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Stress Management

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Title of the presentation 2 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 3 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress in aviation

Ryanair has detailed an incident in which the first officer of a Boeing 737-800 felt forced to take control the jet during an approach to Rome and carry out a diversion after becoming concerned about the state of the captain, whose son had died just days before

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Title of the presentation 4 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Several similar incidents TCAS requires under temporal pressure and stress :

appropriate aircrew decision-making and communication no reaction from ATC

Tupolev followed the ATC instruction and not the RA TCAS

Uberlingen accident

ATC

TCASClimb RA

Descend RA TCAS

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Title of the presentation 5 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 6 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Definitions and models

• Stress not a pathology but an adaptation process of an organism to an event, situation or a strain

• Stress induces physiological reactions that arouse the nervous system (adrenalin release)

• Several models or theories consider stress as :

• external events• psychological/physiological reactions• an interaction between an event and

the person

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Title of the presentation 7 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Events Points

Death of spouse 100

Divorce 73

Death of a close family member 63

Wedding 50

New baby 39

Change in financial affairs 38

Change in work 36

Mortgage 31

Problems with hierarchy 23

Changes in sleep habits 16

Adapted from Holmes and Rahé, 1967

Stimulus – response model

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Title of the presentation 8 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress is neither an external event nor a reaction: it is a

transaction between the individual and the environment

(Lazarus model

Occurs when an individual assess her/his resource as not

sufficient to cope with a situation

Interaction between job demands and decision latitude

Definitions of stress

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Title of the presentation 9 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Job demand

Dec

isio

n la

titud

e

Low High

Low

High

Passive High strain

Low strain  Active

Negative stress

(health effects)

Positive stress

(motivation)

Job-demand control model (Karasek,1979)

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Title of the presentation 10 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Explains why a high frequency of cardiovascular diseases are observed at the intermediate level of the organization

Practical implications of the model for stress prevention: increase the level of control without reducing the demand

Limitations of the model: does not take into account factors such as new technologies, lack of security and others

Job-demand control model (Karasek,1979)

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Title of the presentation 11 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress factors at work

Contents of work

Job contentWorkload/work paceWork scheduleInterpersonal relationships

at workControl

Context of work

Organizational culture and function

Role in organizationCareer developmentHome-work interface

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Title of the presentation 12 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 13 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Europe: stress affects 41 million workers (28%),

second health issue related to work after muscular

disorders

Cost: From 0.5 to 3% of Gross Domestic Product

USA: annual cost of $200 billion (absenteeism and

medical expenses)

Company performance

Social climate

The cost of stress

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Title of the presentation 14 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Long-term effects : cardiovascular illnesses, immune diseases

Muscular deseases

Gastro-intestinal deseases

Psychological disorders

Sexual disorders

Immune depression

Stress and health

Heart rate

Blood pressure

Short-term effects : Tachycardia, perspiration, muscular tension and more

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Title of the presentation 15 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 16 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Reductive thinking: only a few hypotheses are considered

Confirmation bias: seeking information to confirm pre-

selected hypotheses and the mental model of the situation

Focalization, fixation

Haste in action

Active response

Regression: forgetting the most recent learning

Only immediate survival goals are considered. Long-term

considerations are sacrificed for short-term goals.

Effects of acute stress on decision-making

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Title of the presentation 17 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

15 min before event

10 min before event

5 min before event

Search an ATC area before a separation conflict

Stress and performance - focalization

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Title of the presentation 18 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

3 min before event

2 min before event

1 min before event

4 min before event

5 min before event

Separation conflict

Search an ATC area before a separation conflict

Stress and performance - focalization

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Title of the presentation 19 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Mean variations of Heart Rate for one scenarioStress and performance -- TCAS

PNFMean Heart Rate

referred to the reference heart rate

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

10:30:05 10:30:55 10:31:45 10:32:35 10:33:15 10:34:04 10:34:45 10:35:25 10:36:15 10:36:55 10:37:36 10:38:25 10:39:15

TA

Adjust Vertical Speed

Climb

Descend

Adjust Vertical Speed

Clear of conflict

A320 part task

simulator

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Title of the presentation 20 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

ResultsResultsStress and performance -- TCAS

Active answerPilots are used to putting the vertical-speed needle at the limit of

the red sector

A ‘monitor vertical-speed’ RA does not require a maneuver

Automatic reflex on a TCAS RA -- Monitor Vertical Speed

Monitor Vertical Speed

Autopilot off

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Title of the presentation 21 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 22 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

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Title of the presentation 23 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Primary prevention Sources of stress in the organizatione.g., role ambiguity, job demandsCauses - Consequences

Causes - Consequences

Secondary preventionIndividuals or groupse.g.stress management training

Causes - Consequences

Tertiary preventionIndividual/curative e.g., relaxation, psychological support after an eventX

XXX

The three levels of stress prevention

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Title of the presentation 24 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Two types of coping strategies

Stress management/individual level - coping strategies

The problem to solve if the person perceives that the situation can be changed

Focused on problem solving

The reduction of the emotional strain if the person perceives that the situation cannot be changed

Focused on emotional reactions

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Title of the presentation 25 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

ANTICIPATION

Quicker/betterunderstanding

Fewer resourcesconsumed

Add control of action

Better error management

Add time for anticipation

Le cercle vertueux de l'anticipationStress management on an individual level – improving anticipation

From M.C Dentan

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Title of the presentation 26 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Stress management

1. Stress in aviation

2. Definitions and models of stress

3. Stress and health

4. Stress and performance

5. Stress management strategies

6. Conclusion

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Title of the presentation 27 Human Factors Symposium - Moscow - 14-15-16 June 2006

Conclusion

Stress may impair health and safety in aviation.

Various ways of managing stress exist, but a prevention strategy is more efficient in the long-term.

Stress should be taken into account in the design of aircraft to ensure that systems are tolerant to stress.