-anthroquinones

7/30/2019 -anthroquinones

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Anthraquinones

Anthracene (three benzene rings

joined together) at each apex of thecentral ring is a carbonyl group

(carbone double bonded oxygen)

which is the quinone part.


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Senna


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Usual occur as glycosides

sennosides; O-glycosides

aloins; C-glycosides

cascarosides; C,O-glycosides

in dried herb always present as anthraquinones,because anthrones are unstable in free state.

Cascara Bark


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Used as laxatives

go to large bowel, where bacterial action

formes anthrone aglycones, which are the

true active forms.

Laxative effect is local, systemic absorption

is limited; modification of intestinal motility

accumulation of fluid in the intestinal lumen.


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Rheum palmatum


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Leading to peristaltic movements, partly

due to release of prostaglandin.

Accumulation of fluid in colonic lumen also

has the laxative effect.

Anthrones; stimulate active chloride secretion

into the lumen, balanced by an increase insodium and water flow, the prostaglandins and

the alteration of calcium transport may play a

role here to


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In lower laxative dosies that produce

normal motion, the effects on motility are

apparent in high doses electroyle secretion

and diarrhoea will predomeinate

habituation and adverse effect due to

electrolyte loss associated with the use of

high doses. Chronic laxative abuse lead toraised aldosterone levels due the electrolye

sloss, which diminishes there effectiveness.,

higher doses empty a larger portion of thecolon, leading to natural absence of

defeacation of the nest day, leading to reuse

and high dose.


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Aloe vera


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Hypericin, pseudohypericin; dianthrones

(structurally related to antrhquinones) and

other anthraquinones such as rhein, emodin. antiviral activity


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Rubia tinctorum

Anthraquinone glycosides lucidin and

alizarin

used as dye

used for prevention and treatment of kidney

stones; works as chelating agent with calcium,

leading to significant reduction in the growth

rate of kidney stones in animal models. Will colour urine pink, indicating that

significant quantities of the anthraquinones are

excreted in the urine, possibly dissolving

stones.


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Toxicology

Rubia tinctorum; withdrawn due to

concerns over mutagenicity and

carcinogenicity, however longterm feedingto mice failed to lead to neoplastic lesions.

Laxatives; mild abdominal pain, cramps

discoloration of urine, haemorrhoidcongestion

overdose; diarrhoea, excessive loss of

electrolytes, esp. potassium.


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Rubia tinctorum


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Abuse; habituation, however can restore

normal function.

Long term use can lead to melanosis, browndiscoloration in colon, harmless, reversible.

Contra Indications;

ileus pregnancy, lactation (however systemic

absorption is unlikely), and several studies

indicate no risk to foetus or pregnancy, or

leading to affect infant via breast milk.


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Possible long term abuse not conclusive on

colorectal cancer.

Do not use long term.

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