(^7'*.7*/!8#Z!-('.7+!#!*7/[('%!/(!/#$%67!/87!5'(\67.!(-!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B!3$$('+0*&!/(!/80Z!*7/[('%=!Z0_!+75#'/.7*/Zl87#6/8=!\#$%[#'+!$6#ZZ7Z`![76-#'7=!Z76-U8765!&'()5!#*+!Z76-U7.56(].7*/=!5#*$8#]#/!#*+!')'#6!+7^76(5.7*/l[066!0*/7'#$/![0/8!5(60$7=!P'0.0*#6!,*^7Z/0&#/0(*!A75#'/.7*/=!@GHZ!#*+!/87!4/#/7!Q(.7*iZ!P(..0ZZ0(*!0*!('+7'!/(!$(.\#/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&B;WC!287!*7/[('%![#Z!6#)*$87+!-(66([0*&!#!'75('/!5'75#'7+!\]!/87!P#6$)//#=!@('/8!"7*&#6!#*+!")'+[#*!I*0^7'Z0/07Z!/8#/!'7-7'!/(!/87!-#$/!/8#/!8).#*!/'#--0$%0*&!0Z!(*!#*!#6#'.0*&!'0Z7!0*!/87!Z/#/7B;WO!Q8067!/87Z7!Z/#/7U67^76!7--('/Z!

!7*&#&0*&!#55'(#$8=!$#Z7!Z/)+07Z!(*!/87!0*^(6^7.7*/!(-!5#*$8#]#/0!!

190!What!makes!West!Bengal!vulnerable!to!HIV/AIDS.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/inner3.asp?param_page_id=3¶m_link_id=1¶m_text_inner_id=2.!

191!India!Among!Top!Human!Trafficking!Destinations.!Retrieved!November!3,!2009,!from!http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1362129.php/India_among_top_human_trafficking_destinations_UN.!192!India!Budget!2001"2002!(2003).!Retrieved!November!5,!2009,!from!http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001"02/chapt2002/chap102.pdf/.!193!What!makes!West!Bengal!vulnerable!to!HIV/AIDS.!Retrieved!November!10,!2009,!from!http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/wbsapcs/inner3.asp?param_page_id=3¶m_link_id=1¶m_text_inner_id=2.!194!West!Bengal!Human!Rights!Commission.!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://wbhrc.nic.in/.!

195!Woman!Trafficking!on!Rise!in!West!Bengal!(2008,!February!22).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.articlesbase.com/women's"issues"articles/woman"trafficking"on"rise"in"west"bengal"339196.html.!

196!Ibid.!

!

http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1362129.php/India_among_top_human_trafficking_destinations_UN

http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1362129.php/India_among_top_human_trafficking_destinations_UN

http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap102.pdf

! O>

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

'#b!0*Z/0/)/0(*Z!0*!Q7Z/!"7*&#6!8#^7!Z0&*#67+!/8#/!/87!5#'/0$05#/0(*!(-!/87!6($#6!767$/7+!67#+7'Z!$#*!67#+!/(!#!.#'%7+!+0--7'7*$7!0*!5'7^7*/0*&!/'#--0$%0*&=;WS![80$8!8#Z!5(Z0/0^7!$(**(/#/0(*Z!-('!-)/)'7!5(60$07Z!'7&#'+0*&!/87!#$60Z8.7*/!(-!2,KB!

!197!Sen,!S.!(2004).!A!Report!on!Trafficking!in!Women!and!Children!in!India!2002"2003.!New!Delhi:!National!Human!Rights!Commission,!UNIFEM,!Institute!of!Social!Sciences.!

5. ! NGO !SUMMARY !TABLES !

287!-(66([0*&!/#\67Z!Z)..#'0e7!/87!7--('/Z!(-!/87!@GHZ!#*+!+(*('Z!0*^7Z/0&#/7+!-('!/80Z!Z/)+]B!"]!*(!.7#*Z!0Z!/80Z!0*-('.#/0(*!$(.5'787*Z0^7=!*('!0Z!0/!&)#'#*/77+!/(!\7!#$$)'#/7=!$/!0/!5'(^0+7Z!#!&7*7'#6!0+7#!(-!/87!#'7#Z!0*![80$8!Z(.7!Z767$/7+!@GHZ![('%B!

! O;

!

Table!8:!NGO/Donor!Summary!Table!1!

Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory

Primary!Type!of!Anti"TIP!Work

Primary!Intervention

Secondary!Type!of!Anti"TIP!Work

Secondary!Intervention

Other!Types!of!Anti"TIP!Work

Tertiary!Interventions

Affliation!with!Government!&!Authorities

Affiliation!with!Other!NGOs/Int'l!

Orgs

Affiliation!with!

NetworkWebsite/Contact

Anveshi Research Center for Women's

Studies

Andhra Pradesh

Capacity-Building Research N/A N/A N/A N/A

Yes, National Institute of Nutrition

No Nohttp://www.anveshi.or

g/

Andhra Pradesh Joginies Welfare

Samikhya

Andhra Pradesh Protection Shelter Prevention

Awareness Programs

Capacity-Building

Training Programs N/A N/A Yes Nirmala Rapaka

Prajwala Andhra Pradesh

Protection

Education of children of sex workers, social

integration

Prosecution Rescue victims and charge perpetrators

Prevention Micro-Enterprises Law enforcement Yes Yes http://www.prajwalaindia.com/home.html

Help/Rise/Stree Andhra Pradesh

ProtectionSchool facilities for

children of sex workers

ProtectionSocial reingetration and rehabilitiation

programsPrevention Micro-enterprises No N/A N/A

http://www.ashanet.org/projects/project-view.php?p=948

Sakhi Bihar PreventionEconomic

empowerment programs

Capacity-Building Research N/A N/A N/A Yes, Adithi N/A http://www.sakhi.org/

Bhoomika Vihar Bihar PreventionVigilance groups,

Awareness & information centers

Capacity-building

Conducts surveys and studies

N/A N/A Yes Yes

Campaign Against Child

Trafficking, Campaign

against Trafficking &

Sexual Exploitation

of Girls Child/Girls; Beti Bachao Aandolan

Mr. Arun Kumar Singh;

[email protected];

http://bhoomikavihar.org.in/alp.html

Prayas Bharti Trust (PBT) Bihar Prevention

Awareness Building Prevention

Economic Empowerment

Programs and Re-integration programs

Protection

24 hour helpline service, rescue

center, soup kitchen

Ministry of Child and Women Development

YesYes, National Network for

Development

http://www.prayasbharti.org/

Action Against Trafficking and

Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women

Bihar PreventionVigilance groups,


ProsecutionMobilize

government officials

ProtectionCounseling

support Government

officials Yes, UNIFEMYes, it is a network.

http://www.atsecbihar.

! O<

(ATSEC)

org/

!Table!9:!NGO/Donor!Summary!Table!2!

! OM

Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


Action Against Trafficking and

Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women

(ATSEC)

Bihar PreventionVigilance groups,


ProsecutionMobilize

government officials

ProtectionCounseling

support Government

officials Yes, UNIFEMYes, it is a network.

http://www.atsecbihar.org/

Jan Jagran Sansthan Bihar Prevention Education for religious leaders

Protection Shelters Capacity-Building

Training of state goverments

Committees & Law Enforcement

Yes, UNIFEM ATSEC

Y.K. Gautam; [email protected]/[email protected]

o.in;

Bal Sakha, Patna Bihar PreventionCare for street

children Protection

Formal education and training for

children as well as reintegration

Capacity-Building

Works to improve other NGOs,

police, judiciary, community leaders on

trafficking matters

N/A N/A

Mr. Sanat Kumar Sinha;

[email protected]; http://www.balsakha.or

g.in/

Sanlaap Bihar Office Bihar Protection

District-Based Prevention and

Protection Programme

including unique Crisis Centres for at-

risk children that provide education

and vocational training.

Prevention

Awareness-building through police, judiciary,

NGOs, and communities.

Capacity-Building

Sanjojan, which connects

stakeholders, including survivors,

Community Based Organizations, the

police, health services, and

training institutes to help trafficking

survivors.

Ms. Indu Sinha; [email protected]

om; http://www.sanlaapindi

a.org/

AdithiBihar,

Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu

PreventionEconomic


Protection SheltersCapacity-Building

Community organizing Law Enforcement Yes Yes

http://www.adithi.netfirms.com/home.htm

Social Network Against Child Sexual

Exploitation and Trafficking (SNATCH)

ChhattisgarhCapacity-Building

Enhanced coordination

between NGOs in Chhattisgarh

PreventionAwareness programs N/A N/A N/A

Yes, this is a network of

Chhattisgarh NGOs

Yes, it is a network. N/A

Yes, National Council for Science and

Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti

Chhattisgarh PreventionSupports

"continuing education"

Prevention Opens "community owned" schools

N/A N/A Technology Communication, Department of Science and Technology

No No http://www.bgvs.org/


! ON

Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


Institute for Social Sciences

Delhi Capacity-Building

Research Capacity-building

Training programs on HIV/AIDS

Capacity-Building

Sensitization Workshops


Yes, UNIFEM, UNDP,

UNFPA, World Bank,

WFP

Yes, it is over the

Association of Local

Governments

http://www.issin.org/

UNIFEM South Asia Office Delhi

Capacity-Building Training police Prevention

Awareness programs Prosecution

Highlighting outages to the judiciary and

police

Works with many ministries

Many affiliations

Many affiliations

Diya Nanda/Madhubala

Nath; [email protected], madhubala.nath@unife

m.org; http://www.unifem.org.

in/

HAQ Centre for Child Rights, Child

Trafficking UnitDelhi

Capacity-Building Research Prosecution

Legal support/advocacy

Capacity-Building Police training Law Enforcement UNODC Yes

[email protected]; http://www.haqcrc.org/

USAID Delhi Capacity-Building

Strengthen government

capacityProtection Shelters Prevention Education

programsWorks with many

ministriesMany

affiliationsMany

affiliations

Ms. Lalita Shankar; http://www.usaid.gov/i

n/

UNODC Regional Office for South Asia Delhi

Capacity-Building

Conducts large-scale projects among many

stakeholders and funds a variety of

programs.

Protection Shelters PreventionAwareness campaigns

Works with many ministries

Many affiliations

Many affiliations

Dr. Suruchi Pant/Swasti Rana;

[email protected];

http://www.unodc.org/india/index.html

Joint Women’s Programme

Delhi Protection

Education of children of sex workers, social

integration

Prevention Awareness Programs

Capacity-building

Building networks Law Enforcement Yes Yes Dr. Jyotsna Chatterji

Action Aid India Office Delhi Protection Rehabilitation programs

Prevention

Advocacy to get women access to

land ("HungerFREE")

N/A N/AMinistry of Child

and Women Development

Yes, UNAID Yes http://www.actionaid.org/india/index.aspx

Stop Trafficking, Oppression, and Prostitution of Delhi Protection

Rescue operations and Rehabilitation Prosecution

Legal protection, advocacy Prevention

Promotes legal literacy programs/

community Law Enforcement YesYes, it is a network

http://www.stopindia.o

Children and Women (STOP)

Homes outreachrg/


Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


Salaam Baalak Trust Delhi Protection

Shelters, Education of children of sex workers, social

integration

ProtectionHelps with Childline N/A N/A


UNIFEM, UNODCD,

YMCAYes

http://www.salaambaalaktrust.com/

Prayas Delhi Protection

Rescue and rehabilitiation of

children trafficked via railways

ProtectionCrisis Intervention

Centre (CIC) for trafficked victims

PreventionEconomic

Empowerment programs

Indian Railway Police, Railway

AuthoritiesYes Yes

http://www.prayasonline.org/child_traffiking.

html

Children's Rights in Goa Goa Prevention

Awareness Programs

Capacity-Building

Workshops with officials on improving procedures

Prosecution

Monitors and helps with cases

against traffickers,

specifically those dealing with

children

Yes Yes, UNIFEM Yeshttp://www.childrights

goa.org/

Bailancho Saad Goa Prevention Women's Day March/Festival

Prosecution Legal Advocacy Capacity-Building

Training Programs

Committees & Law Enforcement

Yes, UNIFEM Yes, several Albertina Almeida

Sangath Family Guidance and Child Development Centre

Goa Protection

The Sangath Sahyog Project - Mental Health

Intervention for Trafficked Women

and Children

Capacity-building

Workshops on capacity building

for NGO’s and government

officials on mental health intervention

for survivors of human trafficking.

Prevention

Was involved in sensitization

programs around 2001-2

N/A

Saarthak, UNIFEM, Save the Children Sweden

N/A

[email protected];

http://www.sangath.com/sangath/

Jan Ugahi Goa Protection Shelter PreventionAwareness programs

Capacity-Building

Child Line Phone Line


Yes, Save the Children

Yes, Children's Helpline Network

Gregory Dacosta; [email protected]

n, janugahitrust@yahoo.

com

Asha Sadan Goa Protection Rehabilitation programs

Prevention Empowerment Programs'

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sr. Ardrea

! OCBailancho Manch Goa Protection Counseling Prosecution Legal Advocacy N/A N/A Law Enforcement Yes, UNODC N/A Caroline Colaco


! OO

Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


Arz Goa ProtectionRescue operations & Rehabilitation

(Swift Wash)Prosecution

Training Law Enforcement

officersPrevention

Awareness campaigns Law Enforcement Yes Yes

http://www.arzindia.org/

Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS)

Jharkhand Capacity-Building

Trains rural organizations at

village level, sensitization

training

PreventionSupports

educational programs

ProtectionShelter for

trafficked girls, toll-free hotline

State Department of Social Welfare

Yes, UNIFEM, USAID, UNODC

Yes, It is the network

coordinator and part of the regional Jharkhand

Anti-Trafficking

Network (JATN)

http://bharatiyakisansangh.org/

Bhartiya Kisan Sangh (BKS)

Jharkhand Capacity-Building

Sensitization workshops, rights-

based programming,

development of district

organizations, and legal training

Protection

Kishori Niketan which means

“Home for Adolescent Girls”

in Hindi is a rehabilitation

center and home for survivors of

trafficking. It houses almost 200

girls.

N/A N/A State Department of Social Welfare

Yes, UNIFEM, USAID, UNODC

Yes, It is the network

coordinator and part of the regional Jharkhand

Anti-Trafficking

Network (JATN)

Mr. K. Sanjay Mishra, [email protected]; http://www.bksranchi.o

rg/

Jharkhand Anti-Trafficking Network

(JATN)Jharkhand Prevention

Awareness Programs

Capacity-Building

State-level sharing of trafficking

information and data with

stakeholders

N/A N/A Law EnforcementThis is a

network of ~10 NGOs

State-wide network

http://www.bksranchi.org/antraffick.aspx

Yuwa Jharkhand Prevention

World-class education for

children (based on merit)

N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes, state government

No N/A http://www.yuwa-india.org/

Stri-Shakti Jharkhand Protection Shelter N/A N/A N/A N/A Law Enforcement Yes Yes http://www.strishakti.org/

Association for Human Rights Education and

Development

Orissa (Odisha)

Prevention Awareness Programs

Capacity-Building

Increase implementation

potential for international

treaties

N/A N/A No No Yes

http://orissa.ngosindia.com/association-for-

human-rights-education-and-development-khariar.html


Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


Action for Better Living and

Environment (ABLE)

Orissa (Odisha) Prevention

Awareness Programs

Capacity-Building

Research and Training Prevention


programsN/A N/A N/A Sushil Parida

Orissa Anti-Trafficking Network

(Jagnyaseni)


Awareness Programs N/A N/A N/A N/A Law Enforcement N/A

Yes, it is a network N/A

Banadurga Social Welfare Society for

Rural Trust

Orissa (Odisha)

PreventionEconomic


N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes, state government

No No Mrs. Basanti Nanda

The Asian Foundation for Philanthropy


Economic empowerment

programsPrevention

Awareness programs

Capacity-Building Sends volunteers

Yes, Ministry of Education

Yes, it is international No http://www.affp.org.uk/

Banki Anchalika Adivashi Harijana Kalyan Parishad


Awareness programs focused

on tribal communities

PreventionEconomic

Empowerment programs

N/A N/AYes, Ministry of

Social Justice and Empowerment

N/A Yes N/A

Alternative for Rural Movement (ARM)

Orissa (Odisha)

PreventionEconomic


PreventionDisaster-

Management programs

Capacity-Building

Community organizing

Law Enforcement N/A Yes http://www.armngo.com/

Association for Social and Health

Advancement (ASHA)

Orissa (Odisha) Protection

Rehabilitation programs Prevention


programsN/A N/A Yes No No

http://www.ashaorissa.org/

Indian Community Welfare Organization

(ICWO)Tamil Nadu Prevention

Target street children and

engage them in theatre programs,

study centre

Protection


Programs and Re-integration programs

Protection Legal advocacy No

Yes, UNDP, UNAID,

ActionAid, TIDES

No http://icwoindia.org/

Madras Christian Council of Social

Services (MCCSS)Tamil Nadu Protection

Rescue operations and Rehabilitation

HomesPrevention

Awareness programs, Economic

Empowerment Programs

Prosecution Legal advocacyLaw enforcement (all female police

stations)Yes Yes http://www.mccss.org/

! OS

! OL


!

!!!

!

Name!of!NGOState/!

Territory









Orgs

Affiliation!with!


International Justice Mission

Tamil Nadu ProtectionRescue operations targeted at bonded

laborersProsecution Legal Advocacy Capacity-

Building

Training of state prosecutors to

improve levels of successful legal

cases

Law enforcement Yes, it is international

No http://www.ijm.org/

Jabala West Bengal PreventionAwareness Programs

Capacity-building

Advocacy programs

Capacity-Building

Media sensitization

programsLaw Enforcement Yes Yes http://www.jabala.org/

All Bengal Women's Union

West Bengal Prevention Awareness Building

Protection Shelters Prevention Education programs


Yes Yes http://www.abwu.org/

6. ! REFERENCES!

About!BKS!(2006.).!Retrieved!November!2,!2009,!from!http://www.atsecjharkhand.org/pubs/reports.pdf!

About!Chhattisgarh.!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!13,!2009,!from!http://chhattisgarh.nic.in/!

About!Jharkhand.!!(n.d.).!Retrieved!November!1,!2009,!from!http://jharkhand.nic.in/about.htm!

Actionaid!India!(2006).!Children's!Right.!Retrieved!November!9,!2009,!from!http://www.actionaid.org/india/index.aspx?PageID=2572!

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