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and the US Neutrino Programme
Leslie Camilleri CERN PH
GDR Neutrino IPNO Orsay 4 octobre 2006
Plan of Talk Where do we stand and what do we still need to measure NOA
The detector Its performance
The NUMI beam Its present and future performance Its current user MINOS Present and expected performance
NOA sensitivity NOA status and schedule The US programme
Accelerators Double decay Reactors
3-family oscillation matrix
S = sine c = cosine
CP violation phase
drives SOLAR oscillations sin2 12 = 0314 +0056-0047 (+- 16)
23 drives ATMOSPHERIC oscillations sin2 23 = 044 +018-010 (+44 -22)
13 the MISSING link sin2 13 lt 003Set by a reactor experiment CHOOZ
Mass hierarchySign of m2
23
m2
m1
m3 m2
m1
m3
m232 =
27 x 10-3
eV2
m232 =
27 x 10-3 eV2
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2gt 005 eV2
Normal Hierarchy Inverted Hierarchy
Oscillations only tell us about DIFFERENCES in massesNot the ABSOLUTE mass scale Direct measurements or Double decayUpper limit Tritium decay mass (e) lt 22 eV
Lower limit (27 x 10-3)12gt 005 eV
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2
e
Whatrsquos needed next
Determine 13
Determine the mass hierarchy
Any CP violation in the neutrino sector
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Plan of Talk Where do we stand and what do we still need to measure NOA
The detector Its performance
The NUMI beam Its present and future performance Its current user MINOS Present and expected performance
NOA sensitivity NOA status and schedule The US programme
Accelerators Double decay Reactors
3-family oscillation matrix
S = sine c = cosine
CP violation phase
drives SOLAR oscillations sin2 12 = 0314 +0056-0047 (+- 16)
23 drives ATMOSPHERIC oscillations sin2 23 = 044 +018-010 (+44 -22)
13 the MISSING link sin2 13 lt 003Set by a reactor experiment CHOOZ
Mass hierarchySign of m2
23
m2
m1
m3 m2
m1
m3
m232 =
27 x 10-3
eV2
m232 =
27 x 10-3 eV2
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2gt 005 eV2
Normal Hierarchy Inverted Hierarchy
Oscillations only tell us about DIFFERENCES in massesNot the ABSOLUTE mass scale Direct measurements or Double decayUpper limit Tritium decay mass (e) lt 22 eV
Lower limit (27 x 10-3)12gt 005 eV
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2
e
Whatrsquos needed next
Determine 13
Determine the mass hierarchy
Any CP violation in the neutrino sector
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
3-family oscillation matrix
S = sine c = cosine
CP violation phase
drives SOLAR oscillations sin2 12 = 0314 +0056-0047 (+- 16)
23 drives ATMOSPHERIC oscillations sin2 23 = 044 +018-010 (+44 -22)
13 the MISSING link sin2 13 lt 003Set by a reactor experiment CHOOZ
Mass hierarchySign of m2
23
m2
m1
m3 m2
m1
m3
m232 =
27 x 10-3
eV2
m232 =
27 x 10-3 eV2
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2gt 005 eV2
Normal Hierarchy Inverted Hierarchy
Oscillations only tell us about DIFFERENCES in massesNot the ABSOLUTE mass scale Direct measurements or Double decayUpper limit Tritium decay mass (e) lt 22 eV
Lower limit (27 x 10-3)12gt 005 eV
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2
e
Whatrsquos needed next
Determine 13
Determine the mass hierarchy
Any CP violation in the neutrino sector
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Mass hierarchySign of m2
23
m2
m1
m3 m2
m1
m3
m232 =
27 x 10-3
eV2
m232 =
27 x 10-3 eV2
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2gt 005 eV2
Normal Hierarchy Inverted Hierarchy
Oscillations only tell us about DIFFERENCES in massesNot the ABSOLUTE mass scale Direct measurements or Double decayUpper limit Tritium decay mass (e) lt 22 eV
Lower limit (27 x 10-3)12gt 005 eV
m122 =
79 x 10 -5
eV2
e
Whatrsquos needed next
Determine 13
Determine the mass hierarchy
Any CP violation in the neutrino sector
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Whatrsquos needed next
Determine 13
Determine the mass hierarchy
Any CP violation in the neutrino sector
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
NOA
bull 1048698The NOνA Collaboration consists of 142 physicists and engineers from 28 institutions
bull 1048698Argonne Athens Caltech College de France Fermilab Harvard Indiana ITEP Michigan State Minnesota-Twin Cities Minnesota-Duluth Northern Illinois Ohio Ohio State Oxford Rutherford Rio de Janeiro South Carolina SMU Stanford Texas Texas AampM Tufts UCLA Virginia Washington William and Mary
bull 1048698Five Italian universities with about 20 senior physicists are actively discussing joining NOνA
bull Its main physics goal will be the study of νμrarrνe oscillations at the atmospheric oscillation m2
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Correlations in Oscillation ProbabilityFrom M Lindner
Measuring P (~e) does NOT yield a UNIQUE value of 13 Because of correlations between 13 CP and the mass hierarchy (sign of m2
31)
CP violation Difference between Neutrino and Antineutrino Oscillations
Mass hierarchy accessible through Matter effects
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Energy dependence of matter effects In vacuum and without CP violation
P(e)vac = sin2 23 sin2 2sin2 atm
with atm= 127 m232 (LE)
To be at maximum oscillation
at L = 800km E must be 164 GeV and at L = 295km E = 06 GeV
Introducing matter effects at the first oscillation maximum
P(e)mat = [1 +- (2EER)] P(e)vac
with ER = [12 GeV][m232(27x10-3)][28 gmcm-3]~ 12 GeV
+- depends on the mass hierarchy
Matter effects grow with energy and therefore with distance
3 times larger (27) at NOA (164 GeV) than at T2K (06 GeV)
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
NOA DetectorGiven relatively high energy of NUMI beam decided to optimize NOAfor resolution of the mass hierarchy
Go as high in energy as possible
To keep LE constant at 27 x 10-3 eV2
Go as far as possible but remain in US
At Ash River near Canadian border (L = 810km) New site Above groundDetector placed 14 mrad (12 km) Off-axis of the Fermilab NUMI beam (MINOS)
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
Ash River
Minneapolis
Duluth
International Falls
Fermilab
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
NOA DetectorFully active detector consisting of alternating planes ofhorizontal and vertical 157m long plastic PVC tubes filled with liquid scintillator (BC 517L) Total mass 25ktonsEach tube viewed by a looped WLS fibre both ends of which are read by a single avalanche photodiode (APD)
760 000 cells
TiO2
CoatedPVC tubes
Tubes are wide enough (6 cm) to allow large bending radius and no damage to fibre The loop is a ldquoperfectrdquo mirror
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Avalanche Photodiode
Hamamatsu 32 APD arrays
Pixel size 18mm x 105mm (Fibre 08mm diameter)Operating voltage 400 Volts Gain 100Operating temperature -15o C (reduces noise)
Photon
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Why APDrsquos The quantum efficiency of APDrsquos is much higher than a pmrsquos ~80 Especially at the higher wave lengths surviving after traversing the fibre
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
FibreScintillator cosmic ray test
Inserted looped 157m long fibre in 60 cm longPVC tube filled with liquid scintillatorExposed to cosmic rays
Measured 20 pefor a mip signal atthe far end
Asic for APDrsquos 25 pe noise SN ~ 8
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Half Block Prototype Being Builtat Argonne
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Location
Surface detector with about 3m overburden to reduce the em component of cosmic rays
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
e
discriminatione CC
CC
Electrons shower many hitsplane
Muons do not just one hitplane
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Neutral Current background Npo
Look like electrons and e CC if two photons are not recognized NC background rejection 13 x 10-3
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The MINOSNOA Neutrino beam NUMI
Move horn and targetto change energy of Beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
OFF-AXIS Technique
Neutrino Energy Spectrum is narrow
know where to expect e appearanceCan choose the off-axis angle and
select the mean energy of the beam ( Optimizes the oscillation probability)
TargetHornsDecay Pipe
Detector
Most decay pions give similar neutrino energies at the detector
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The Neutrino Beam components
SignalSin2 213 = 004
Beam e ~ 05Major background
Will have a NEAR detectorto measure this e spectrum
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
MINOS detector
Study of atmospheric mass region through disappearance
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Far detector results
Suppression of events at low energy
Expected unoscillated
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Compatible with and comparable to SKMore precise than K2K
K2K
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The MINOS future
MINOS baseline
34 x 1020 pots year
Improvement by about a factor of 3 in 3 years
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The Proton Beam as of today
28 x 1013 prsquos per spill (22 secs)
For a Fermilab year of 2 x 107 secs 24 x 1020 potsyear (Achieved 127 x1020 in first turn-on year)
MINOS baseline 34 x 1020 potsyear
~280 kW
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The beam after the collider shuts down (2009)
No antiproton production batches in Main Injector
No downtime for preparing collider shot No time for antiproton transfer from accumulator to recycler
Transfer time of 12 booster batches to Main Injector (08 sec) Instead transfer them to recycler during Main Injector cycle and then transfer in one go
New RF in main injector
Upgrade of NUMI target
This should bring the Main Injector to a 1MW level Cost 30-50 M$
PROTONS 65 x 1020 protons on target per year
A gain of a factor of gt 2 in numbers of protons delivered
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Beam assumptions
2010 Full shutdown to convert MI to 1 MW machine 2011 44 weeks running at 400 to 700 kW (Partial (5kT)detector) 2012 38 weeks running at 700kW to 1 MW 2013 and beyond 44 weeks at 1 MW
Degradation factors assumed
Accelerator uptime 85 Average to peak intensity 90 NOA uptime 90
Running time Start running as soon as 5kT installed 2 years to build up to full detector Run for 6 years from end of construction
Total 603 x 1020 pots
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Signal and background I
bull 6 electron shower energy resolutionbull 35 muon energy resolution
bull Maximum likelihood applied to events to separate e events from background
bull Yields 23 efficiency for e signal events including fiducial inefficiencybull Background suppression
ndash 71E-4 CCndash 13E-3 Neutral Current
bull Optimized Figure of Meritndash Signal sqrt(bkd) = 32
bull ~140 signal events for 60 x 1020 pot for sin2 213 = 01bull 19 background events (12 intrinsic beam e and 7 neutral currents)
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Signal and Background II
bull Statistical Power why this is hard and we need protons
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0000
500
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
09 001
For sin2 213 = 01 S=1421 B=195 S= 718 B=121
001 005 01001 005 01
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
3 sensitivity to 13 = 0
The correlations are much reduced by running BOTH and
Discovery limit is better than 002 for ALL rsquosand BOTH mass hierarchies
only603 x 1020 pot
302 x 10 20 pot each and(removes some correlation)
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Comparison to T2K and a Reactor Experiment
T2KReactor
Braidwood Double ChoozT2K may not be latest
Not very different Comparable to a Very sensitive reactor experiment
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
95 CL Resolution of the θ23 Ambiguity
Combining accelerator experiments (sensitive to sin2(θ23)sin2(2θ13)) with reactor experiments (sensitive to sin2(2θ13))
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
95 CL Resolution of the Mass Ordering
Important to establish hierarchy
Per seIf inverted next generation of double beta decay experiments can determine if the neutrino is its own antiparticleTo measure CP violation need to remove hierarchy uncertainty because it contributes an apparent CP violation
Will depend on value of 13
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Combining NOνA and T2K
Δm2= 00030 eV2
Some improvement at high values of 13
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
δ vs sin2(2θ13) Contours for Test pointsNormal Mass ordering
Normal Mass Ordering
Some limited sensitivity at 1
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Cost and schedule Total cost (Far and near detectors building admin etchellip) 226 M$ (including 57 M$ contingency)
Status Approved by Fermilab Program Advisory Committee Stage 1 Approval (April 2005) Prioritized by NuSAG Recommended by P5 for construction start in Fiscal Year 2008 (October 2007) Critical Decision Zero (CD0) granted Mission need Obtained CD1 approval Range of Schedules and costs CD2 next end 2006() Final cost schedule and TDR Granted $10M in RampD for generic oscillation experiment Proton Driver CD0 shelved at this stage But RampD can continue Alternative plans for Main Injector upgrade to 1 MW maybe 12 MW
Schedule Assumption Approval early 2007 Building ready June 2009 (Agreement with U of Minnesota) Five kilotons Early 2011 Completion 2012
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The US programme Accelerators I
bull MINOSbull MiniBooNEe search bull at the Fermilab boosterbull Results on bull the LSND observation this yearbull High energy data already presented
bull SciBooNE K2K SciBar detector bull In MiniBooNE beam bull low energy cross sections
bull MINERVA cross sectionsbull at low energy in the bull near hall of NUMI beambull Going through approvalbull process
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The US programme Accelerators II
bull T2K 280m Participation in 280m near detector supported
0 detector inside the UA1NOMAD magnet for the near detector and work on beam
bull T2K 2Km Participation in Water Cerenkov civil engineering and liquid argon (150 tons)
Only at later stage if possible
bull Liquid argon RampD to determine whether scalable to tens of kilotons
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The US programme Double ndashdecay
NuSAG recommendationsRecommended the first three
EXOPotential for reducing the backgroundby extracting and identifyngresulting Barium atomas a second stage
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The US programme Reactors
NuSAG recommended a US experiment to get down to a sensitivity of
sin2 213 of ~001 Both Daya Bay and Braidwood had this potential
The DOE has stopped Braidwood and encouraged Daya Bay
NuSAG encouraged participation in Double Chooz but with lower scientific priority because of its lower reach
The DOE does not go along with this but possibly the NSF will
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Very Long baseline New NuSAG charge
bull Assume a MW accelerator
bull Discuss baselines Compare 800km (NOA)
to 1300-2800km baselines Fermilab or Brookhaven to new Underground site at Henderson or Homestake
bull Types of detectors Liquid Argon or Water Cerenkov
bull Broad band covering several oscillation maxima at once or narrow band
bull Sensitivity and physics programme
bull Joint BNLFNAL study currently being carried out on these issues
Report Oct 2006
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Extra Slides
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Cost breakdown
Contingency Total Cost M$
Far Detector
Active detector 30 795
Electronics and DAQ 55 134
Shipping 21 70
Installation 43 135
Near Detector 44 31
Building and outfitting 58 293
Project management 25 47
Additional contingency 141
Total 50 1647
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Far detector
PVC modules
+assembly
$28782M
Liquid Scintillator
+handling
$30309M
Wave-length shifting fibres $17430M
Electronics TriggerDAQ $13412M
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Near Detector in MINOS Surface Building
45000 CC events 2200 e CC events
65 x 1020 pot in 75 mrad off-axis beam
Kaon peak
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Confirmed by KAMLAND Reactor antineutrinos to detector at Kamioka
SolarExperiments
KAMLAND
KamLAND + Solar Completely consistent
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
New MINOS measurements
(Experiment ended)
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Why are neutrino masses so low
Other particles
Fascinating
Also Lower limit (24 x 10-3)12 gt 005 eV
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
APD response
Measured with light equivalent to one and two miprsquos
Noise
Signal well separated from noise
0 20 40 60 80 pe
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Summary of backgrounds
Background Events Error Error
Beam e 119 7 08
CC 05 15 008
NC 71 5 04
Total 195 5 09
Efficiency for e signal 24
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
8-fold degeneracies 13 - ambiguity Mass hierarchy two-fold degeneracy 23 degeneracy For a value of sin2 223 say 092 23 can be 335o or 565
A measure of Pe can yield a whole range of values of 13
Measuring with rsquos as well reduces the correlations
NOA will most probably run first 3 years with and then 3 more with This will also improve the complementarity with T2K if they run only
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
The road ahead
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Particle Physics Projects Prioritization Panel (P5) June 2006
October 2007 -gt October 2008
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Initial Tests Using Extrusions from Existing Die (Smaller)
48 ft
Measured light yields
N = 80 exp(-L46)+10 exp(-L5000)
42 cm22 cm
Geometry gives factor of 17513 pe goes to 23 pe
Reflectivity gives factor of 1223 pe goes to 27 pe
387cm 6cm Final Design
Titanium dioxide
13 pe at 157m
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Far Detector Assembly
bull Detector has 64 (31-plane) blocks
bull Can fill with scintillator and run during construction
bull Half-Size planes built amp tested at Argonne 31-plane
block
1-cm expan-sion gap
31-planeblock
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Near Detector to understand the beam262 T145 T totally active204 T fiducial(central 25 x 325 m)
8-plane block 106 T full 16 T empty
Muon catcher1 m iron
Target region
Veto region
96 m
5 m
35 m
Shower containment region
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
e separation
Electrons(shower)
Electrons(shower)
Muons Muons
Low energy High energy
CC background rejection 71 x 10-4
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
Near detector locationsSite 15
Far
beam
