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BIODIVERSITY
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? All living things are called organisms.
Biodiversity is the short form of Biological Diversity.
Biodiversity refers to the wide variety of organisms on Earth.
BIODIVERSITYHabitat Biodiversity
Rainforest Tigers, monkeys, snakes, deer, wild orchids, squirrels, fern, elephants, etc
Pond Frogs, fish, tadpoles, water lily, water hyacinth, snails, dragonflies
Desert Camels, lizards, cacti, rats, snakes
Polar region Polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, penguins, moss, lichens, snow rabbits
Sea Sharks, dolphins, whales, seaweed, oyster, prawns
Soil Earthworms, snakes, ants, millipedes, centipedes, fungi, bacteria, scorpions
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS Classification of the organisms is the
sorting of organisms (animals or plants) into groups which have similar characteristics.
There are 5 major groups:AnimalsPlantsFungi (mould)BacteriaSimple organisms (unicellular organisms)
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Animals
Vertebrates
Fish Birds Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Invertebrates
VERTEBRATES Animals with backbone or spinal column.
It’s long, strong and flexible.
It supports the body, anchors the limbs and protects the spinal cord.
Usually large in size.
INVERTEBRATES Animals without backbones.
Usually small in size. These animals have simple body systems.
Insects make up about 90% of all invertebrates.
FISH Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live in water Bodies are covered with slimy scales Carry out external fertilisation (outside
female body) Lay eggs Breathe through gills Examples: pomfret, sea horse, eel, stingray**** Sharks give birth to their young
AMPHIBIANS Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live in water and on land Bodies are covered with moist skin Carry out external fertilisation (outside
female body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs (adults) gills (young) Examples: frogs, toads, salamander
REPTILES Cold-blooded (poikilotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with hard dry scales Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs Examples: lizards, snakes, crocodiles,
turtles, tortoise**** Anaconda give birth to their young
BIRDS Warm-blooded (homeotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with feathers and wings Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body) Lay eggs Breathe through lungs Examples: duck, pigeon, penguin, eagle,
ostriches
MAMMALS Warm-blooded (homeotherm) Live on land Bodies are covered with hair or fur Carry out internal fertilisation (inside female
body) Give birth to their young and breast feeding Breathe through lungs Examples: humans, cows, bats, cats,
porcupine, etc
MAMMALS Echidnas lay eggs Whales live in water and give birth
Platypus lays eggs Bats have wings Armadillos have scales Anteaters lay eggs
INVERTEBRATES Invertebrates account for more
than 90% of the species in the animal kingdom.
Many of the invertebrates are small I size and they have simple body structures.
They cannot grow too big because they do not have a backbone to support their weight.
INVERTEBRATES Insects (butterflies, bees, wasps, etc) Scorpion Molluscs Worms Crabs Prawns Spiders
INVERTEBRATES
invertebrates
Jointed legs
3 pairs 4 pairs More than 4 pairs
Not jointed legs
Worm-like
Non-worm like
3 PAIRS OF LEGS Butterflies Grasshoppers Beetles Crickets Ants Cockroaches
4 PAIRS OF LEGS Spiders Scorpions Mites ticks
MORE THAN 4 PAIRS OF LEGS Millipedes Centipedes Shrimps crabs Lobsters
WORM-LIKE Leeches Earthworms Flatworms Tapeworms Roundworms
NON-WORM-LIKE Jellyfish Starfish Snails Sea anemones Cuttlefish Squids
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Plants
Flowering
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
Non-Flowering
Conifers Algae Ferns Mosses
FLOWERING PLANTS
MONOCOTYLEDONS Seeds with one cotyledon. Fibrous roots Leaves with parallel veins Most are herbaceous plants, non-woody stems.
Examples: maize, paddy, grass, orchid, sugar cane, banana, etc.
ONE COTYLEDON
FIBROUS ROOTS
PARALLEL VEINS
DICOTYLEDONS Seeds with two cotyledon. Tap roots Leaves with network veins Most are woody stems. Examples: mango tree, durian tree, sunflower, rubber tree, etc.
Monocotyledo
ns
Dicotyledo
nsCotyledon One Two
Roots Fibrous roots
Tap roots
Leaves Parallel veins
Network veins
Stem Non-woody
Woody
Examples Maize, paddy, banana
Sunflower, rose,
cactus
NON - FLOWERING
PLANTS
WAYS OF REPRODUCTION Moss : spores Fern : spores Yeast : budding Conifers : seeds in the cones
MOSSES It has simple stems and tiny leaves No true roots Reproduce through spores produced in
capsules at the end of the stalks
EXAMPLES OF MOSSES
MossLiverwort
FERNS It has stems, leaves and roots It reproduces through spores produced
in capsules on the underside of the leaves (fronds)
live on land and in moist shady places
EXAMPLES
Bird’s nest fern Staghorn’s fern
CONIFERS Have roots, stems and needle-like
leaves Do not produce flowers but cones Reproduce through seeds in the cones
EXAMPLES
Pine tree Spruce
ALGAE Unicellular or multicellular organisms Do not have true stems, leaves or roots Live in water or moist places Examples:
ChlorellaSeaweedPhytoplanktonSpirogyraYeast – reproduce through budding
PHYTOPLANKTON
SPIROGYRA
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Contributes wealth of resources such asFoodFuelsTimberShelterSpicesClothingHerbsMedicinesMaintain carbon, water and oxygen cycles
HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT DESTROY THE NATURE Illegal logging Hunting of wild animals Widespread clearing of forests for
housing and urbanisation Overfishing Mining Agricultural activities Building dams
SOURCE OF MEDICINES AND HERBS
Many plants are rich sources of traditional and modern medicines.
These are used to treat and prevent diseases.
SOURCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY Biodiversity enhances the wealth of gene pools t further increase diversity in the future generations.
SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS The diversity of trees and plants enable timber, textile and paper industries to flourish.
SOURCES OF FOOD
Plant and animals diversity provides a variety of food.
SOURCE OF CLEAN WATER
Wetlands and forests provide clean water through repeated filtrations.
SOURCE OF FRESH AIR
Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen during photosynthesis.
SOURCE OF MEDICINES AND HERBS
Many plants and rich sources of traditional and modern medicines.
These are used to treat and prevent diseases.