(9)

- àH$aU 2 ao -

‘amR>r nÌH$m[aVm - ñdén Am{U {M{H$Ëgm

nmZ Z§.nmZ Z§.nmZ Z§.nmZ Z§.nmZ Z§.

2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km 10

2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì yh 11

2.3 Ama§ rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdén 16

2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ 18

2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo 19

2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gX²Y‘©Xr{nH$m 20

2.7 ‘amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU 23

2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo 25

2.9 ì §J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 27

2.10 {Q>iH$ - AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo 29

2.11 amOH$s` Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo 38

2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË‘H$ dmT> 39

2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> 40

2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr ‘mbm "H$mi' Vo "g§Xoe' 41

2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm 42

2.16 ‘Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à‘wI nÌm§Mr H$m‘{Jar 46

2.17 ‘amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo "H$moëhQ>H$ar' diU 49

2.18 ‘amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg 52

2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo 53

2.20 Om{hamVr 54

2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d ‘amR>r nÌo 55

2.22 g‘H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdén {deof 57

g§X © Am{U {Q>nm 63

(10)

- àH$aU 2 aoo -- àH$aU 2 aoo -- àH$aU 2 aoo -- àH$aU 2 aoo -- àH$aU 2 aoo -

‘amR>r nÌH$m[aVm - ñdê$n Am{U {M{H$Ëgm

EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mbm "M_ËH$ma `wJ' 'Wonderful Century' Ago Zm_m{^YmZ

{_imbo Amho.1 H$moUË`mhr Zì`m wJmMm Agm Y_©M Amho H$s, Ë`mMo AmJ_Z Zì`m {dMmam§À`m

bbH$mè`m§Zr gy{MV hmoV AgVo.2 {~«[Q>e gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va d nwT>o Zdr {ejU nÕVr gwê$

Pmë`mda {dMma_§WZ gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`mVyZ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm CX` Pmbm3 Agbm Var ^maVmV _wÐUH$boMm

àdoe gmoimì`m eVH$mVM Pmbm. VoìhmM ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rMo AàË`j ~rOmamonU Pmbo.4

_wÐUH$boMm emoY bmJyZ nwñVHo$, nÌHo$ _moR>çm g§» oZo N>mnbr OmD$Z kmZàgmamMo _moR>o ghmæ`

Pmbo. hr Jmoï> Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUobm \$ma CnH$maH$ R>aë`mMr Zm§oX5 am. {^. Omoer

`m§Zr "_hmamï´>mVrb à~moYZnd© g§nbo Amho H$m`?' `m boImV Ho$br Amho. _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m Ñï>rZo

nmhVm H$bH$Î`mOdi goam‘nya (lram_nya) oWo Am{U IwÔ V§OmdamV amOo g’$m}Or ^mogbo `m§À`m

amOdmS>çmV _amR>r ^mfoV nwñVHo$ N>mnÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì N>mnImZo {ZKmbo hmoVo. darb XmoÝhr

_wÐUmb`mV n{hbo _amR>r J«§W _moS>r {bnrV àW_ N>mnÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.6

2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km :2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km :2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km :2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km :2.1 "d¥ÎmnÌ' g§km : B§J«O ^maVmV Ambo VoM _wir Amnbr ^mfm, Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, Zd{dMma

Am{U Zdo kmZ{dkmZ KoD$ZM. nma§n[aH$ OrdZnÕVrda Zì`m ì`mnmè`m§Mo; Zì`m emgZH$Ë`mªMo

AmKmV Pmbo. àMma-àgmamÀ`m ZdrZ _mÜ`_m§Mo AmJ_Z Pmbo. qhXwñWmZmV _wÐU_§{XamMr

ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMo Am{U J«§WmMm d d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm Ama§ H$aÊ`mMo lo H$bH$Î`mÀ`m Odi Agboë`m

lram_nyaÀ`m "S>m°. H°$ao' `m {¼íMZ {_eZarH$S>o OmVo.7 d¥ÎmnÌ `m AWm©Mo _yiMo B§J«Or eãX

"H$moa§Q>' (Corantos) d "J°PoQ'> ho hmoV. "H$moa§Q>' åhUOo g§H${bV dV©_mZ qH$dm d¥Îm. Ë`mhr

nyduMm eãX J°PoQ> hm AgyZ Vmo J°PoQ>r (JPm) `m BQ>m{b`Z eãXmnmgyZ ~Zbm Amho.8 AR>amì`m

eVH$mn ªV E{S>Q>a (g§nmXH$) hm eãXn« moJ àMmamV ZìhVm. ~mV_r{dŠ`m hmM _mbH$, hmM

_wÐH$ d hmM g§nmXH$ Ago. Vmo à{V{ð>V eãX 1709 gmbr gwà{gÕ J«§WH$ma A°{S>gZ `mZo Q>°Q>ba

nÌmÀ`m g§~§YmV, Ë`mMm gwn«{gÕ {_Ì d g_ì`dgm`r Omo ñQ>rb, Ë`mbm àW_ bmdyZ Cn`moJmV

AmUbm, Ago åhUVmV.

(11)

"OmJ¥{VH$ma ^Jd§Vamd nmioH$am§À`m boIZmMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg' hm à~§YmMm {df`

Agë`mZo g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n d {M{H$Ëgm oWo H$amd`mMr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m

AmJ_ZmMr Zm|X oWo KoVbr Amho. bmoH$g§dmXmMo d à~moYZmMo "d¥ÎmnÌ' ho EH$ AmYw{ZH$ à^mdr

_mÜ`_ Amho.9 bmoH$_Vmbm dmMm \$moS>Ê`mH$[aVmM d¥ÎmnÌmMm OÝ_ Amho.10 Ago Z. {M§. Ho$iH$a

`m§Zr Amnë`m g§nmXH$s` AZw dmMo gma gm§{JVbo Amho. Vo åhUVmV, ""OZVoÀ`m hmVr Oa Iao

eó åhUyZ H$moUVo `eñdr Pmbo Agob Va Vo N>mnImZo d dV©_mZnÌo hoM hmo .''11 ^maVmVrb

{d{dY amÁ`m§V àOm ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Midirbm àma§ Pmbm. `m MiditZm _XV N>mnImZo d

dV©_mZnÌ `m§MrM Pmë`mMo qhXr dV©_mZnÌm§À`m B{VhmgmMm _mJmodm KoVmZm Z. {M§. Ho$iH$am§Zr

åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo (20 ì`m eVH$mV) amOH$s` Midi Or AmO BVŠ`m gwpñWVrbm

Ambr Amho, {VMo nwîH$igo lo N>mnImZo d dV©_mZnÌm§Zm Úmdo bmJob. 12 Agohr à{VnmXZ

Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm "kmZeó'13 åhUVmV. g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a

OrdZ Am{U kmZ `m {df`rÀ`m {Okmgm Am{U H$ënZm {dñV¥V hmoVmV. Voìhm H$bm, B{Vhmg,

Y_©, dmL²>_`, g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr `m {df`rMo kmZ OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r "d¥ÎmnÌ' ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ

R>aVo. bmoH${ejU Am{U bmoH$godm hr d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _yb yV àoaUm Agë`mZo g_mOYmaUoMo _hmZ

H$m`©hr Ë`m_wio hmoVo, Agm ì`mnH$ nQ> `m gmYZmMm nmZVmdUo `m§Zr _mZbm Amho. {~«[Q>e

A§_bmÀ`m _Ýd§VamZo qhXr d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mg OÝ_ {Xbm. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`hr `mbm

AndmX ZìhVm. 14 Ago d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m B{Vhmgmdê$Z {XgyZ oVo.

2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì`yh :2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì`yh :2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì`yh :2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì`yh :2.2 19 ì`m eVH$mMm {dMmaì`yh : 19 do eVH$ à~moYZmMo eVH$ hmoVo.

{~«[Q>e gÎmm qhXwñWmZmV ñWmnZ hmoD$Z Zì`m amÁ`ì`dñWobm Ama§^ Pmbm hmoVm. AmnU

"à~moYZ' hm eãX `wamon_Ü`o Pmboë`m "aoZogmÝg'Mm à{VeãX åhUyZ dmnabm OmVmo. nwT>o

AR>amì`m eVH$mV Amboë`m "EÝbm`Z_oÝQ>' eãXmMm à{VeãX åhUyZhr Ë`mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

"aoZogmÝg'_Ü o nwZéÁOrdZmda A{YH$ ^a hmoVm. Va "EÝbm`Z_oÝQ>'_Ü o Zì`m {dkmZmZo {Xboë`m

EH$m {d{eï> OrdZÑï>rda A{YH$ ^a hmoVm. nU à~moYZmV gdmªJrU n[adV©ZmMm doY A{YH$

Amho. 15 "Amnë`m à~moYZmÀ`m dmQ>m Am{U diUo' `m§Mr {Xem à^mH$a nmÜ`m§Zr darbà_mUo

(12)

ñnï> Ho$br Amho. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V qhXwñWmZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV KS>m_moS>r Pmë`m;

Var Ë`mMr gwédmV 1818 nmgyZ doJmZo Pmbr hmoVr. 19 ì`m eVH$mV qhXwñWmZmV (Ë`mV _hmamï´

AmbmM> )gm{hË`mMm gm_m{OH$ à^md Omo_XmanUo OmUdy bmJbm. _wÐU V§ÌmMm à^md hm KQ>H$

Ë`mbm H$maUr yV R>abm, nU nwñVH$m§Mr dmT>Vr CnbãYVm ho EH$_od H$maU _mZUo MwH$sMo R>aob.

S>m°. amOm Xr{jV åhUVmV, "_Ü` wJrZ ^maVmV gm_mÝ`nUo g_yhmg_moa H$bm{dîH$ma gmXa Ho$bo

OmV AgV. bmoH$m§n ªV gm{hË` nmohMV Ago Vo ldUmÛmao. na§Vw 19 ì`m eVH$mV gm{hË`mbm

ImgJr ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. N>mnrb ê$nmVbo gm{hË` ì`º$sZo EH$Q>çmZo dmMÊ`mMr à{H«$`m dmT>Ë`m

à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`m_wio dmMH$ Am{U boIH$ `m§À`m g§dmXmbm doJio n[a_mU àmá Pmbo....

lmoVm m y{_Ho$nojm "dmMH$' hr y{_H$m ì`º$sbm A{YH$ A§V_©wI H$aUmar hmoVr. 16 {dœ{dÚmb`mVyZ

dm{KUrMo XyY {nD$Z n{hbr [nT>r ~mhoa nS>br hmoVr.... Zì`m dmMH$dJm©Mm CX`, gm{hË`mVrb

dmT>Vm Eo{hH$ Ame`, ^mfm§Vambm Ambobo _hÎd, d¥ÎmnÌr` dmL²>_`mMm {dH$mg, {Z~§Y `m

dmL²>_` àH$mamMm dmT>Vm Cn`moJ, g§nH©$gwb^ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ Aem g§dmX _mÜ`_m§Mm {deofV:

~«m÷UoVa gm{hpË`H$m§Zr Ho$bobm dmna, {dZmoX d CnhmgmMm dmT>Vm dmna, H$mì`mÀ`m Ame` d

KmQ>m_Ü`o KS>V Jobobo ~Xb... Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§_YyZ gm{hË`joÌmVrb n[adV©ZmMr VgoM

g_mO{dMma d g_mO~Xbmer AgUmè`m Ë`mÀ`m ZmË`mMr H$ënZm17 amOm Xr{jVm§Zr Amnë`m

à~§YmV _m§S>br Amho. 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mnmgyZM H$mX§~è`m, AmË_M[aÌo, ZmQ>Ho$, H$mì`,

_hmH$mì o, g§ñH¥$V H$mì`m§Mr, ZmQ>H$m§Mr ^mfm§Vao à{gÕ hmoD$ bmJbr. gZmVZr Am{U gwYmaH$

`m§Mo àIa dmX hmoD$ bmJbo. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ dmXm§Mr dmXio

Pmbr. 18 {~«[Q>e gÎmm àW_ ~§JmbmV ñWmnZ Pmbr. Zì`m ndm©Mr AmoiI ~§JmbmV A{YH$

Pmbr. {~«[Q>e gÎmm qhXwñWmZmV ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va Oo _Ýd§Va KSy>Z Ambo Ë`m _Ýd§VamMr Iar

AmoiI àW_ amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zm Pmbr. Zì`m amOdQ>r~amo~a Amboë`m ZdrZ Jmoï>r

AmË_gmV Ho$ë`m VaM OrU© Pmboë`m qhXr g§ñH¥$Vrbm ZdOrdZ oB©b, ZmhrVa VaUmonm` Zmhr.

nmümÎ` g§ñH¥$Vrer VwbZm H$aVm qhXr g§ñH¥$Vr _aUmoÝ_wI Pmbobr Ë`m§Zm AmT>ibr.19 amOm

am__mohZ am° bmoH${ejUmÀ`m AmH$m§joZo bmoH$_V g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mÀ`m Oê$arV d¥ÎmnÌm§H$S>o dibo.

Amnbr d¥ÎmnÌo Mmb{dVmZm Ë`m§Zr Amnbr {dewÕ ^y{_H$m H$m`_ amIbr. 20 Zì`m `wJmÀ`m

AmdmhZmbm Omo_Xma à{VgmX ~§JmbrnmR>monmR> _amR>rZoM àW_ {Xbm.21 Var _amR>rMm doJim

~mUmhr {XgyZ Ambm. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr gwédmV _w§~B©_Ü o Pmbr. hr Jmoï> _wÔm_ C„oIZr` dmQ>Vo.

(13)

qH$~hþZm Aìdb B§J«OrVrb ~hþVoH$ gm_m{OH$ Midir _w§~B©_Ü`oM gwê$ Pmë`m d Z§VaM

_hmamï´>mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr åhUOo nwÊ`mV gwê$ Pmboë`m AmT>iVmV; na§Vw nwÊ`mV gwê$ Pmboë`m

MidirMo ñdê$n {Zamio Ago. nwÊ`mVrb MiditZm ñdg§ñH¥$VrMo A{Yð>mZ Ago.22 nwUo hr

noeì`m§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr. `m_wio OwÝ`m H$ënZm§Mm VoWo nJS>m hmoVm. {^jwH$s, H$maHw$Zr, eoVH$s,

gmdH$mar, {eboXmar Am{U gaXmar noemMo Ago Vo {ZImbg eha hmoVo. noeì`m§À`m amOYmZr_wio

nwUo OwÝ`m g§ñH¥$VrMo ^maVmVrb EH$ à_wI {R>H$mU ~Zbo hmoVo. _w§~B©À`m ~hþ m{fH$, ~hþYm{_©H$

d ì`mnmar H|$Ðm_wio {VZo Zdg§ñH¥$VrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Agmdm. ì`mnmar ehamVrb bmoH$ ZdrZ

Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$am`bm bdH$a V`ma hmoVmV. {edm` ì`mnmè`mÀ`m _mbm~amo~a {dMma-

AmMmamMr XodmUKodmUhr ZH$iV hmoVo. `m_wio OwÝ`m Jmoï>r Q>miyZ XoÊ`mbm eoVràYmZ g_mOmH$Sy>Z

OodT>m {damoY hmoVmo, VodT>m ì`mnmar g_mOmH$Sy>Z hmoV Zmhr.... _hmamï´>mV ñdamÁ` hmoVo. Am_MoM

amÁ` B§J«Om§Zr Zï> Ho$bo, hr ~moM, noedmB© {H$Vrhr {VañH$aUr` dmQ>V Agbr Var, A{YH$ à^mdr

hmoVr. `m_wio B§J«Or Jmoï>r{df`r AmnwbH$s {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mnojm {VañH$maM CËnÞ hmoÊ`mMm A{YH$

g§ d hmoVm. {edm` ZdrZ ì`mnmar g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n Ü`mZr KoÊ`mbmhr eoVràYmZ _hmamï´>mMr

Hw$dV ZìhVr. `m_wio ZdrZ Jmoï>r CMbÊ`mg BVa _hmamï´> _w§~B©Z§VaM V`ma Pmbm. nwT>o nmümÎ`

g§ñH¥$VrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmZmhr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m A{^_mZmbm _yR>_mVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Zmhr23 Ago {d.

H¥$. Omoer `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

nwUo ho gZmVZr, ê$T>r{à` eha hmoVo. A{VeyÐm§Mm åhUOo nydm©ñn¥í`m§Mm AVmoZmV Ni `mM

ehamV Pmbm hmoVm. Zm. {d. Omoer `m§Zr 1868 _Ü o "nwUo ehaMo dU©Z' J«§Wê$nmV à{gÕ Ho$bo

Amho. Ë`mVrb H$mhr A§e nwT>rbà_mUo -

H$gã`mVrb amhUmam§n¡H$s ~hþVoH$m§Mm Y§Xm eoVH$r H$a (n¥.10) Ê`mMm hmoVm. ~«m÷U _mÌ

CnmÜ onU, {^jwH$s Am{U gmdH$mar H$ê$Z Amnbm CXa{Zdm©h H$arV AgV. Xwgao bmoH$m§Zr eoVmV

_aoVmo H$m_ H$ê$Z gaH$ma d gmdH$ma `m§Mr ^aVr H$amdr Am{U Oo Caob Vo Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~nmofUmW©

R>odmdo. Vo g§nbo åhUOo nwÝhm gmdH$mamnmgyZ "Jwao§ T>moao§, ~m`H$m§ nmoa§o, eoVr§, nmoVr§, JmS>Jr§, _S>H$s§'

gd© JhmU bmdyZ XoD$Z {XT>r XwnQ>rMo ì`mOmZo n¡go AWdm XmUo ¿`mdo, Ë`m bmoH$m§Mm gmdH$ma

åhUOo àË`j _y[V©_§V `_amOM.24 Ë`mdoiMo gmdH$ma Hw$imnmgyZ ~m`H$m, _wbr JhmU bmdyZ KoV

AgV.

(14)

IV : IV : IV : IV : IV : `mgr JhmU Am_Mr boH$ gHy$ VwåhmOdi JhmU bmdyZ {Xbr Ago, _wXVrg én o _wÔb

ì`mO `m§Mm \$S>em H$ê$Z XoD$. Z XoD$ Va _wXVrg Xm{JZm Vw_Mo ñdmYrZ H$ê$Z XoD$, Á`mdoiog

Vw_Mo én`m§Mm \$S>em H$ê$Z XoD$ Ë`mdoiog Am_Mm Xm{JZm Am{U _wbJr gmoSy>Z KoD$.

hm JhmU amoIm Amåhr {bhÿZ {Xëhm. 25 nwÊ`mV Añn¥í`m§Mm OodT>>m Ni Pmbm Agob

VodT>m AÝ`Ì g§ dV Zmhr. AmO bmoH$emhr amÁ`mV X§VH$Wm dmQ>mdr, Aer Añn¥í`mÀ`m N>imMr

H$hmUr Am{U ~«m÷Ê`mMm Jdm©{^_mZ `m ehamV hmoVm.

...`m H$mimV nwÊ`mVrb ~«m÷Umg \$ma _mZ Ambm hmoVm d gmodiçmAmodiçmMm

AmMma-{dMma \$maM dmT>bm hmoVm. _hma, _m§J, Mm§ ma, §Jr, YoS> BË`mXr bmoH$mg añË`mZo

WwH$m`MmXoIrb hþHy$_ ZìhVm. Ë`m§Zr H§$~aog _S>Ho$ ~m§YyZ {\$amdo, H$moUr ~«m÷U añË`mV oQ>bm

Va bmJboM Imbr ~gmdo. H$maU gmdbr nS>Vm H$m_mg Z o, Ago Ë`m§Mo hmb hmoVo.26

_wbtÀ`m {ejUm~m~V VËH$mbrZ nwÊ`mV na§nam{Zð>, H$‘©R>, gZmVZ y{_H$m hmoVr. emioV

_wbr AJXr oV ZgV. emioV OmUo Am{U {eH$Uo ho EH$ _wbrg Hw$H$_m©g bmdÊ`mMo ÛmaM Amho,

Ago Ë`mdoiMo bmoH$ g_OV åhUyZ _wbr emioV nmR>{dV ZgV d {H$Ë oH$ _yI© bmoH$mg Ago dmQ>o

H$s, _wbJr emioV nmR>{dUo ho Y_m©À`m {déÕ Amho. {H$Ë oH$mg dmQ>o H$s OmVr{déÕ Amho.27

nwÊ`mV _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$ë`m§Zr {^S>o dmS>çmV _wbtMr n{hbr emim gwê$ Ho$br Voìhm Ë`m§Zr `m

H$m_mMo Xw:I d l_ gmogbo. \w$ë`m§Mm {dÐmoh nwÊ`mVM \w$bbm. _wº$m gmidoMm "_hma-_m§JmÀ`m

Xw:Im{df`r {Z~§Y' Ë`m§À`mM emioVrb Zì`m AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmVyZ OÝ_mbm Ambm. VËH$mbrZ

gwYmaH$m§À`m ^mfoVM _wº$m {~«[Q>e AmJ_ZmMo ñdmJV H$aVmZm åhUVo, `m H$maUmñVd ^Jd§VmZo

H¥$nm H$ê$Z X`miy B§J«O gaH$mamg oWo nmR>{dbo.28 B§J«Om§Mo amÁ` XodmMo daXmZ dmQ>mdo AerM

nwÊ`mMr pñWVr JVr hmoVr. Zd{e{jVm§Zr, àmJ{VH$ Am{U Zo_ñVm§Zr, gwYmaH$m§Zr `m B©œamÀ`m

daXmZmMo _wº$m gmidoà_mUoM ñdmJV Ho$bo. YZ§O` H$sa åhUVmV, A§V:ñW H$bhm_wio nmoIabobo

_amR>çm§Mo qhXdr ñdamÁ` Zmbm`H$ {Z AXyaÑï>rÀ`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m ñdmWmªYVo_wio H$mob_Sy>Z

nS>bo. H$mbmZwê$n gm_Ï`mªMr gmYZo g§emoYyZ Ë`mMm Adb§~ Z Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m amÁ`mMm _hÎdmH$m§jr,

YyV©, nmVi §Ìr, _wËgÚm§À`m AmH«$_UmImbr Ywìdm CS>mbm.29 Aem nwÊ`mVM gwYmaH$, XwYm©aH$,

Ohmb, _dmi, Q>dmi, VgoM Zo_ñV, àmJ{VH$, AmJ{VH$ {dMma wÕ eãXm§À`m eómZo a§Jbo.

~«m÷U-~«m÷UoVa dmXmV nwÊ`mVrb na§namdmXr Yw[aU ZoË`m§ZrM nmMa _mê$Z `m dmXmbm B§YZ

nwa{dbo. _w[ñb_m§À`m Vm~yVmbm JUnVr CËgdmMm n`m©` nwÊ`mVM {Xbm Jobm. JUnVrÀ`m

(15)

_oiçmV gwYmaH$m§Mr AZ²> _dmim§Mr `WoÀN> Q>dmir nwÊ`mVM Pmbr. OoYo - OdiH$am§Mm N>ÌnVr

_oim "^Q>m§Zm nimnim' åhUV Jm`H$dmS> dmS>çmn ªV nmohMbm. gmh{OH$M nwÊ`mbm Zd{dMmam§Mm,

_yë`m§Mm, Zì`m amÁ`ì`dñWoMm ñne© e{ZdmadmS>çmda w{Z`Z O°H$ \$S>Hy$ bmJë`mdaM Pmbm.

nwÊ`mVM 19 eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {d{dY dmXm§Mr dmXio Pmbr.

_w§~B©~mhoarb _hmamï>mVrb amOH$s` Midi Ý`m. amZS>o `m§ZrM gwê$ Ho$br.... Ý`m. amZS>o

`m§Zr Amnë`m gdmªJrU gwYmaUmdmXmbm AZwgê$Z AZoH$ MiditMo ~rOmamonU Ho$bo.30 Ý`m. amZS>o

1871 À`m gw_mamg nwÊ`mV Amë`mda nwÊ`mVrb MiditZm doJ Ambm. bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§ZrM

amZS>|À`m H$m`m©Mo dU©Z nwT>rb eãXmV Ho$bo Amho. "_hmamï> Xoe Ë`mdoir EH$ W§S> Jmoim hmoD$Z

nS>bobm hmoVm. `m Jmoiçmbm C~ AmUyZ Ë`mV M¡VÝ` AmUÊ`mMo H$m © Ý`m. amZS>o `m§ZrM Ho$bo. Ý`m.

amZS>o àmJ{VH$ hmoVo Vgo Zo_ñVhr hmoVo. àmJ{VH$Îd åhUOo d§e oX qH$dm Y_© oX Z _mZVm _Zwî`m_Zwî`mV

g_mZVm àñWm{nV H$aUo, Agm AW© Vo H$arV. Zo_ñV `m eãXmMm \$ma XyaÀ`m Ü o mH$S>o bj Z XoVm

nmdbmnwaVo nmhÿZ H$m_ H$arV amhUo Am{U ho H$m_ H$arV AgVm VS>OmoS>rMr d C^`njr XodmUKodmUrMr

g_§Ogd¥Îmr YmaU H$aUo, Agm Ý`m`_yVvZm AW© Ano{jV hmoVm.31

19 ì`m eVH$mAIoaÀ`m _hmamï´>mVrb {dMmaàdmhm§Mo dJuH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo amOm Xr{jV

`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. 32

1. gdmªJrU gwYmaUmdmXr, g_Ýd`erb d CXma_VdmXr Agm Zo_ñV àdmh. `m àdmhmM o

à_wI à{V{ZYr åhUOo Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o.

2. nwZéÁOrdZdmXr d Ohmb amï´>r` àdmh. `m àdmhmMo à_wI à{V{ZYr åhUOo {dîUwemór

{MniyUH$a.

19 ì`m d 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gr_maofoda nwZéÁOrdZdmÚm§Mm amï´>dmX à~i ~Zy bmJbm,

VoìhmMo à_wI à{V{ZYr åhUOo ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$.

3. ~hþOZdmXr {dÐmohr àdmh. 33

`m àdmhmMo à_wI à{V{ZYr åhUOo _. Omo{V~m \w$bo.

4. {ddoH${Zð> _mZdVmdmXr àmJ{VH$ àdmh.

`m àdmhmMo à{V{ZYr åhUOo Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a. 34

`m gd©M {dMmaàdmhm§Vrb à_wI à{V{ZYtZr Amnmnë`m j_VoZwgma, JaOoZwgma MidirMo

gmYZ åhUyZ d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {dMmaì yh aMbm. Ë`mVyZ dm½ wÕ PS>bo. MiditZm JVr

Ambr. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mMm gy m}X` {Xgy bmJbm Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr, g_VoMr bT>mB© Vrd«

ê$n YmaU H$ê$ bmJbr.

(16)

2.3 Ama§^rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n :2.3 Ama§^rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n :2.3 Ama§^rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n :2.3 Ama§^rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n :2.3 Ama§^rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n : _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mMm àma§^ àW_ _w§~B©V

Pmbm. {~«[Q>e amOdQ>rÀ`m àma§ mZ§Va XmoZ XeH$mÀ`m AmVM _amR>r nÌg¥ï>rbm àma§ Pmbm.

bmoH$m§À`m à~moYZmMm CÔoe _Zmer Yê$Z gwê$ Pmbobr d¥ÎmnÌo bmoH${ejU H$aVmZm g_mOmVrb

Xmofmà_mUoM emgZmÀ`m MwH$m§da àhma H$aUma ho Ano{jVM hmoVo.35 B§J«Or gÎmm hiyhiy qhXwñWmZmV

ÑT> hmoÊ`mMm hm H$mb Agë`m_wio Ë`m g§~§YmV Amnbo _V ì`º$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm OZVobm Am{U

nwT>mè`m§Zm dV©_mZnÌ ho Mm§Jbo gmYZ gmnS>bo.36 `m gmYZmMm g_mOYw[aUm§Zr bmoH$MidirMo

Am{U bmoH$g§dmXmMo eó åhUyZhr nwT>o Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. noedmB© OmD$Z B§J«Or amÁ`

pñWamdë`mda Zì`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Or bmoH${ejUmMr nÕV gwê$ Ho$br {VÀ`m `moJmZo _hmamï´>mV

d¥ÎmnÌo AdVamdr ho H«$_àmáM hmoVo. _mÌ Ë`mMo Ü o ho Ho$di ~mVå`m gm§JUo EdT>oM ZìhVo.

bmoH$m§Zm Cn wº$ Aem kmZmMm àgma H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_{Jarbm d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Ü o mV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ

hmoVo.37 Xoer bmoH$m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mbm hmV KmVbm Vmo {dMmaàgmamMo gmYZ åhUyZ.

g_mOmVrb Xmofm§Mr OmUrd Pmbr d Vo Zï> H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm nQ>br... d¡Mm[aH$ OmJ¥Vr_wio

g_mOmV d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm CX` g_mOmVrb Zd{e{jVm§Zr AZoH$

gm_m{OH$ Midir C^maë`m Ë`mVyZ Pmbm.38 _amR>rVrb n{hbo nÌ åhUyZ "_w§~mnya dV©_mZ' ho

nÌ 20 Owb¡ 1828 bm gwê$ Pmë`mMm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo. nU nÌmMm g§nmXH$ H$moU? nÌ

{H$Vr H$mi Mmbbo? Vo gmám{hH$ hmoVo H$m nm{jH$? `mMm Vnmg bmJV Zgë`mZo 1832 _Ü o

gwê$ Pmboë`m ~miemór Om§ oH$am§À`m "Xn©U'bm n{hë`m nÌmMm ‘mZ Úmdm bmJVmo. ""bmoH$pñWVr,

Y_©, arVr Am{U Cn`moJr \o$a\$ma KS>dyZ AmUUo'' ho {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo H$V©ì` Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr

YmaUm hmoVr.39 kmZà~moYZmgmR>r Xn©U ApñVËdmV Ambm hmoVm. bmoH${hVdmXr (gaXma Jmonmi

har Xoe_wI) `m§Zr bmoH$m§Mr "~¥hÎma {Oìhm' Agm Omo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm hmoVm, Ë`mbm nmÌ

R>amdo Ago Xn©U nÌ hmoVo.40 Xn©U nÌ gmám{hH$ hmoVo. AmO "d¥ÎmnÌ' `m g§koMm AW© XaamoO

gH$mir Kar oUmao, R>iH$ hoS>bmB©Z d S>oS>bmB©Z Agbobo N>mnrb, {d{dY nwadÊ`m AgUmao Am{U

H$mhr d¥ÎmnÌCÚmoJmVrb H§$nÝ`m§Zr gmIir (Amd¥Îmr) ñdê$nmV H$mT>bobo X¡{ZH$ nÌ åhUOo d¥ÎmnÌ

Agm KoVbm OmVmo. Xn©UnmgyZ Va Ho$gar-gwYmaH$m§n`ªV Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m

XeH$mV à{gÕ hmoD$ bmJboë`m ^mñH$a ~id§V ^monQ>H$am§À`m "^mbm'nÌmn ªV d¥ÎmnÌo `m g§koV

gmám{hH$ nÌm§MmM {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mdoiMr gd© d¥ÎmnÌo gmám{hH$M hmoVr.41 VgoM Vr

\$º$ d¥Îm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV ZìhVr. Vr gd© _VnÌo hmoVr. {Q>iH$m§À`m h`mVrV Ho$gar {Ûgmám{hH$

(17)

Pmbm. Ho$garbm X¡{ZH$mV ê$nm§V[aV H$aÊ`mg {Q>iH$ V`ma ZìhVo. {Q>iH$m§Z§VaMm Ho$gar X¡{ZH$ê$nmV

{ZKy bmJbm. bmoH$m§Zm gkmZ H$amdo, Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ h¸$m§Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z

Úmdr; amOH$Ë`mªÀ`m H$mZmda bmoH$m§Mr JmèhmUr Kmbmdr, Agm n{hë`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm {Ì{dY CÔoe

ñnï> {XgVmo. bmoH$m§Zm n[apñWVrMo kmZ XoD$Z {d{eï> àJ{VH$maH$ _Vm§Mm àgma AdVma hmoVm.42

Xn©U nÌ {ZKmbo Voìhm qhXy g_mOmbm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm n[aM` Pmbobm ZìhVm. _amR>r

d¥ÎmnÌ {ZKmbobo ZìhVo. Ym{_©H$ d amOH$s` ~m~VrV CXma {dMma àg¥V H$ê$Z Xoe~m§Ydm§Mr

gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm d d¥ÎmnÌm{df`r AmdS> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ho nÌ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo

hmoVo,Agohr åhQ>bo hmoVo. 43 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m àma§ rÀ`m H$mimVM {dYm`H$ d¥ÎmrMm ~mUoXma

g§nmXH$ bm^bm. Ë`mZ§Va MT>Ë`m loUrZo d¥ÎmnÌmV g§nmXH$s` na§nam {Z_m©U Pmbr. d¥ÎmnÌmMm

MmbH$ hmM g§nmXH$ Ago. d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌH$mam§Zr, g§nmXH$m§Zr bT>o {Xbo.

àg§J{deofr Vwé§Jdmghr nËH$abm Amho.

gwédmVrMr gmar d¥ÎmnÌo B§J«Or hmoVr d Ë`mMo ñdê$n Am§½b g_mOmgmR>r Mmb{dbobr

d¥ÎmnÌo Ago hmoVo. nwT>o A±½bmo-B§{S>`Z d¥ÎmnÌo åhUyZ Or AmoiIbr OmD$ bmJbr, Ë`mnojm `m

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm dmMH$dJ© A{YH$ _`m©{XV hmoVm. qhXwñWmZmV Mmb{dÊ`mV oV hmoVr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm

^maVr` åhUm`Mo, AÝ`Wm Vr B§½b§S>mVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr H$_r XOm©Mr Z¸$b hmoVr. qhXr OZVo~m~V,

`oWrb KS>m_moS>r§~m~V Ë`mV {deof H$mhr AmT>iV Zgo. `m_wio qhXr OZVoÀ`m AmH$m§jm§Mo

à{Vq~~ Ë`mV nS>Ê`mMm àíZM ZìhVm. Ago Agbo Var ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rMm nm`m Ë`m§À`mÛmam

KmVbm Jobm. {edm` `m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr qhXr d¥ÎmnÌm§gmR>r EH$ V`ma Z_wZm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm.

VgoM qhXwñWmZmV d¥ÎmnÌ OÝ_mbm Ambo VoM _wir amÁ`H$Ë`mª~m~V d Ë`m§À`m H$ma^mam~m~V

Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio. gmh{OH$M hr d¥ÎmnÌo gaH$mar H$ma^mamVrb Xmof, VgoM CƒnXñWm§Mm

«ï>mMma `mda ~oS>anUo Q>rH$m H$arV. AWm©V ì`pŠVJV qZXm, Hw$bJ§S>r `m§Zrhr hr d¥ÎmnÌo Xy{fV

Pmbobr hmoVr... B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm hm V`ma Z_wZm nwT>rb d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Am{U qhXr bmoH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$

R>abm.44

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌì`dgm` Y§ÚmÀ`m hoVyZo CX`mg Ambm Zmhr, Va Ü o dmXmÀ`m Vi_irVyZ

gmH$ma Pmbm. d¥ÎmnÌì`dgm` Y§Xm Zmhr, Y_© Amho `mM d¥ÎmrZo d¥ÎmnÌo OÝ_mbm Ambr...

AkmZmÀ`m, na§namJV ê$T>r§À`m, Y_m©Vrb A{Zï> MmbtÀ`m BË`m[X {d{dY A§Y:H$mamV gmnS>boë`m

Amnë`m Xoe~m§Ydm§Zm kmZmMm àH$me XmIdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm CX²>^d Pmbm. Ë`mgmR>r

(18)

nmümË` kmZmÀ`m àgmamMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. kmZàgmamgmR>r `m gwédmVrÀ`m Zd{e{jVm§Zr Oo

CnH«$_ Ama§{^bo, Ë`mn¡H$sM d¥ÎmnÌmMm CnH«$_ hmo .45 ~miemór Om§ oH$a, "à^mH$a'H$V} ^mD$

_hmOZ, B§XwàH$meMo {dîUwemór n§{S>V, ZoQ>rd Amo{n{Z`ZMo amdgmho~ {dœZmW Zmam`U ‘§S>{bH$,

_m_m na_mZ§X, Ý`m. _hmXod Jmoqd§X amZS>o, am_H¥$îU Jmonmi ^m§S>maH$a ho Zd{e{jVm§À`m {nT>rMoM

à{V{ZYr d¥ÎmnÌì`dgm`mMo ^aUnmofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>o Ambo.

_amR>rVrb Ama§ rMr d¥ÎmnÌo B§J«Or, _amR>r Agm _OHy$a XoV. Xn©UMm n{hbm A§H$ 6

OmZodmar 1832 amoOr à{gÕ Pmbm. ""`m XoemMo bmoH$m§V {dbm`Vr {dÚm§Mm Aä`mg dmT>mdm.

VoWrb kmZ à{gÕ ìhmdo, Ago ZmË`mZo `m dV©_mZnÌmMm CÚmoJ _w»`Ëdo Ama§{^bm Amho Iam; na§Vw

Á`mg B§J«Or ^mfm oVo Ë`mg _mÌ `mMm Cn`moJ Ago Z ìhmdo åhUmoZ `mo{Obo Amho H$s, EH$m ~mOyg

B§J«Or d EH$m ~mOyg _amR>r Agmdo, åhUOo Oo _amR>r _mÌ OmUVmV, Ë`m gdm©ghr `mMm Cn`moJ

hmoB©b.... _yi {df` Am{U ^mfm§Va g_moamg_moa N>mnbr OmVrb.''46 Ago n{hë`mM A§H$mV

~miemór Om§ oH$am§Zr ñnï> H$ê$Z B§J«Or _amR>rÀ`m "J§JmO_Zr'47 W>mQ>mZo Xn©U d Ë`mZ§VaMr H$mhr

d¥ÎmnÌo Mmbbr. ~hþOZ g_mOmbm kmZmÀ`m A§JmZo Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m {df`m§Mm Ib _amR>rV

H$amd`mMm Am{U amÁ`H$Ë`m§ªÀ`m H$mZmda Oo {df` Omdo Aer BÀN>m Agob Ë`m§À`mH$[aVm B§J«OrV

_OHy$a N>mnmd`mMm Agm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm àKmV hmoVm.48 kmZàH$meÀ`m Vm. 19 _mM© 1849 À`m

H$mJXmV (A§H$mV) dV©_mZnÌm§Zm gaH$mada Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo hmoVo,

""Omo gaH$maMo MmH$ar H$aVmo Ë`mMo dV©UwH$s{df`r N>mnUmao `m§Zr Oo g§ dob Vo {b{hÊ`mMm A{YH$ma

Amho, H$maU Omo gaH$maMm ZmoH$a Vmo bmoH$m§Mm MmH$a Am{U N>mnUmao bmoH$m§Mo S>moio AmhoV'', Ago

_V _m§Sy>Z "N>mnImZo gwYmaUoMo Ûma Amho' Agm {dûdmg àJQ> Ho bm Amho.49

2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ :2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ :2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ :2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ :2.4 d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ : _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n, Ü`o` - C[Ôï> ñnï>

H$am`bm _XV H$aVmV. d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm` ~§JmbnmR>monmR> _amR>rV AdVabm. ~§Jmb_Ü o "Xn©U'

AdVabo Va Ë`m§Mo ^md§S> _hmamï´>mV kmZ Am{U d¥Îm `m Xmohm|Mo H$m_ H$ê$ bmJbo. ~§Jmb_Ü o

"gmo_àH$me' OÝ_ nmdbm; Va _hmamï´>mV "B§XwàH$me' Ë`mMo ñ_aU XoD$ bmJbm. kmZmoX`,

kmZàH$me, gy m}X`, AéUmoX`, à^mH$a, Yy_Ho$Vw `m gd© Zmdm§Mm àH$me nwadÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oer

g§~§Y Amho. bmoH$m§Zm {eH$dyZ ehmUo H$aÊ`mMm ~mUm Agë`m_wio Ë`mMm ~moY hmoB©b Aer Zmdo

Ë`m§À`m dmQ>Urg Ambr. d¥VnÌm§À`m H$V©ì`mV bmoH$m§Mo Xmof MìhmQ>çmda _m§S>Ê`mMo H$V©ì` Amho

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d Ë`mMm g§Ho$V Xn©U `m Zmdm§Zr Jir CVaVmo, Ago Z. a. \$mQ>H$ åhUVmV.50 hr nÌo _mÌ

Am§½b{dÚm{d y[fV _Ü`_dJu` YwarUm§Mr hmoVr. ~hþg§»` d¥ÎmnÌH$ma ho ~«m÷U hmoVo. _. OmoVramd

\w$ë`m§Zr Oo XmoZM A§H$ à{gÕ Ho$bo Vo "gËgma' `m erf©H$mZo. ho erf©H$ `moOVmZm \w$bo gË`emoYH$

g_mO, gË`g_mO `mVrb "gV²>' ho nX CMbyZ Amnë`m nÌmMo erf©H$ `moOVmV. H¥$îUamd

^mboH$am§Mo nÌ "XrZ~§Yw' ZmdmZo XrZm§À`m H¡$dmamMo Ü o gm§JVo. OmJê$H$, OmJ¥Vr, {dO`r _amR>m,

VoO, XrZ{_Ì, amï´>dra, h§Q>a `m nÌm§À`m erf©H$m§Zr drad¥Îmr, OmJ¥Vr, ~§YwËd-{_ÌËd, eómMr

nyOm Ago ~hþOZH§o$Ðr ^md ì`º$ hmoVmV. ho gË`emoYH$, ~«m÷UoVa d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo d¡{eï>ç hmoVo. Va S>m°.

~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Amnë`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm _yH$Zm`H$, ~{hîH¥$V ^maV, OZVm, à~wÕ ^maV

Aer erf©H§$ XoD$Z X{bV, emo{fV, nr[S>V dJm©Mr nU à~wÕ ^maVmn ªV {dH${gV hmoV OmUmar

erf©Ho$ `moObr AmhoV. ~«m÷UoVa d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr Am{U X{bV d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr erf©Ho$ doJdoJir Ü o §, C{Ôï>o

Am{U {dMmaYmam ñnï> H$aUmar AmhoV. nwT>rb àH$aUmV ~«m÷UoVa nÌH$m[aVoMm {dMma Aä`mgH$

H$aUma Amho.

2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.5 Xn©UZ§VaMr d¥ÎmnÌo : ~miemór Om§ oH$am§Zr "Xn©U' nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo d _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ

ì`dgm`mMm nm`m KmVbm. na§Vw Xn©U nÌmV B§J«Or d _amR>r `m XmoÝhr ^mfoV _OHy$a oB©. {edm`

7/8 dfm©V ho nÌ ~§X nS>bo. `mZ§Va {ZKmbobo "_w§~B© AI~ma' ho e§ aQ> o$ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ hmoVo.

na§Vw hohr nÌ \$ma {Xdg {Q>H$bo Zmhr. {edm` Xn©UÀ`m _mZmZo "AI~mamMm' XOm© Oam H$_rM

hmoVm. _w§~B© AI~maÀ`m Z§Va gwê$ Pmbobo "à^mH$a' (1841) ho e§ aQ> o$ _amR>r nÌ hmoVo d ho

nÌ gw_mao 25 df} EdT>çm XrK© H$mbmdYrn ªV {Q>H$bo. {edm` à^mH$amV oUmam _OHy$a hm {d{dY

d {dMmaàdV©H$ Ago. `mÑï>rZo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m B[VhmgmV "à^mH$amMo ñWmZ d¡{eï>çnyU© Amho.

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm nm`m Xn©UH$Sy>Z KmVbm Jobm; Va nm`m ^¸$_ H$aÊ`mMr H$m_{Jar "à^mH$amZo'M

~Omdbr.'51 gwà{gÕ "bmoH${hVdmXr' (gaXma Jmonmiamd har Xoe_wI) `m§Mr "eVnÌo' àW_

à^mH$amVM à{gÕ Pmbr. eVnÌmVrb _m{_©H$ d _ybJ«mhr {ddoMZ AmOhr CX²>~moYH$ dmQ>Vo.

B§J«Or amOdQ>rda Q>rH$m "à^mH$amVM' àW_ gwê$ Pmbr.52 _mÌ nwÊ`mV eVnÌm§{df`r Mm§Jbo _V

Zgmdo Ago "k>mZàH$me'_Yrb CVmè`mdê$Z {XgVo Am{U bmoH$gwYmaUoMr arVr bmoH${hVdmXr

_ZmV AmUVmV Vo Zìho. Oa ~moY H$amd`mMm Agë`mg Mm§Jbo wº$sZo d _¥Xy ^mfUmZo d B©ídamg

ZOa R>odyZ ~mobbo nm{hOo. `mn¡H$s EH$hr JwU Ë`m§Mo {b{hÊ`mdê$Z Amåhmg {XgV Zmhr....

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Ë`mOdê$Z bmoH${hVdmXrg Jd© d {dMma {H$Vr Amho ho ghO Ü`mZmV oB©b.53 Ago "d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm

B{Vhmg' dmMVmZm ñnï> hmoVo. nwUo ho noedmB© g§ñH¥$VrMo H|$Ð Agë`mZo nwÊ`mMo _V ho nwamU_VdmXr

d na§namdmXr H|$ÐmH$S>o OmUmaoM Ago. Ë`mVyZM 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V nwÊ`mV gwYmaH$ -

XwYm©aH$m§‘Ü o boIUrÀ`m ghmæ`mZoM aU _mObo. eVnÌm§Mo _hÎd S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr

AmoiIbo Am{U Vr "~{hîH¥$V ^maVmVyZ' nwÝhm à{gÕ Ho$br.

_w§~B©g _amR>r nÌ {ZKyZ ~mam dfmªMm H$mi bmoQ>ë`mZ§Va nwÊ`mV kmZqgYwH$ma {daoída

gXm{ed N>Ìo `m§Zr "{_ÌmoX`' nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. nwÊ`mMo n{hbo nÌ åhUyZ "{_ÌmoX`'Mr Zm|X ¿`mdr

bmJVo. nwT>o 1849 gmbr "kmZàH$me' {ZKmbm. "kmZàH$me' nÌ gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Á`m _§S>itZm

dmQ>br Vr nwÊ`mMrM. Ë`m§Zr AmnUhÿZ nÌ H$mT>bo. ho ñWm{ZH$ OmJ¥VrMo bjU hmoVo. nwÊ`mV

"kmZàH$meZo d¥ÎmnÌmMr CUrd ^ê$Z H$mT>br. amÁ`H$ma^ma d bmoH$m§Zm {à` hmoUmao Zdo {dMma `m

XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMm H$gë`mhr A{^{Zdofmg ~ir Z nS>Vm g_VmobnUmZo nam_e© KoUmao ho d¥ÎmnÌ

Agë`m_wio Ë`m_wio bmoH$mV bdH$aM ào_ {Xgy bmJbo.'54 Ago Z. a.\$mQ>H$ `m§Zr kmZàH$meMo

ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. 1862 n ªV "kmZàH$me' {eim N>mnmda N>mnÊ`mV oV Ago. 1863 nmgyZ

Vmo Q>mB©nmda {ZKy bmJbm. 1853 nmgyZ "kmZàH$me' {ÛgmßVm{hH$ Pmë`mda "dmL²>_`, amOH$maU,

ì`mnma d dmVm© `m§Zm dm{hbobo {Ûgmám{hH$' Ago nÌmÀ`m ZmdmImbr N>mnÊ`mV oV Ago. 1870

bm Ý`m. _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o nwÊ`mV Ambo. 1890 n ªV amZS>o nwÊ`mV hmoVo. `m H$mimV "kmZàH$me'

n«m_w»`mZo Ë`m§À`m {dMmamMm dmhH$ ~Zbm. ZdrZ gw{e{jV g_mOmV CX²>^dboë`m gwYmaUm§Mm

nmR>nwamdm "kmZàH$memV' gwédmVrnmgyZM hmoB©. (gmYmaUV: 1874 nmgyZ -{Z~§Y_mboÀ`m

gwédmVrnmgyZ) amOH$maUmbm _hÎd Ambo, Var kmZàH$me Zo_ñV nwT>mè`m§À`mM hmVr hmoVm....

amOH$maUmÀ`m aUYw_mirV kmZàH$meZo Amnbr d¥ÎmnÌr` Zr{V_Îmm H$Yrhr gmoS>br Zmhr. EHo$H$mir

g_mOgwYmaUoMm {dMma Ohmb {dMmad§Vm§Zm _mÝ` ZgVmZm `m nÌmZo Ë`m {dMmam§Mm OmoamZo nwañH$ma

Ho$bm. amOH$maUmV Oar Ë`mZo Zo_ñV {dMma _m§S>bo. Var g_mOH$maUmV nwamoJm_r {dMmam§Mr Á`moV

Ë`mZo gVV VodV R>odbr.55 kmZàH$mebm 103 dfmªMo Am wî` bm^bo.

2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gÕ_©Xr{nH$m :2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gÕ_©Xr{nH$m :2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gÕ_©Xr{nH$m :2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gÕ_©Xr{nH$m :2.6 kmZmoX` Am{U CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar d gÕ_©Xr{nH$m : 1842 bm

{daoœa gXm{ed N>Ìo ‘m§Zr "kmZqgYw' nÌmMr gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`mMdfu Mma _{hÝ`mMo A§VamZo

"kmZmoX`' ho {¼ñVr Y_©àgmamgmR>r {ZKmbo. H$mbmZwH«$_o "kmZàH$me'À`m AmYr "kmZmoX`'

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{ZKmbo. `m nÌmMo ñdê$n Am{U Ñï>r Xn©U, à^mH$a, kmZàH$me `m§À`mnojm doJir hmoVr.

~miemór Om§ oH$a Am{U ^mD$ _hmOZ `m§Zr kmZàgmamgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌo H$mT>br. nU nmümË`m§À`m

nwT>mH$mamZo Y_©àgmamMo gmYZ åhUyZ "kmZmoX`'Mm CX` Pmbm. _w§~B© _mÜ`_mMo H|$Ð AgVmZm

nwÊ`mÀ`m AmYr Ah_XZJa oWyZ ho d¥ÎmnÌ {ZKmbo ho `m nÌmMo d¡{eï>ç gm§JVm oVo. kmZmoX`mÀ`m

d¥ÎmnÌr` H$m‘{JarMr à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ qhXy Y‘m©darb hëë`mMm à{VH$ma H$aUmar "CnXoeM§{ÐH$m'

(1844), "à~moY M§ÐmoX`' (1851), "{dMmabhar' (1852), "dV©_mZXr{nH$m' (1853),

"gÕ_©Xr{nH$m' (1855), "{ZË`gmag§J«h' (nyduMo Zmd kmZgmJa-1855), "X§ ghmaH$' (1871-

_m{gH$) Aer nÌo {ZKmbr. {¼ñVr Y_©n«gma d Ë`mMr à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ qhXy Y_m©À`m ~mOyZo

g§ajUmË_H$ à`ËZ Aem `m nÌm§À`m àoaUm hmoË`m.

"kmZmoX`' nÌ Ah_XZJaÀ`m A_o[aH$Z _amR>r {_eZÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr àW_ _m{gH$ åhUyZ

1842 gmbr gwê$ Ho$bo. n{hbo ghm A§H$ Ho$di _amR>rV {ZKmbo. nwT>o 1866 n ªV B§J«Or, _amR>r

boI Ë`mV AgV. emhþamd Hw$H$S>o g§nmXH$ AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$di _amR>rVM "kmZmoX`' H$mT>bm.

Z§Va Vmo nwÝhm B§J«Or, _amR>r Agm g§{_l ñdê$nmV {ZKy bmJbm. "aoìh. hoÝar ~°b§Q>mB©Z' ho

kmZmoX`mMo n{hbo g§nmXH$ hmoVo. gwédmVrbm _m{gH$ ñdê$nmV à{gÕ hmoUmao ho nÌ 1845 nmgyZ

nm{jH$ d 1873 nmgyZ gmám{hH$ Ago ~Xb kmZmoX`mV Pmbo. Ah_XZJa Z§Va _w§~B©VyZ

"kmZmoX`' à{gÕ hmoD$ bmJbm. nwÝhm Ah_XZJa Z§Va nwÝhm _§§w~B©V, Aer ñWbm§Vao `m XrKm© wfr

nÌmZo nm{hbr. _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUoÀ`m dmXmVrb EH$ ~bdmZ à{Vnjr d

Q>rH$mH$ma åhUyZ EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V "kmZmoX`m'bm _hÎd AgyZ, _hmamï´>mÀ`m

VËH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{VhmgmMo kmZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.56 gm_m{OH$

KS>m_moS>tMr d MiditMr _m{hVr "kmZmoX`' XoV Ago. {X. 1 OmZodmar 1856 À`m A§H$mV

Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r åhQ>bo Amho,

""bmoH$m§g Iao kmZ XmIdmdo, Iao H$m` Am{U ImoQ>o H$m` `mMm emoY H$gm H$amdm, ho

bmoH$m§g {eH$dmdo Am{U {deof H$ê$Z {¼ñVr Y_m©Mr à_mUo nwT>o AmUmdr Am{U bmoH$m§Mo bj

Ë`mOH$So> bmJy H$ê$Z Ë`m Y_m©à_mUo Mmbë`mZo {H$Vr H$ë`mU hmoB©b ho XmIdmdo.''57 Ah_XZJa

ho kmZmoX`mMo XrK©H$mi àH$meZñWi am{hbo. Ah_XZJa {OëhçmVrb X{bV g_mO \$ma _moR>çm

g§» oZo {¼ñVr Y_m©H$S>o AmoT>bm Jobm hmoVm. qhXy Y_m©darb Q>rH$m kmZmoX`mV oV Ago. qhXy

Y_m©darb {_eZè`m§À`m MT>mB©bm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r gZ 1844 _Ü o doXemóg§nÞ _moa^Q>

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Xm§S>oH$a `m§Zr "CnXoeM§{ÐH$m' _m{gH$ gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. OwÝ`m emór - n§[S>Vm§à_mUo B§J«Or

{ejUmMm bm^ {_imboë`m Zd{e{jVm§VyZhr {_eZè`m§À`m àMmambm Amda KmbÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo

H$mhr bmoH$ nwT>o gagmdbo. Ë`mV EH$ AmÚ _amR>r J«§WH$ma H¥$îUemór {MniyUH$a ho hmoVo. qhXy

Y_m©darb hëë`mZo Vohr AñdñW Pmbo. nwÊ`mVrb {dX²>dmZm§Zr Ë`m§À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbr

"{dMmabhar'Mm n{hbm A§H$ AmfmT> ewÕ nmo¡{U©_m eHo$ 1774 amoOr (1852) Jwédmar à{gÕ

Pmbm. nÌmMm "hoVy' nwT>rbà_mUo n{hë`m A§H$mV ñnï> Ho$bm hmoVm -

""gm§àV H$mir ñdmWu hoVyZo qhXy Y_m©Mo {_Ï`m dU©Z H$aUmar AZoH$ àH$maMr nwñVHo$ d

emim ñd^mfoV d ñdXoemV CËnÞ hmoD$Z qhXy Y_m©g ½bmZr AmUÊ`mH$[aVm B§p½be bmoH$ ^JraW

à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV d nXaMm n¡gm IM© H$ê$Z `m H$m_mda {_eZar åhUOo {H«$ñV Y_© gm§JUma

_Zwî` Zo_VmV, Ë`mOH$Sy>Z AZoH$ CÚmoJ Ë`m§Mo _Z àJQ> H$aÊ`mH$[aVm, d bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$ma

H$aÊ`mH$[aVm, Mmbbo AmhoV. Aem àg§Jr qhXy bmoH$mg `mo½` Amho H$s, gZmVZ Y_m©Mo g§ajU

hmoD$Z Ë`mg ~iH$Q>r `mdr, `m{df`r Omo à`ËZ C{MV Amho, Vmo Adí` H$amdm...''58 {dMmabhar

nÌ EH$ dfm©VM ~§X nS>bo. {dMmabharMr {dMmana§nam nwT>o Mmb{dUmao Am{U {¼ñVr Y_©àgmambm

Amda KmbÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B©V {ZKmbobo nÌ åhUOo ~mny gXm{ed eoQ> `m§Mo "gÕ_©Xr{nH$m' ho hmo .

ho nm{jH$ qhXyY_m©Mm nj CMbyZ Yê$Z "[¼ñVr_V-V_m'Mm Zme H$aÊ`mgmR>r OÝ_mbm Ambo.

`m nÌmMm n{hbm A§H$ lmdU ewÕ 11 Jwédma eHo$ 1777 (1855) amoOr à{gÕ Pmbm. ""qhXy

bmoH$mg Y_©VÎd H$imdo d {¼ñVrY_u Oo nmÐr `m§Mo Y_m©Mm nmoH$inUm Ë`m§À`m Ü`mZmV AmUyZ

Úmdm `m hoVyZo Xa EH$mXerMo gw_mamg åhUOo _{hÝ`mVyZ XmoZ doim ho H$mT>Ê`mMm CÔoe YmaU Ho$bm

Amho.'' Agm hoVy n{hë`m A§H$mÀ`m àmñVm{dH$mV {Xbm hmoVm.59 {¼ñVr Y_©àgmambm {damoY d

{h§Xy Y_m©Mo g_W©Z H$aUmar {Z`VH$m{bHo$ `mM H$mimV AÝ`Ìhr {ZKmbobr {XgVmV. OyZ 1854

_Ü o OZmX©Z har AmR>ë o `m§Mo aËZm{JarhÿZ "OJpÝ_Ì' gwê$ Pmbo. 1851 gmbr "à~moY M§ÐmoX`'

`mM hoVyZo {ZKmbo. 10 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1871 amoOr "X§ ghmaH$' _m{gH$ gwê$ Pmbo.

"kmZmoX`' nÌmZo àW_nmgyZ _amR>r ^mfoV à{gÕ hmoUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm d dmL²>_`mMm

nam_e© KoVbm Amho. AWm©V {¼ñVr _V I§S>UmW© à{gÕ Pmboë`m CnXoeM§{ÐH$m, {dMmabhar,

Am{U gÕ_©Xr{nH$m `m§Mr XIb ^m. n. {hdmio `m§Zr "kmZmoX`mMr n{hbr e§^a df}' `m

g§nmXZmV nwT>rbà_mUo KoVbr Amho -

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""H$moUr Xwam{^_mZr qhXy Am{U H$moUr ZmpñVH$ _V YaUmao _Zwî` _amR>r H$mJX Mmb{dV

hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m {¼ñVrY_m©À`m qZXoMm ImoQ>onUm XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r kmZmoX` n{hë`mZo Mmb{dbm....

kmZqgYw BË`m{XH$ qhXyY_©nam`U Xwam{^_mZr dV©_mZ H$mJXmMo H$V} {¼ñVrY_m©Mr _moR>r hobZm

H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo I§S>Z H$aÊ`mg PQ>V hmoVo. Ë`màg§Jr CnXoeM§{ÐH$mhr {ZKy bmJbr. Vr Va {dMmabhar

Am{U gÕ_©Xr{nH$m `m§Mr IamoIar nwT>marU hmoVr.''

gZ 1852 `mV qhXyY_m©Mo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m {_gmZo na§Vw dmñV{dH$ åhQ>bo Va ZmpñVH$

_V Mmb{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H$moUr [dMmabhar H$mT>rbr. Voìhm kmZmoX` bmJbrM {Vgr g§J«m_mW©

C^m am{hbm.60 kmZmoX`mÀ`m ñdê$nmda d y{_Ho$da `mVyZ àH$me nS>Vmo. Ë`mMà_mUo à{Vnjmda

VwQy>Z nS>VmZm kmZmoX` J«må` ^mfoMm AmYma KoV Zmhr. gÕ_©Xr{nHo${df`r 15 gßQ>|~a 1855 Mm

kmZmoX` åhUVmo, ""...nwñVH$mVrb {b{hÊ`mMr MmbMbUyH$ d hbH$Q> eãXm§Mr {_gi dJ¡ao

nmhVm nmoº$ {XgV Zmhr.... h„r gÕ_©Xr{nHo$Mm H$Vm© nmÐr bmoH$mg dmX H$aÊ`m{df`r Am_§ÌU

XoVmZmM J«må` ^mfUmMm _mgbm XmI{dVmo.''61

kmZmoX`mVyZ {¼ñVr _VàgmamMo à`ËZ hmoV AgVmZm Y_m©darb hëë`mMm à{VamoY H$aUmar

nÌohr {ZKmbr. kmZmoX` XrKm©`wfr R>abm. AmOhr kmZmoX` _m{gH$ ê$nmV à{gÓ hmoV Amho.

qhXyY_© g_W©ZmW© {ZKmbobr nÌo _mÌ Aënm wfr R>abr Am{U kmZmoX`mMo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m

CÎmamYm©Vrb VoO _mdibo Amho. ghm {_eZH$Sy>Z kmZmoX` Mmb{dbm OmV Agbm Var Ë`mMo

Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m © g§nbo Amho.

2.7 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU - kmZàgmamH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm§H$S>o :2.7 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU - kmZàgmamH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm§H$S>o :2.7 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU - kmZàgmamH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm§H$S>o :2.7 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU - kmZàgmamH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm§H$S>o :2.7 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo Zdo diU - kmZàgmamH$Sy>Z gwYmaUm§H$S>o : _amR>r

d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m Vrg dfmªV kmZàgma Am{U {¼ñVr Y_©àgma d Ë`mMr à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ

qhXyY_m©Mo ~mOyZo Pmbobo g§ajUmË‘H$ à`ËZ `m XmoZ àoaUm {XgyZ oVmV. 1840 Vo 1861 `m drg

dfm©V qhXy g_mOaMZoV hOmamo dfm©À`m na§naoZo ÑT>Ëd nmdbobr d g_mOmÀ`m Z¡{VH$ Amamo½`mMm

\$Þm CS>{dUmar AZoH$ ~m§S>Jwio B§J«O amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr N>mQy>Z H$mT>br hmoVr. 1850 gmbr Y_mªVa

H$aUmam§Zm d{S>bm{O©V BñQ>oQ>rMo ^mJrXma ~Z{dUmam H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1856 gmbr

{dYdm{ddmhmMm H$m`Xm Pmbm. Ë`mAmYr gVrgma»`m amZQ>r MmbtZm H$m`ÚmZo Amim KmbÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Pmbm hmoVm. 1853 gmbmnmgyZ aoëdo gwê$ Pmbr Am{U Om{V oXmÀ`m q^VrZm Y o$ ~gy

bmJbo. Om{V^oXmgma»`m ~m~VrV aoëdoM Iar gwYmaH$ ~Zbr. 1857 gmbr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr

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ñWmnZm Pmbr Am{U 1860 gmbr B§{S>`Z nrZb H$moSm>bm nŠŠ`m H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n XoÊ`mV

Ambo.62 1861 bm H$m¡pÝgbo ApñVËdmV Ambr. Ë`m§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mg d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm AdH$me

{Z_m©U Pmbm. d¥ÎmnÌmMo ñdê$n àW_ kmZàgmamMo d nwT>o hiyhiy gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` àíZm§H$S>o

diy bmJbo. amOH$s` Ohmb àd¥ÎmrÀ`m amï´>>dmXr nÌm§Mr MMm© Aä`mgH$ nwT>rb ^mJmV H$aUma

Amho. Amnë`m CÞVrgmR>r Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o, am_H¥$îU Jmonmi ^m§S>maH$a `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ d

Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr JaO à{VnmXZ H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. gaXma Jmonmi har Xoe_wI

D$\©$ bmoH${hVdmXr _w§~B©V Amë`mda 1862 _Ü o _w§~B©VyZ "B§Xwn«H$me' nÌmMr gwédmV Pmbr.

B§XwwàH$mebm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm d Ë`mV {dYdm {ddmhmgma»`m àíZm§Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmam I§Xm

gwYmaH$ g§nmXH$ bm^bm. AmJaH$am§À`m "gwYmaH$m'AmYr gw_mao drg dfo© (1869-70)

{dîUwemór n§{S>Vm§Zr gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mo aUqeJ \w§$H$bo hmoVo. {dîUwemñÍmtZr Amnë`m g§nmXH$s`

H$ma{H$XuV {dYdm {ddmhmÀ`m nwañH$mamgmR>r àm_w»`mZo boIZ Ho$bo. {ó`m§À`m ~mb{ddmh,

Ho$ednZ, OaR>Hw$_mar {ddmh, {ejU dJ¡oao AZoH$ àíZm§Mr gm§Jmonm§J MMm© B§XwàH$memVyZ Ë`m§Zr

Ho$br. {dîUwemñÌtÀ`m {bImUmV Aä`mg d Amdoe `m§Mm AmT>i hmoV Ago. {dîUwemñÍmtMm

{deof ~mob~mbm 1870 ‘Ü o nwZ{d©dmhmda Pmboë`m dmX{ddmXm§_wio Pmbm. hm dmX e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m

g‘moa nwÊ`mV Pmbm. nwZ{d©dmhmoÎmoOH$ OÝ_ njmMo nmM, gZmVÝ`m§Mo nmM, Am{U gan§M EH$

Aem AH$am n§Mm§g_moa hm dmX{ddmX ZD$ {Xdg Mmbbm hmoVm. nwZ{d©dmhmoÎmoOH$ njmMo nwT>marnU

{dîUwemór n§{S>Vm§H$S>o hmoVo d gZmVÝ`m§Mo à_wIËd Ë`m§Mo Jwê$~§Yy Zmam`UmMm © JO|ÐJS>H$am§H$S>o

hmoVo. `m dmX{ddmXmV nwZ{d©dmhmoÎmoOH$ njm§Mm nam^d Pmbm. na§Vw n§{S>Vm§Zr Amnbr ~mOy

_m§S>VmZm XmI{dbobr dmX{ddmXnQy>>Vm d {dX²>dÎmm àe§gZr` hmoVr. n§{S>Vm§Mo gwYmaUmào_ ~mobKodS>o

ZìhVo. Amnë`m VÎd{Zð>oMm "àg§J' oVmM, ñdV: nwZ{d©dmh H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr {Xbm.63 "B§XwàH$me'

1862 nmgyZ 1924 n ªV Agm XrK©H$mi Mmby am{hbm. 1902 nmgyZ Vmo "X¡{ZH$' ñdê$nmVhr

{ZKy bmJbm. bmoH${hVdmXr, amZS>o, Vob§J, `m§À`m boIZ-ghmæ`mZo Joë`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarn ªV

(19 do eVH$) B§XwàH$meMm bm¡{H$H$ EH$ dOZXma d¥ÎmnÌ `m ZmË`mZo H$m`_ Agë`mMo àm. Z.

a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.64

"B§XwàH$me' {ZKmë`mZ§Va amdgmho~ {dœZmW Zmam`U _§S>[bH$ `m§Zr "Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z'

`m ZmdmMo EH$ gmám{hH$ nÌ gZ 1964 À`m Ama§^mnmgyZ H$mT>bo. "Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z'

gwédmVrg \$º$ B§J«OrV {ZKV Ago. na§Vw XmoZ dfm©Z§Va "ho nÌ KoD$Z dmMmdo' Aer Ho$di _amR>r

(25)

OmUUmè`mg Pmbobr BÀN>m nwar H$aÊ`mgmR>r nÌmV _amR>r _OHy$a XoÊ`mV oD$ bmJbm. Zo{Q>d

Amo{n{Z`ZÀ`m g§nmXZmMr O~m~Xmar "B§XwàH$me'Mr B§J«Or ~mOy H$mhr H$mi gm§ miUmao Zmam`U

_hmXod D$\©$ _m_m na_mZ§X m§À`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. maXñVnUm, nmoº$nUm, g§ m{dVnUm

ho JwU `m nÌmÀ`m _OHw$amV hmoVo. Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z nÌmMm CÔoe, ""amJmZo H$moU AmR>r KmbrV

Amho. AWdm bmo mZo H$moUmÀ`m Mohè`mda hmñ`mMr N>Q>m {Xgy bmJbr Amho. BH$S>o bj Z XoVm

amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ {df`mda Zo{Q>dm§Mr ñdV§Ì _Vo à{gÕ H$amd`mMr'' hm hmoVm. åhUyZ

nÌmbm Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z ho Zm_m{^YmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. na§Vw Ë`mda "gaH$mamg ghmæ` H$aÊ`mMm'

MmbH$m§Mm hoVy hmoVm. 65 {dîUyemór n§{S>Vm§Zr {dYdm{ddmhmMm d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm nwañH$ma

Ho$ë`mZo B§XwàH$meMm ~mob~mbm gd©Ì Pmbm. dJ©UrXma dmT>bo. amdgmho~ B§XwàH$meÀ`m gm_m{OH$

gwYmaUm§er gh_V ZìhVo. amdgmho~ _§S>{bH$m§Mm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§nojm B{VhmgmMm A{^_mZ

OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mda ^a hmoVm. Ë`m_wio nÌmMm dmMH$dJ©hr _`m©{XV am{hbm. Zo_ñVd¥ÎmrÀ`m `m nÌmMo

g§nmXH$ _m_m na_mZ§X `m§Mr boIZe¡br gw~moY, MQ>H$Xma d _m{_©H$ Ago {ddoMZ nÕVrV

OmoaXmanUm, {ZpíMVnUm d maXñVnUm Dignity Ago. "B§XwàH$me' à_mUo "Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z'Mm

`m H$mimVrb EH$ n«_wI nÌ åhUyZ C„oI H$aVm oVmo. amdgmho~ _§S>{bH$ d _m_m na_mZ§X

`m§À`m_wio Ë`mMm ~mob~mbmhr nwîH$i Pmbm. ^maXñVnUm d Cƒ {dMma `m§_wio nÌmMr nmVirhr

Cƒ am{hbr. Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`ZÀ`m nmR>rer JmT> {dX²>dÎmm, ñdV§Ì ~mUm d g_mOgodoMr Vrd«

H$iH$i hmoVr. `m_wio Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z nÌ à{Vð>m nmdbo. Var 1885 Vo 1888 `m Mma dfm©À`m

H$mimV JmOboë`m "aI_m~mB©' IQ>ë`mV "Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z'Zo gZmVZr ~mOyMmM nwañH$ma Ho$bm.

amOH$s` d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m EoZ XS>nemhrÀ`m H$mimV gZ 1908 _Ü o `m nÌmZo "am_' åhQ>bo. Ho$di

kmZXmZ d Y_©g§ajU hm {dMma ~mOybm nSy>Z amOH$maU d g_mOH$maU hr d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr à_wI A§Jo

Pmë`mMo `m nÌmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrZ§Va ñnï> hmoVo.

2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.8 g‘mOà~moYZmÀ`m Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo : amOm am__mohZ am° `m§Zr ~§Jmb_Ü o

"~«mh²‘mog_mO' ñWmnZ Ho$bm. `m g_mOmMm Y_©gwYmaUm d g_mOgwYmaUm `mg§X^m©V à^md

nS>bm. VËnydr© XmXmo~m nm§Sw>a§J `m§Zr 1849 _Ü o "na_h§g g^m' ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. Om[V oXmMm

{dÜd§g, _y{V©nyOoÀ`m àKmVmMm CÀN>oX, [dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmbm CÎmoOZ, ór {ejUmbm _hÎd Ago

na_h§g g^oMo CÔoe hmoVo. `m Jwá _§S>ir§Mm ~mo^mQ>m hmoVmM g^oMo H$m_ ~maJibo. _mÌ

(26)

Zd{dÚm{d y{fV n{hë`m {nT>rÀ`m nXdrYam§Zr {d{dY Y_© d g_mOgwYmaUm MiditZm hmV

KmVbm. _hmamï´>mV Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o, S>m°. am. Jmo. ^m§S>maH$a `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo "àmW©Zm

g_mOmMr' ñWmnZm \$mëJwZ dÚ 11 (nmn_moMZr EH$mXer) eHo$ 1788, a{ddma Vm. 31 _mho

_mM© 1867 amoOr hmoD$Z B©ídamonmgZog gwédmV Pmbr. "B§XwàH$me' ho àmW©Zm g_mOmMo ì`mgnrR>

hmoVo. 66 àmW©Zm g_mOmMo e§^a df© Mmbbobo nÌ åhUOo "gw~moYn{ÌH$m' hmo`. (1873 Vo

1973). Ë`mZ§Va _. OmoVramd \w$ë`m§Zr "gË`emoYH$ g_mO' 1873 _Ü`o ñWmnZ Ho$bm.

1917-18 À`m "‘m±Q>o½ y-Moåg\$S>©' gwYmaUm§Mr KmofUm Pmë`mda ~«m÷UoVa Midi C^r am{hbr.

gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZohr d¥ÎmnÌ `m _mÜ`_mMm àMma - àgmamgmR>r Cn`moJ H$ê$Z eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m,

~hþOZm§À`m àíZmbm hmV KmVbm hmoVm. (Aä`mgH$ nwT>rb àH$aUmV Ë`mMr {dñVmamZo MMm©

H$aUma Amho.) ñdm_r X`mZ§Xm§Zr 1875 _Ü`o "Am`© g_mOm'Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ym{_©H$ d

gm_m{OH$ n«~moYZmMm e§IÜdZr _w§~B©VM \w§$H$bm hmoVm. `m gd© g_mOm§Mm _hmamï´>mÀ`m à~moYZmV

d bmoH$MidirV _hÎdmMm dmQ>m hmoVm. Amnë`m JaOoZwgma "d¥ÎmnÌ' _mÜ`‘m§§Mm `m Midi§tZr

Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.

"gw~moYn{ÌH$m' ho àmW©Zm g_mOmMo _wInÌ. Ë`mMm n{hbm A§H$ 4 _o 1873 amoOr à{gÕ

Pmbm. _Zmda d {dMmam§da AmKmV H$aÊ`mEodOr JmoS>rJwbm~rZo {dMmam§Zm MmbZm Úmd`mMr d

Ë`mÛmam Eo{hH$ d nma_m{W©H$ OrdZ Cƒ nmVirda Ý`md`mMo Agm àmW©Zm g_mOmMm à`ËZ

hmoVm. "gw~moYn{ÌHo$'VyZ hoM H$m © gmYmd`mMo hmoVo.... gw~moYn{ÌHo$V AZoH$ {df`mda {Z^uS>

_VàXe©Z H$aÊ`mV oV Ago. ór{ejU, Cƒ{ejU, Zr{V{df`H$ MMm©, amOH$s` Midi,

{Za{Zamiçm àg§JmnmgyZ ¿`md`mMo YS>o, Aem ZmZm {df`m§da ñnï> {dMma _m§S>Ê`mV Amë`mMo

AmT>iVo.67 _m_m na_mZ§XmZr Amnbo gd© boIZ gw~moYn{ÌHo$VM Am wî`mÀ`m AIoan ªV Ho$bo.

ÛmaH$mZmW JmoqdX d¡Ú `m§Zrhr XrK©H$mi gw~moYn{ÌHo$Mo g§nmXZ d boIZ Ho$bo. S>m°. am. Jmo.

^m§S>maH$a, Ý`m. H$m{eZmW ̧~H$ Vob§J, Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o, am_^mD$ _mS>JmdH$a, e§H$a nm§Sw>a§J

n§{S>V, Ý`m. Zmam`U JUoe M§XmdaH$a B. Zm_d§Vm§À`m à^mdr boIUrZo gw~moYn{ÌHo$bm yf{dbo.

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb boIH$m§V _hfu {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo, dg§V Zmam`U ZmB©H$, àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$,

S>m°. J. `. {MQ>Urg hmoVo. gw~moYn{ÌH$m {d{eï> VÎdm§Mm d AmMmam§Mm àgma H$aUmao nÌ Agë`mZo

Ë`mV d¥Îmmbm _hÎd Zgo. hm g_mO _yR>^a bmoH$m§Mm hmoVm. {dÇ>b am_Or qeÚm§Zr àmW©Zm g_mOmMo

H$m © _moR>çm {OÔrZo Ho$bo. Var ~hþOZm§Zm AmH${f©V H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr. AÀ wVamd H$moëhQ>H$a

(27)

åhUVmV, "`m g_mOmbm OZVobm IwbdVm Ambo Zmhr. gË`emoYH$ Obembm Xhm hOma O_m`Mo.

nU àmW©Zm g_mOmÀ`m dmT>{Xdgmbm nÞmghr `m`Mo Zmhr.'68 gw~moYn{ÌH$m XrK©H$mi Mmbbr

Agbr Var {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb doJdmZ Midir_Ü o {VMo ñWmZ àH$m{eV hmoÊ`mnwaVoM hmoVo.

2.9 ì`§J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.9 ì`§J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.9 ì`§J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.9 ì`§J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.9 ì`§J ({MÌ) nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar : R>mUo ho _w§~B©À`m ZOrH$ Agbo Am{U 1853

nmgyZ _§w~B© - R>mUo aoëdo gwê$ Pmbr Agbr Var R>mÊ`mV 1866 n ªV d¥ÎmnÌ {ZKmbo ZìhVo. _w§~B©V

d¥ÎmnÌmMr gwédmV Pmë`mZ§Va OdiOdi Mm¡Vrg dfmªZ§Va R>mÊ`mV Á`mbm n{hbo d¥ÎmnÌ åhUVm

oB©b Vo "AéUmoX`' nÌ H$m{eZmW {dîUy \$S>Ho$ m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bo. "AéUmoX`'Mo g§nmXH$ aKwZmWemór

hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ ñdV: \$S>Ho$ g§nmXH$ Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`m§Mo {Ma§Ord Ym|S>mo H$m{eZmW

\$S>Ho$ ho g§nmXH$ Pmbo. `m nÌmZo Ho$gar-_amR>m na§naoÀ`m Ohmb amOH$s` {dMmam§Mm n§W Yabm.

H$moëhmnyaMo ~d} {XdmU `m§Zr "Ho$gar-_amR>çm'da Omo ~oA~«yMm IQ>bm ^abm hmoVm. Ë`m àH$aUmV

"AéUmoX`'nÌhr gmnS>bo hmoVo. 69 "AéUmoX`' nÌ {ZKmbo Voìhm _wÐUmMm Vgm ~amM àgma

Pmbobm hmoVm, Varhr Ang_O g§nbobo ZìhVo. N>mnÊ`mÀ`m emB©V Ma~r dmnabr OmVo. Aem

g_OwVr_wio N>mnbobo Ym{_©H$ J«§W AewÕ g_Obo OmV. `m g_OwVr_wio gmodiçmZo dmMÊ`mH$[aVm

"lr JwéM[aÌmMr nmoWr' V`ma Ho$ë`mMr Om{hamV {X. 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 À`m A§H$mV gmnS>Vo.

AéUmoX`Zo {R>H${R>H$mUr ~mV_rXma Zo_bo hmoVo. Zì`m dfm©À`m n{hë`m A§H$mV _mJrb A§H$mVrb

boIH$m§Mr AmÚmjamZwgma `mXr XoÊ`mV oV Ago.

"AéUmoX`'Z§Va R>mÊ`mVM {ZKmbobo d¥ÎmnÌ åhUOo "gy m}X`' ho nÌ Jmonmi JmoqdX Xm~H$

`m§Zr 1867 _Ü o gwê$ Ho$bo. _mÌ "gy m©}X`' nÌmMo H$V} Jmonmi JmoqdX Xm~H$ `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobo

"qhXwn§M' ho ì §J{MÌ gmám{hH$ Amnë`m doJiçm d¡{eï>çm_wio JmObo. ho nÌ 1872 _Ü o gwê$

Pmbo. qhXwn§M Zmdmdê$Z ho nÌ "n§M' (Punch) `m B§J«Or ì §J{MÌ gmám{hH$mbm g_moa R>odyZ

gwê$ Ho$bo Agmdo, Ago {XgVo. "{h§Xwn§Mm'Z§Va ì`§J{MÌ ñdê$nmMr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ {ZKmë`mMo

AmT>iVo. "n§M' ho Zmd "n§{MZo„mo (Punchinello) `m Zmdmdê$Z Ambobo Amho. n§{MZo„mo ho

BQ>brVrb bmoH${à` Agboë`m H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m IoimVrb à_wI nmÌmMo Zmd hmoVo. Vmo gmam

Ioi hmñ`moËnmXH$ hmoVm. n§{MZo„mo ho Zmdhr Zonëg ~mOmamV H$m|~S>rMr {n„o (npëgZog Pulcinelle)

{dH$m`bm AmUUmè`m gVamì`m eVH$mVrb EH$m eoVH$è`mbm bmoH$m§Zr J§_VrZo {Xbobo hmoVo.

Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`mMo nmÌ H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m hmñ`moËnmXH$ IoimV ZmMdbo OmD$ bmJbo d

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Ë`m eãXmbm hmñ`moËnmXH$ AW© àmá Pmbm. hm Ioi B§½b§S>_Ü ohr bmoH${à` Agë`mZo, "n§M'gma»`m

hmñ` {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mZo bmoH$m§V {à` AgUmao Zmd YmaU Ho$bo Ago {XgVo....

qhXwñWmZmV B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m AZwH$aUmZo àW_ Oer B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌo {ZKmbr; Ë`mà_mUoM

qhXwñWmZmVrb n{hbo ì §J{MÌ - nÌ B§J«Or ^mfoVM hmoVo. `m nÌmMo Zmd "B§{S>`Z n§M' (The

Indian Punch) Ago hmoVo.70 Ë`mZ§Va _amR>rV "qhXwn§M' AdVabo. CXy©V bIZm¡ oWyZ "AdY

n§M' {ZKmbo. "AdY n§M'_Ü o ì §J{MÌo H$mT>Umam "em¡H$' ho Aa~r Q>monU Zmd YmaU H$aUmam

J§Jmghm` ZmdmMm EH$ qhXy {MÌH$ma hmoVm. nwT>o "{X„r n§M', "n§Om~ n§M' Aer XmoZ nÌo bmhmoa

oWo {ZKmbr. _w§~B©À`m "[h§Xr n§M' `m A±½bmo JwOamVr ì §J{MÌ gmám{hH$mZo ho joÌ JmO{dbo.

_amR>rV "qhXwn§M' 1872 nmgyZ 1892 n ªV Xm~H$m§Zr Mmb{dbo. Ë`mZ§Va Amnbr nÌo Xm~H$m§Zr

JUoe H¥$îU ehmUo d AmnmOr Jmonmi Jwáo `m§À`mH$S>o {Xbr. Ë`mZ§Va "AéUmoX`' nÌmMo g§ñWmnH$

H$m{eZmW {dîUy \$S>Ho$ `m§Mo Xwgao {Ma§Ord H¥$îUmOr H$m{eZmW D$\©$ VmË`m \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr Mmbdm`bm

KoVbo. VmË`m \$S>Ho$ g§nmXH$ Pmë`mda "qhXwn§MMm' bm¡[H$H$ gd©Xya Pmbm. Vmo {Q>iH$m§À`m

amOH$maUmMm ^a^amQ>rMm H$mi hmoVm. Zo_ñV {dMmam§Mr Q>dmir hmoV hmoVr. Zm. Jmonmi H¥$îU

JmoIbo ho Zo_ñVmJ«Ur qhXwn§MmMo bj Pmbo hmoVo. Zm. JmoIë`m§Zr {\$`m©X {Xë`m_wio "n§M-

AOmo~m§'Mm g§gma gaH$maÀ`m amofmbm ~ir nSy>Z AmQ>monbm. `m nÌm~m~V {d. X. KmQ>o åhUVmV,

"Ë`mdoir "qhXwn§M' ZmdmMo EH$ {dZmoXr nÌ {ZKV Ago. Ë`mVrb {dZmoX åhUOo ewÕ Q>dmir,

Cnhmg, ZmbñVr Ago... qhXwn§MmV JmoIbo, {\$amoOehm _ohVm, dmÀN>m, ^m§S>maH$a, M§XmdaH$a,

XmOr Am~mOr Iao BË`m[X Zo_ñVm§Mr d gwYmaH$m§Mr ì`§J{MÌo `oV AgV. XmOr Am~mOtZm

n§MAOmo~m "XmOm`-A~Om`' åhUV. JmoIbo gyZ~mB©, _oWm gmgy~mB©, _oWm§À`m hmVmV _moR>o

bmQ>Uo Agm`Mo. {edm` Ë`m ^aKmod XmT>r{_em Am{U S>moH$sdê$Z bwJS>çmMm nXa... n§M

AmOmo~m§Mr JmoIë`m§da {deof _oha~mZr Ago. Vo JmoIë`m§Zm H$Yr JmT>d ~Z{dV, H$Yr _aVwH$S>o

VÅz>, H$Yr JmoIë`m§Mm nmonQ> ~ZdyZ Vo {dbm`Vobm CSy>Z OmV AmhoV Ago XmIdrV. amJ

JmoIë`m§daM OmñV... Ë`mdoiÀ`m nwÊ`mZo IamoIaM JmoIë`m§Zm _mUgmVyZ CR>dbo hmoVo. JmoIë`m§Zm

bH$S>r nwbmnbrH$So _mZ ZìhVm, ñWmZ ZìhVo. n§M AmOmo~m d Ë`m§À`m JmoQ>mVrb {eboXma,

~maJra \$Îmo Pmbo ! b§S>Z_Yrb "n§Mm'gmaIm Iw~rXma ~mo¡{ÕH$ {dZmoX H$aÊ`mBVH$s A¸$b

Hw$UmOdi ZìhVr. Á`mÀ`m~Ôb {dZmoX Ho$bm Ë`mbmhr Vmo dmMyZ J§_V dmQ>mdr BVH$m IoimSy>nUm

H$moUmV ZìhVm.'71

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qhXwn§MmZ§Va _amR>rV ì §J{MÌ ñdê$nmMr {dZmoX, {d{já, "H$Q>mj', A_mdñ`m, nmo¡{U©_obm

à{gÕ hmoUmao " yV', VmË`m \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobo "{dXyfH$' Aer d¥Îmņ {ZKmbr. AmOMo ~mi

Ho$ed R>mH$ao `m§Mo "_m{_©H$' `mM na§naoVbo ì §J{MÌ gmám{hH$ R>aVo. qhXwn§MmZo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§_Ü o

Zì`m d¡{eï>çmZo Zmd Jm|XdyZ R>odbo ho Ë`mMo {deof hmo .

`mM H$mimV {H$aU (1877), XrZ~§Yw (1877) Am[X d¥Îmņ à{gÕ Pmbr. "{H$aU'

nÌmMo H$V} _mYd ~„mi Zm_Omoer "Ho$gar-_amR>m' À`m CËnmXH$mV hmoVo. "XrZ~§Yw'nmgyZ gË`emoYH$,

~«m÷UoÎma nÌm§Mr nÌH$m[aVm gwê$ hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`mMr MMm© nwT>rb àH$aUmV Ho$br Amho. _amR>r

^m{fH$ àXoemV, {OëhmñVamda AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo {ZKmbr. g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n nhmV

AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm {dMma à~§Yê$nmV VnerbmZo _m§S>Uo eŠ` Zmhr.

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌo _amR>r ^m{fH$ àXoemV {ZKmbr Var Ë`m§Mr g§»`m \$ma _moR>r hmoVr, Ago

Zmhr. AZoH$ nÌo AënOrdr R>abr; Var ZdrZ nÌ H$mT>Ê`mMm CËgmh H$_r Pmbm Zmhr. {eim

N>mnm~amo~aM Q>mB©nmda ~arM nÌo {ZKy bmJbr hmoVr. ~hþVoH$ nÌo gmám{hH$ hmoVr. ¹${MV H$mhr

nÌo nm{jH$ hmoVr. X¡{ZH$m§Mm àma§ Pmbobm ZìhVm. {MÌm§Mm dmna OdiOdi ZìhVm. N>nmB©V

g\$mB© ZìhVr. Amo~S>Ymo~S>nUmM A{YH$ Ago. _OHw$amÀ`m _m§S>UrV `moOH$Vm d H$ënH$Vm

ZìhVr. ~hþVoH$ nÌo _amR>r~amo~a B§J«Or _OHy$a XoV. VËH$mbrZ d¥ÎmnÌo hr _VnÌo Agë`mZo d¥Îmmbm

ñWmZ ZìhVo. "dV©_mZgma' XoÊ`mV oV Ago. Ë`mgmR>r B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ ho gma CVê$Z KoÊ`mV oV

Ago. Zo_UwH$m, ~Xë`m BË`m[X _OHy$a gd© nÌmV Ago. "dmMH$m§Mm nÌì`dhma' hm ^mJ _mÌ

g§nÞ Ago. nwñVH$mda A{^àm` XoÊ`mMr nÕV àW_nmgyZ AmT>iVo.

kmZàgmamMo Ü o AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Amnë`mnwT>o R>odbobo Agbo, Var àË`j ì`dhmamV

kmZàgmamMm AW© gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥Vr d Z§Va g_mO-gwYmaUm d amOH$maU `m§Mm nwañH$ma Agm

Pmbm.... kmZmZo OmJ¥V Pmbobr ~wÕr g_mOmVrb KS>m_moS>tMm nam_e© KoD$Z, _V àH$Q> H$ê$

bmJUo An[ahm © hmoVo. `mVyZ gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` àíZm§Mr MMm© gwê$ Pmbr.72 Ë`mVyZ {d{dY

nÌmVyZ VmpÎdH$ dmX gwê$ Pmbo. `m dmXmMm H$igmÜ`m` nwT>rb nÌm§VyZ {XgyZ Ambm.

2.10 {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.10 {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.10 {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.10 {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo :2.10 {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo : d¥ÎmnÌH$mamMo n{hbo H$V©ì` Amnë`m _mV¥^y_rMo

Xmñ` Zï> H$aUo hmo , Agm Wm°_g ‘ÝamoMm {gÕm§V gm§JVmo. àma§ rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr kmZàgmamMo H$m_

ho Ü o KoD$Z Mma XeH$m§Mr dmQ>Mmb Ho$br hmoVr. B§{½be dº$m ES>_§S> ~H©$ `mZo dV©_mZnÌm§Zm

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"amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Mm¡Wm Mm¡H$' (Mm¡Wm ñV§ ) Ago gm{^_mZ Zm_m{^YmZ {Xbo Amho. B§J«Or _wËgÔr

"{S>Pam`br' `m§Zr nwT>rb CX²>Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV, "dV©_mZnÌo hr bmoH$_VmMo à{V{ZYr hmoV, hr

Jmoï> Iar Amho... g§nmXH$ _hme` ñdV:bm "Amåhr Amåhr' Agm Omo eãX bmdVmV Vmo g§»`mWu

ZgyZ ~hþ_mZmWu AgVmo. _J dmQ>ob Va Ë`mbm Ah§H$mamWu åhUm; na§Vw gm§JÊ`mMo VmËn © hoM H$s

amï´>mV amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Mm¡Wm {d^mJ, Mm¡Wm _Obm, Mm¡Wm Mm¡H$ Aer Zmdo Á`m dV©_mZnÌm§Zm

{_iVmV; Ë`m nÌm§Mo g§nmXH$ da gm§{JVë`mn«_mUo ñd §{gÕ d ñdV§Ì AgVmhr Ë`m§Zm àm{V{Z{YH$

ñdê$nhr AgVo, hm Ë`m g§ñWoMm {deof JwU hmo !Ÿ73 1861 _Ü o H$m¡pÝgbo ApñVËdmV Ambr

hmoVr. H$m`Úmda MMm© H$am`bm dV©_mZnÌm§Zm Adga {_imbm hmoVm. {~{nZM§Ð nmb `m§À`m _Vo

1858 Vo 1905 hm H$mbI§S> ^maVr` amï´>dmXmÀ`m ~rOmamonUmMm hmoVm.74 1870 _Ü o nwÊ`mV

gmd©O{ZH$ g^m ñWmnZ Pmbr hmoVr. bmoH$m§Zm amOH$s` {ejU XoUo hm {VMm à_wI CÔoe hmoVm.75

A_¥V ~Pma n{ÌH$m, B§{S>`Z {_aa, g§OrdZr, ~§Jmbr, qhXy, ñdXoe{_ÌZ, Am§Y«àH$me, Ho$ain{ÌH$m,

B§XwàH$me, A°S>ìhmoHo$Q>, qhXwñWmZr, AmPmX, {Q´>ã yZ, AI~ma-E-Am_ `m§gma»`m d¥ÎmnÌm§_YyZ

H$m±J«ogMm nm`m V`ma hmoV AgVmZmM _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m joÌmV {Z~§Y_mbonmgyZ (1874)

doJiçm amï´>r` ndm©bm gwédmV Pmbr. 1881 bm "Ho$gar-_amR>m' `m nÌm§Zr _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m

OJmV nmD$b Q>mH$bo Am{U _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Am{U _amR>r OrdZmbm Zdo diU {_imbo.

_mbmH$ma "{dîUwemór {MniyUH$a' d Ho$gar - _amR>mH$ma {Q>iH$-AmJaH$a `m ñd §{gÕ ñdV§Ì

Am{U àm{V{Z{YH$ g§nmXH$m§Zr _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Ohmb amï´>dmXr _mJ© XmI{dbm. Jmonmi JUoe

AmJaH$am§Zr _mÌ {ddoH${Zð> ~wÕrdmXmMr (åhUOo gwYmaUmdmXmMr) ~mOy KoD$Z 1888 bm

"gwYmaH$m'Mm g§gma Zo_ñVmJ«Ur Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIë`m§Zm ~amo~a KoD$Z doJim _mJ© {ZdS>bm. Var

gm_y{hH$ CËnmXH$Îd Agboë`m Ho$garMo n{hbo g§nmXH$ Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$aM hmoVo Am{U

Ho$garV n{hbr gmV df© AmJaH$am§Mo g§nmXH$ åhUyZ boIZ à{gÕ hmoV Ago. {Q>iH$m§Zm _m§S>r

KmbyZ hmVmV boIUr KoD$Z _ZmVyZ {deof hm¡g Zgo.76 gZ 1874 _Ü o {dîUwemór {MniyUH$am§Zr

"{Z~§Y_mbm' ho _m{gH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. {Z~§Y_mboVyZ emór~modm§Zr ñdXoe, ñdY_©, ñdg§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm

OmoamZo nwañH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m{df`r A{^_mZ OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.77 ""Á`m bmoH$mg

{dÚmb`mVrb {ejUmMm dJ¡ao bm^ Z KS>ë`mZo kmZmMm _mJ© Iwbm Zmhr. Ë`mg AZoH$ Jmoï>tMo

kmZ ìhmdo, hm EH$ {Z~§Y {b{hÊ`mMm CÔoe Amho. g§ñH¥$V d {deofV: B§J«Or ^mfoV Oo AJmY kmZ

^abo Amho, Ë`mMm nmQ> \$moSy>Z Oa Amnë`m ^mfoH$S>o di{dVm oB©b Va Ho$dT>r _Om hmoB©b !Ÿ''

(31)

Agm kmZàgmamMm {Z~§Y_mbm H$mT>Ê`mMm CÔoe gm§{JVbm Agbm Var àmMrZ na§nam d g§ñH¥$Vr

`m§Mm Jm¡ad 78 H$aÊ`mMmM _amR>r ^mfoÀ`m ñd §Kmo{fV {edmOr VWm {dîUwemór {MniyUH$am§Mm

hoVy hmoVm. ""Am_À`m Xoemg H$mhrEH$ Pmbo Zmhr. Ë`mMr ZmS>r AÚmn gm\$ MmbV AgyZ

earaàH¥$Vrg H$mhr EH$ {dH$ma Zmhr.'' Ago R>mgyZ gm§JyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`m©bm àma§^

Ho$bm.... eodQ>À`m A§H$mV "B§J«O `m XoemV ZgVo Var H$mhr {~KS>bo ZgVo' Ago ~oYS>H$ {dYmZ

H$aÊ`mn ªV Ë`m§Mr _Ob Jobr.79 gÎmm «ï>VoÀ`m eë`mVyZ _hmamï´>mV Zdo gÎdemoYZ gwê$ Pmbo.80Ë`mMr gwédmV {Z~§Y_mbonmgyZ Pmbr. {Q>iH$ - AmJaH$am§Mo _mZ{gH$ d d¡Mm[aH$ ^aU-

nmofU {Z~§Y_mboVyZ Pmbo. ^maVr` {dMma{dídmV nwZéÁOrdZdmXr, Ohmb amï´>dmXmMr gwédmV

{Z~§Y_mboZo Ho$br. bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§À`m g§ñH¥${V{Zð> amï´>dmXmMr ~¡R>H$ {MniyUH$am§À`m {dMmamV

AmT>iVo. {MniyUH$am§À`m {dMmamV AVrV Jm¡ad H$aVmZm CWinUmMm AmT>i hmoV Ago. Amnbo

g_H$mbrZ OmoVramd \w$bo `m§Mm CëboI aoìha§S> \w$bo Am{U "XrZ~§Yw'nÌmbm Hw$MmiH$sZo "XrZ~§Qw>'

Agm H$arV AgV. \w$ë`m§À`m eyÐm{VeyÐm§gmR>r Mmb{dboë`m bT>çmMo __© AVrV Jm¡admÀ`m

Amhmar Joboë`m _mbmH$mam§Zm H$ibo Zmhr. Vgo {MniyUH$am§À`m {dMmamda ^aU nmofU Pmboë`m

{Q>iH$-AmJaH$amXr g§nmXH$m§Zmhr H$ibo Zmhr. {Z~§Y_mboVrb {dMmagaUrZo nwT>rb H$mimVrb

amOH$s` _VàUmbrda à^md nmS>bm, ho _mÌ {Z{üV. gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV H«$m§VrM§ nmD$b

Q>mH$Umè`m {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Zr {dîUwemór {MniyUH$am§À`m nwT>mH$mamImbr "Ho$gar d _amR>m' hr

XmoZ nÌo gwê$ Ho$br. Ho$di kmZXmZ, OZVoMo _V gaH$mabm H$i{dUo Agm Omo, Vmon ªV d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm

nm`§S>m hmoVm. Vmo nyU©nUo ~XbÊ`mV Ambm. gaH$mar H$m`XoH$mZy§Mr bmoH$m§Zm _m{hVr H$ê$Z

XoUmè`m, bmoH$m§À`m AS>rAS>MUr d AmemAmH$m§jm gaH$maÀ`m H$mZmda KmbUmè`m _Ü`ñWmMr

y{_H$m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr A§JrH$mabr hmoVr. 81 Vr "Ho$gar-_amR>m' nÌm§nmgyZ ~Xbbr. B§J«Or - _amR>r

{_lUmMm J§JmO_Zr WmQ> Jobm. "Ho$gar' ho _amR>r d "_amR>m' ho B§J«Or nÌ 1881 nmgyZ {ZKy

bmJbo. bmoH${ejUm~amo~a bmoH$m§Mm ñdm{^_mZ OmJ¥V H$aUo, gwñVmdyZ nS>boë`m g_mOnwéfmg

OmJo H$aUo, Zì`m AmH$m§jm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUo, gaH$mabm OZVog§~§YrÀ`m

H$V©ì`mMr H$R>moanUo OmUrd XoUo, ñd{H$`m§n¡H$s Á`m§À`mer _V oX hmoVrb, Ë`m§À`mda Q>rHo$Mo àhma

H$aUo, _amR>rV H$moUVmhr Zdm {dMma à^mdrnUo _m§Sy>Z _m`~mobrMo d¡ d dmT>{dUo, Aem {d{dY

[aVtZr `m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Amnë`m gm_Ï`m©Mm à`ËZ AmUyZ {Xbm. `m d¥ÎmnÌm§_wio gm_m{OH$ d

amOH$s` joÌmV àM§S> {dMma_§WZ gwê$ Pmbo.82 d¥ÎmnÌo OZà~moYZmMo gmYZ ~Zbr. Ho$garMm

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n{hbm A§H$ 4 OmZodmar 1881 amoOr à{gÕ Pmbm. n{hë`m nmZmda "Ho$gar' nÌ H$mT>Ê`mMm

CÔoe ñnï> H$aUmam boI hmoVm. Ë`mbm _Wim ZìhVm. Ë`mV åhQ>bo hmoVo, añVmoañVr amÌr {Xdo

bmJbobo Agë`mZo d nmo{bgm§Mr JñV gmaIr {\$aV Agë`mZo Omo Cn`moJ hmoV AgVmo. VmoM Á`m

OmJr dV©_mZnÌH$Ë`m©Mr boIUr gXmo{XV Mmby Agë`mZo hmoV AgVmo.... dV©_mZnÌH$V} ho a`VoMo

H$moVdmb d dH$sb hmoV.... Amåhr _moR>o Pmbmo Var Am_Mo OwZo Am§JS>o - Q>monS>o Amåhmg AÚmn

gwQ>V Zmhr.83 Ho$garMo n{hbo g§nmXH$ Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a hmoVo. Va "_amR>m' `m B§J«Or nÌmMo

g§nmXH$ ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$ hmoVo. BVa CËnmXH$m§_Ü o {dîUy H¥$îU {MniyUH$a ~r.E., dm_Z

{edam_ AmdQ>o E_.E., JUoe H¥$îU JX}, Eb.E_. A°ÊS> Eg., _hmXod ~„mi Zm_Omoer ho hmoVo.

Zm_OmoetZr "{H$aU' ZmdmMo gmám{hH$ d¥ÎmnÌ 26 Am°JñQ> 1877 _Ü`o à{gÕ Ho$bo hmoVo.

"{H$aU'À`m _wIn¥îR>mda gy m}X`mÀ`m {MÌmImbr ""A Weekly Journal of Social, and

General News, Literature, Politics, Commerce, Science and Arts” Ago

N>mnbobo Ago. Zm_Omoer {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§gmaIo nXdrYa ZìhVo. Vo IQ>nQ>r d H$ënH$ hmoVo.

Zm_Omoem§Mo "{H$aU'nÌ AënH$miM {Q>H$bo. nU 1877-78 Mm XwîH$mi d Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr

_wñH$Q>Xm~r H$aUmam H$m`Xm `m~m~V "{H$aU' nÌmZo gS>oVmoS> Q>rH$m Ho$br. XwîH$mimg§~§YrÀ`m

g[dñVa _m{hVr~amo~aM XwîH$mimMr O~m~Xmar dJ¡aog§~§Yr AË §V naIS> {ddoMZhr "{H$aU'nÌmV

à{gÕ hmoV Ago. 1878 gmbr Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§da {Z~ªY KmbUmam H$m`Xm Omar Pmbm, Var

"{H$aU'Zo Amnbr {Z © d¥Îmr gmoS>br Zmhr. "{H$aU' nÌmV _amR>r~amo~aM B§J«Or _OHy$ahr oV

Ago. "{H$aU' nÌ \$ma H$mi Mmby eH$bo Zmhr. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr "S>o $Z ñQ>ma' (Deccan Star)

ZmdmMo B§J«Or gmám{hH$ 1879 gmbr gwê$ Ho$bo. Ho$gar-_amR>mÀ`m CËnmXH$m§V gm_rb Pmë`mda

"S>o $Z ñQ>ma' nÌ "Ho$gar' ~amo~a {ZKmboë`m "_amR>m' nÌmV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. "_amR>m'nÌmÀ`m

n{hë`m A§H$mda ""The Mahrratta with which is incorporated the Deccan

Star.” Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo. Zm_OmoetÀ`m AZw dmMm Ho$gar, _amR>m `m§Zm \$m`Xm Pmbm Agbm

nm{hOo; _mÌ `m XmoZ ^md§S>mda Zm__wÐm {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§MrM am{hbr. `m XmoKmVrb dmXmZo 19

ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoaMo XeH$ JmObo.

qhXwñWmZmVrb g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mm H$ma^ma hm Ho$gar-_amR>m nÌmÀ`m g§ñWmnH$m§Mm Ama§ mnmgyZ

EH$ AmdS>Vm {df` hmoVm. {deofV: ÌmdUH$moa, ~S>moXo, ½dmëhoa, B§Xya, h¡Ðm~mX, åh¡gya dJ¡ao

g§ñWmZmVrb KS>m_moS>tMr Ho$garZo AmdOy©Z XIb KoVbobr Amho. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m XwXo£dr amOmMr

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H$S> KoD$Z {XdmU _mYdamd ~d} `m§À`mda OiOirV Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m_wio Ho$gar d _amR>m nÌmÀ`m

g§nmXH$m§Zm S>m|JarÀ`m Vwê§$JmV EH$eo EH$ {Xdg Kmbdmdo bmJbo.84 Ë`mMm \$m`Xm "Ho$gar',

"_amR>m' nÌm§Zm Pmbm. g§nmXH$m§Mm bm¡{H$H$ dmT>bm. {Q>iH$-AmJaH$a gwQ>bo Voìhm OmoVramd

\w$ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr nwÊ`mV {_adUyH$ H$mT>br hmoVr. _w§~B©V gË`emoYH$ H$m_Jma nwT>mar

Zmam`U _oKmOr bmoI§S>o `m§Zr noT>o dmQy>Z AmZ§X ì`º$ Ho$bm hmoVm. _mÌ {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Zr

gË`emoYH$, ~«m÷UoVa ~hþOZ g_mOmMr YS>nS> Ñ{ï>AmS> H$ê$ZM Amnbr dmQ>Mmb Ho$br.

B§J«Or amÁ`mÀ`m Ama§ r OÝ_mg oD$Z OmJo Pmboë`m g_OwVr, à{V{ð>V ì`º$s, g§ñWm

qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ godoÀ`m nÕVr `mda h„m MT>dyZ Ë`m§Mm Xamam Zmhrgm H$amd`mMm Am{U

ñdà`ËZmZwgma ~w{ÕV Oo ñ\w$aU oB©b Ë`mMm à`moJ Mmbdm`Mm, Aem gmhgr d¥ÎmrMo {Q>iH$-

AmJaH$a ho à{V{ZYr hmoVo, Ago àm. Z. a.\$mQ>H$ `m§Zr Amnbo {ZarjU Zm|X{dbo Amho.85 {Q>iH$-

AmJaH$a ho {_Ì hmoVo d Ë`m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌo gm_mB©H$ H$mT>br Var Ë`m§À`m_Ü o {deofV: gm_m{OH$

àíZm§~m~V _V oX hmoVo. Ë`m_wio H$ogarÀ`m Ama§ mnmgyZM {dg§dmXr gya AYyZ_YyZ {ZKV Ago.

_yi C{Ôï>m~m~V EH$_V Agë`m_wio nmMghm df}Var gm_wXm{`H$[aË`m {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m YmoaUmMm

nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm Jobm. nU 1884 À`m AIoarg ~mb{ddmhmg ~§Xr KmbÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xm H$amdm

H$s Zmhr `m {df`mdarb dmX {ZH$amg Ambm. Voìhm AmJaH$am§Zr "dmXo dmXo Om`Vo VÎd~moY:' hm

boI ñdV:À`m Zmdm{Zer à[gÕ Ho$bm Am{U Ë`mMo Ho$garVyZ g_W©Zhr Ho$bo. 86 ~mb{ddmh,

ór{ejU, ór {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Am[X {df`m§~m~V Ho$garH$ma AmJaH$am§Mo AÝ` CËnmXH$m§er

_V oX hmoVo. `mM _V oXmVyZ AmYr amOH$s` H$s gm_m{OH$ {df`mda AmJaH$a-{Q>iH$ `m§À`mV

dm½ wÕ Pmbo. AmJaH$am§Zm Á`m gwYmaUm {H$_mZ dmQ>V hmoË`m Ë`m Ë`m§À`m ghH$m`mªÀ`m Ñï>rZo

H$_mb hmoË`m. JmoS>rJwbm~rZo bmoH$m§Zm Z XwIdVm H$amd`mMm H$ma^ma {WQ>m nS>bm. {X. 25

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1887 amoOr "Ho$gar' nÌmMr O~m~Xmar AmJaH$am§da am{hbr Zmhr. Ago A{YH¥$V

Kmo{fV Pmbo Am{U df©^amVM {X. 15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1888 _Ü`o Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$am§Zr

Zo_ñVmJ«Ur Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIë`m§Zm ~amo~a KoD$Z "gwYmaH$'nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1890 Vo

E{àb 1891 n ªV g§_Vrd`mÀ`m {~bmdarb g§Kfm©V AmJaH$a-{Q>iH$m§Zr nañnam§da A{Ve`

ËdofmZo h„o Ho$bo. Ë`mM dfu n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© amZS>|À`m emaXm gXZ àH$aUr Ë`m§Zr nañnam§da àhma

Ho$bo. 1892 À`m E{àb _{hÝ`mV Ho$garZo Ý`m. amZS>o `m§À`mda PmoS> CR>dbr. Voìhm gwYmaH$mMr

d Ho$garMr Mm§JbrM MH$_H$ CS>mbr. {X. 14 Zmoìh|~a 1892 À`m gwYmaH$mV "{Q>iH$ {¼ñVr

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_og_ZÀ`m hmVMm ^mV d {~[ñH$Q>o ImVmV' Agm Amamon Ho$ë`mZo Ii~i CS>mbr hmoVr. `m

dmXmMr nmVir CÎmamoÎma ImbmdV Jobr.

"{Q>iH$m§À`m _§oXyV {~KmS> Pmbm Amho', Ago AmJaH$a åhUmbo Va "J§Ordabm Hw$Ìm,

_mimdaMm _hmamoJr' Aem eobŠ`m eãXm§Mm dfm©d {Q>iH$m§Zr AmJaH$am§da Ho$bm. `mdoir EH$m

dmMH$mZo B§XwàH$memV nÌ {bhÿZ, ""Amåhr dJ©UrXmam§Zr n¡go XoD$Z {Q>iH$-AmJaH$a Û`m§Mr

^m§S>Uo KamV {dH$V AmUmd`mMr `m nbrH$S>o Am_À`m dJ©UrMm gÜ`m OmñV Cn`moJ {XgV

Zmhr.''87 Aer Amnbr Zmng§Vr ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. B§XwàH$meÀ`m B§J«Or {d^mJmVrb nÌì`dhmamV

Zm{eH$À`m EH$m dmMH$mZo AmJaH$a-{Q>iH$m§Zr Mmb{dbobm nmoaH$Q>nUm, {edrJmi hr

Ë`m§À`mgma»`m {dÛmZm§Zm emo^V Zmhr Ago ~Omdbo. `m AmYrÀ`m dmXmàg§Jr R>mÊ`mÀ`m

"AéUmoX`' nÌmZo 2 Zmoìh|~a 1890 amoOr Q>rH$m H$aVmZm åhQ>bo hmoVo. XmoKohr "{dMmaeyÝ`,

kmZeyÝ` d hbH$Q>.'88

AmJaH$am§Mo "gwYmaH$' nÌ "Ho$gar'À`m VwbZoZo Aënm wfr R>abo. Var EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m

eodQ>À`m XeH$mV gwYmaUmdmXmMm P|S>m Im§Úmda KoD$Z Vo S>m¡bmZo \$S>H$bo. "_hmamï´>r`mg

AZmd¥Îm nÌ' `m boImV AmJaH$am§ZrM åhQ>bo hmoVo, ""Xwï> AmMmam§Mo {Z_y©bZ, gXmMmamMm àgma,

kmZd¥Õr, gË`emoYZ d ^yVX`oMm {dMma BË`m[X _Zwî`mÀ`m gwImMr d¥Õr H$aUmè`m Jmoï>r

{dMmaH$bhm{edm` hmoV ZmhrV. AmOn`ªV `m XoemV hm H$bh _mOmdm {VVH$m H$YrM Z

_mOë`m_wio, d ~hþYm Am_Mo bmoH$ "JVmZwJ{VH$'M Agë`m_wio, ho ^aVI§S> BVH$s eVHo$ AZoH$

àH$maÀ`m {dnÎmrV {IVnV nS>bo Amho!''89 AmJaH$am§Zm Time Spirit H$ibo Agë`mMr gmj

Ë`m§À`m {Z~§Ym§VyZ, boIg§J«hmVyZ {_iVo. Vo gË`g_mOr åhUyZ, gË`emoYH$ åhUyZ {dMmaH$bh

_mOÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm à{VnmXrV ZìhVo Var Ë`m§À`m {dMmaYZmVyZ gË`emoYZM gwê$ Agë`mMo

{XgyZ oVo. ""ñdXoemV, ñdbmoH$mV, ñdY_m©V Am{U ñdmMmamV amhÿZ A{dMmar d AkmZ Xoe~m§Ydm§À`m

qZXog qH$dm N>img Z ^rVm Ë`m§À`mer H$Yr ^m§Sy>Z, H$Yr wpŠVdmX H$ê$Z, H$Yr bmS>rJmoS>r

bmdyZ, AÝ`Wm gm_Ï © Agë`mg H$Yr Ë`m§Zm XQ>mdyZ Ë`m§Mr gwYmaUm H$aUo `mVM Iar XoeàrVr,

Iar ~§YwVm, Iam Xoem{^_mZ, Iao ehmUnU d Iam nwéfmW© Amho,'' Ago Ë`m§Zr 27 OyZ 1892

À`m gwYmaH$mV R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVbo.90 gwYmaH$ hr {edr R>amdr Aem H$mimV AmJaH$am§Zr

Amnë`m nÌmMo Zmd "gwYmaH$' R>odbo. AmJaH$am§À`m h`mVrV gwYmaH$m§Mr àoV`mÌm {ZKmbr Var

AmJaH$a S>J_Jbo ZmhrV.91 OodT>r OwZr emóo VodT>r gmar B©œaàUrV, Ë`m§Zm hmV bmdUo ho Kmoa

(35)

nmVH$, Aer Á`m§Mr g_OyV, OJËH$maUmÀ`m Vm|S>mVyZ, hmVmVyZ, _m§S>rVyZ d nm`mVyZ EHo$H$ dU©

{ZKmbm, Aer Á`m§Mr dUm}ËnÎmr{df`r H$ënZm, n§Mm_¥VmZo d YynXrnmZo Ho$bobr nyOm _mÌ B©œamg

_mÝ`, `mhÿZ B©enyOoMm {deof _mJ© Zmhr, Ago Á`m§Mo Y_©{dMma Amho hr gm_m{OH$ pñWVr

AÎ wV_, hrV {\$adm{\$ad H$aÊ`mg H$moR>ohr AdH$me Zmhr, gÜ`m oWo {ó`m§Mo nwéfmer, _wbmMo

AmB©~mnmer, Oo g§~§Y MmbV Ambo AmhoV VoM CÎm_ AmhoV d AZ§V H$mb VoM Mmbbo nm{hOoV,

kmZ g§nmXUo ho nwéfm§Mo H$V©ì`, {eewg§JmonZ ho {ó`m§Mo H$V©ì`, nwéf ñdm_r, ór Xmgr, ñdmV§Í`

nwéfm§H$S>o, nmaV§Í` {ó`m§H$S>o, {ddmhm{edm` órg JVr Zmhr d J¥hm{edm` {Vbm {díd Zmhr,

d¡Yì` ho {VMo _hmd«V d kmZg§nmXZ hm {VMm _moR>m XwJw©wU, AemàH$maÀ`m Á`m§À`m Y_©{df`H$

d g_mO{df`H$ H$ënZm, Ago bmoH$mJ«Ur H$m` H$m_mMo? 92 Aer VËH$mbrZ bmoH$mJ«UtMr,

nyd©Jm¡admda AmYmaboë`m {MniyUH$a- {Q>iH$ n§WmÀ`m amï´>r` Apñ_VoMr {M{H$Ëgm AmJaH$am§Zr

"gwYmaH$m'VyZ Ho$br. "_Zwî`mÀ`m gwImMr d¥Õr hmoÊ`mgmR>r' {dMmaH$bh Amdí`H$ Agë`mZo

"gwYmaH$' ho gmYZ Ë`m§Zr gÁO Ho$bo. _VàMma ho AmJaH$am§À`m nÌH$m[aVoMo à_wI A§J hmoVo.

g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {Z[aœadmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aUmam, dUm©l_ d OmVrg§ñWm `mda H$moaS>o AmoT>Umam

_mUyg g_mOH§$Q>H$M hmoVm. Aem {eH$dUyH$rVyZ «ï>mMma _mOUma, g~JmobmH$ma hmoUma d g‘mO

agmVimbm OmUma Aer hmH$mQ>r gZmVZr _§S>itZr gwê$ Ho$br d XwX£dmZo bmo. {Q>iH$m§gma»`m

Yw[aUm§Zr Or emómYmadmXr (Legalistic) y{_H$m KoVbr, Ë`m_wio `m gZmVÝ`m§Mo nmaS>o OS>

Pmbo.93 Var gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm, Ë`mVhr órgwYmaUm§gmR>r AmJaH$a Bf}Zo à{Vnjmda VwQy>Z nS>bo.

~mb{ddmh, {dYdm{ddmh, dnZ, g§_Vr, ór{ejU `mgmR>r EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarbm

AmJaH$am§Zr {Xbobm bT>m óràíZmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV _hÎdmMm R>abm. 19 ì`m eVH$mVbr {dMma wÕo

eãXgm_Ï`m©Zo Ho$br Jobr. d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm`mZo _mUgmÀ`m dmUrbm eómMo A{Yð>mZ àmá H$ê$Z

{Xbo, Ago AmJaH$a-{Q>iH$m§À`m Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {Q>iH$-emh§ÿÀ`m àoaUoZo Am{U nwT>mH$mamZo

{ZKmboë`m nÌm§Mm emoY KoVmZm OmUdVo. {Q>iH$m§gmaIm Hw$emJ« ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm {dÛmZ, {Z © , Pw§Oma

ZoVm, à{Vnjr`m§Mo dH$sbnÌ KoD$Z gwYmaUmdmÚm§Zm Zm_mohaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r PJS>V AgVmZm

AmJaH$am§Zr {ddoH$m{Y{ð>V BhdmXr {dMmagaUr éO{dÊ`mMm Amnë`m narZo à`ËZ Ho$bm.

AdVr^dVrÀ`m _mJmgboë`m, na§nam{Zð> g_mOmVrb Xwï> ê$T>r, doS>Ji g_OwVr, {MdQ> A§YlÕm,

O~aXñV Xwam{^_mZ `mda Amnë`m YmaXma boIUrZo gVV àhma Ho$bo, Ü o {gÕrMo EH$ gmYZ

åhUyZ AmJaH$a d¥ÎmnÌm§H$S>o dibo. bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zm H$mhr gm§Jm`Mo hmoVo. H$mhrEH$ {ZpíMV _mJ©

(36)

XmIdyZ bmoH$m§Zm {d{eï> {Xeobm Ë`m§Zm KoD$Z Omd`mMo hmoVo. `m_wio ñdm^m{dH$M Ë`m§Mm

nÌì`dgm` hm _Vàgma d kmZàgma Aem ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo nÌ d¥ÎmnÌ AgÊ`mnojm

"_V'nÌM hmoVo. AmJaH$am§À`m nümV gwYmaH$mV nyduMm Omo_ am{hbm Zmhr. AmJaH$am§Z§Va

gwYmaH$ _mJo nS>bm. "Ho$gar' nÌmda {Q>iH$m§Mm nyU© _mbH$sh¸$ àñWm{nV Pmbm. {Q>iH$m§À`m

ZoV¥ËdmMr C^maUr hmoÊ`mMm hm H$mi hmoVm. JUnVr CËgd, {edmOr CËgdmbm qhXy-_wgb_mZm§À`m

X§½`m§Z§Va {Q>iH$m§Zr MmbZm {Xbr hmoVr. 1895 gmbr nwÊ`mMr "gmd©O{ZH$ g^m' {Q>iH$m§Zr

H$m~rO Ho$br. Ë`mVM XwîH$mi, ßboJ Aer g§H$Q>o Ambr. ßboJÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r gaH$maZo

Zo_boë`m A{gñQ>§Q> H$boŠQ>a a±S>Mm nwÊ`mV IyZ Pmbm. "Q>mB©åg' nÌmZo IwZmMm g§~§Y "Ho$gar' d

nwÊ`mVrb nÌm§er OmoS>bm. {Q>iH$m§da amOÐmohmMm IQ>bm ^aÊ`mV Ambm. {Q>iH$m§Zm 18 _{hÝ`m§Mr

gŠV_OwarMr {ejm Pmbr. `m H$mimV Zaqgh qMVm_U Ho$iH$a Am{U H¥$îUmOr à^mH$a

ImS>rbH$a `m§Zr g§nmXH$mMr O~m~Xmar gm§^mibr. 1899 ‘Ü`o {Q>iH$m§Zr nwÝhm {bhm`bm

gwédmV Ho$br. Voìhm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUmdmX _mJo nSy>Z amOH$s` {df`mbm _hÎd Ambo hmoVo.

kmZàgmamMo d¥ÎmnÌmMo Ü o ~mOybm nSy>Z bmoH$m§V OmJ¥Vr, H$iH$i d g§Keº$s C^r H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ho$gar nwT>o gagmdbm. bm°S>© H$P©Z, {ejUmMo S>m`aoŠQ>a Om°B©ëg, JìhZ©a bm°S>© g±S>hñQ>© `m§À`m

H$ma{H$Xuda Ho$garZo Vw\$mZ h„m Ho$bm. gaH$maÀ`m àË oH$ YmoaUmda (Vo bmoH$m§À`m {hVmMo Agbo

Var) {Q>iH$ h„m H$ê$ bmJbo. eoVH$è`m§À`m H$O©~mOmarnUmbm Amim KmbÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo

O_rZ {dH$Ê`mMm Ë`m§Mm h¸$ H$mTy>Z KoUmao EH$ {dYo`H$ 1901 gmbr H$m`Xo H$m¡pÝgbnwT>o

_m§S>Ê`mgmR>r à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Voìhm eoVH$ar{hVmÀ`m `m {~bmdahr Ho$garZo h„m Ho$bm.

H$moëhmnyaÀ`m doXmoŠV àH$aUmV Ho$garZo, {Q>iH$m§Zr gZmVÝ`m§Mm nj KoVbm. {Q>iH$m§À`m na§nam

OVZ H$ê$ nmhÊ`mÀ`m d¥Îmr_wio gwYmaH$m§nojm H$_©R> Y_m©{^_mÝ`m§~amo~a Ë`m§Mo A{YH$ g»` O_Uo

gmh{OH$M hmoVo. {Q>iH$m§Mr H$m±Pìh}{Q>d {dMmagaUr hr Oer Ë`m§Mr EH$ _`m©Xm hmoVr. VerM

Ë`m§Zm bmoH$_mÝ` ~Z{dUmar Vr EH$ eº$shr hmoVr.94 {Q>iH$m§Zr Amnë`m MidirMr gmYZo

nwîH$ier AmnUM {Z_m©U Ho$br.95 dV©_mZnÌH$ma hm bmoH$njmMm Hw$eb, YrQ>, {dMmar d

VS>\$Xma dH$sb Agmdm Ago S>m°. {d. _. ^Q> `m§Zr Amnë`m AmR>dUrV åhQ>bo Amho.96

{Q>iH$m§Zm Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo à~moYZ H$ê$Z Wm§~m`Mo ZìhVo. dmMH$m§Zm EH$m {d{eï> _mJm©Zo

Ý`m`Mo hmoVo. `m_wio {ZpíMV R>m_ y{_H$m Vo _m§S>rV. Ý`m`m{YemMm g_Vmob hm Ë`m§Mm CÔoe

ZìhVm. EH$m ~mOyMr d{H$br Ë`m§Zm H$am`Mr hmoVr. `m_wio EH$M EH$ ~mOy H$er `mo½` Amho Vo

(37)

{Q>iH$ R>m_nUmZo gm§JV. Amnë`m _VmÀ`m AZmda H¡$dmamZo {b{hÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr_wio, boIZmbm

EH$V\$s© {dMma à{VnmXZmMo ê$n H$Yr `oB©.97 {Q>iH$m§À`m ^y{_Ho$V gZmVZr {hVg§~§YmMm d

qhXyY_m©Mo ajUH$V} Agm EH$ mJ hmoVm.98 Amnë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaemMr, g_mOmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrMr

A{bánUo {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z ^maVr` g_mOmbm AmYw{ZH$ a§Jén XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mnojm

^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMo àmMrZËd hOmamo dfmªnydu Am`mªZr gm§{JVbobo VÎdkmZ, {d{dY joÌmV Ë`m§Zr

Ho$bobr àJVr `mMr _hVr JmUoM {Q>iH$m§Zm AmdS>bo.... nyd©Jm¡admda AmYmabobr amï´>r` Apñ_Vm

MoVdyZ ñdamÁ`mÀ`m àmárgmR>r OZAm§XmobZ g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mV {Q>iH$m§Zr C o Am wî` doMbo, nU

ñdamÁ` {_imë`mZ§Va oUmè`m H$mimMm doY ¿`mdm Ago yVH$mimV a_Umè`m {Q>iH$m§Zm H$YrM

dmQ>bobo {XgV Zmhr Ago S>m°. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr Amnbo {ZarjU Zm|X{dbo Amho.

Amnë`m {dMmamMo dmhZ, bmoH$m§n`ªV {dMma nmohM{dÊ`mMo Am{U Ë`m§À`mer g§dmX

gmYyZ Ë`m§À`m _Vmbm {d{eï> diU XoÊ`mMo à^mdr gmYZ, Aem Ñï>rZo Vo d¥ÎmnÌmH$S>o nhmV.99

"njm{^_mZ hm d¥ÎmnÌH$mamÀ`m A§Jr Xmofmnojm JwUM A{YH$ R>aVmo. nU ~§XwH$sVyZ gwQ>boë`m

Jmoirà_mUo g§nmXH$s` _V {Z[üV, AMyH$ __© oX H$aUmao d R>UR>UrV Agmdo' hr AZw dmMr

gyMZm Ë`m§Zr Ho$garÀ`m g§nmXZmMo XrK©H$mi H$m_ H$aUmè`m Z. qM. Ho$iH$a `m§Zm {Xbr hmoVr.

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n d H$m © `m{df`r {Q>iH$m§Zr àg§Jmàg§JmZo _m§S>bobo {dMma nwT>rbà_mUo -

1. ""OoUo H$ê$Z g_mOmMo ì`mnma gwairV MmbÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b Ago bmoH$_V OmJ¥V H$aUo

d Omo H$moUr `mH$m_r ì`Ë`` AmUrb Ë`mMo ñdê$n {dîH$maU H$ê$Z doirM ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo

ho dV©_mZnÌm§Mo _w»` H$V©ì` Amho.''

2. ""JwiJwirV H$mJXmda a§Jr~oa§Jr ~wi~wirV _OHy$a N>mnyZ bmoH$m§Mo a§OZ H$aUo ho H$mhr

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _w»` H$V©ì` Zìho.''

3. ""gaH$maÀ`m AmdS>rH$[aVm Amåhr d¥ÎmnÌo H$mT>br ZmhrV d gaH$mada H$S>H Q>rH$m

Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMm amof Am_À`mda Pmbm Var Ë`mMr Amåhmg ndm©hr Zmhr. gaH$maÀ`m

Owb_r amÁ`nÕVrda Oa Q>rH$m H$amd`mMr Zmhr d Vr nÕV n[aUm_r bmoH$mg d

amÁ`H$Ë`m©g OmMob Ago {Z^uS>nUo åhUmd`mMo Zmhr Va dV©_mZnÌ H$mT>mdo Var H$embm?''

4. ""drg dfmªnydu (_amR>r dV©_mZnÌmVyZ) amOH$s` ~m~VrV Oo boI oV AgV Vo àm`:

amÁ`H$Ë`m©g gw{e{jV dJm©Mo _V g_OyZ XoÊ`mH$[aVmM AgV, d Ë`m_wio amÁ`H$Ë`m©g

JmoS> Z dmQ>br, Var H$Sy> Z dmQ>ob Aem ^mfoVyZM {b{hÊ`mMm àKmV Ago. nU hr {Xem

(38)

AmVm WmoS>r nmbQ>br Amho.... Amåhr "Ho$gar'V Oo boI {bhrV AgVmo Vo Ho$di

amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$[aVm ZgyZ, Am_À`m _ZmVbo {dMma, Am_À`m _ZmVbr Vi_i, qH$dm

Oi\$i gd© _amR>r dmMH$m§À`m _ZmV CVamdr EdT>çmH$[aVmM AmhoV d Am_À`m

boIm§Mm Oa Agm n[aUm_ hmoV Zgbm, Va Am_Mo l_ \w$H$Q> Jobo Ago g_Oy.''100

Ho$garV ~«m÷U dM©ñdmMo g_W©Z AmT>iVo. qhXyY_© ajUmMr {Q>iH$m§Mr y{_H$m hrM

Ho$garMr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. _hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`m eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m MidirMr Ho$garZo XIb

KoVbr Zmhr. AmJaH$am§Zmhr Ë`mMo AmH$bZ Pmbo ZìhVo. {Q>iH$m§Zr g_mOmMo ì`mnma

gwairV Mmb{dÊ`mg AmJaH$a, Ý`m. amZS>o, S>m°. ^m§S>maH$a, Ý`m. Vob§J VgoM nwT>rb

H$mimV N>ÌnVr emhÿ `m§Mm ì`Ë`` oB©b Ago {XgVmM Ë`m§À`m{déÕ eãXeómMm _mam

H$ê$Z nyd©Jm¡admda AmYmabobr amï´>r` Apñ_Vm {Q>iH$ OmJ¥V H$arV am{hbo. Ho$gar-

gwYmaH$mMo _VnÌ hoM ñdê$n {XgyZ oVo. XoemVrb Midi `Wmñdê$n àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMo

Y¡ © d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr XmI{dbo. hr nÌH$m[aVm "ào[aV nÌH$m[aVm' hmoVr.

2.11 Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.11 Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.11 Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.11 Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo :2.11 Midir Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo : _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Midir

`m§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y Amho. Amnë`m MidirMr gmYZo åhUyZM d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm dmna g§nmXH$m§Zr

Ho$bm. àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zr `mMo Zo_Ho$nUmZo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho. Vo åhUVmV, d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m

àgmamÀ`m H$maUm§n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo g§nmXH$m§À`m hmVr Agbobr Midi ho hmo`. XoemV

{dMmaH$bhmÀ`m Ádmbm noQ>boë`m Agë`m H$s, d¥ÎmnÌm§{df`rMr A{^éMr bmoH$m§V ~imdVo,

Agm AZw^d Amho. {dîUwemór n§{S>Vm§Mr "{dYdm {ddmhmMr' Midi gwê$ Pmë`m~amo~a

B§XwàH$meMr bmoH${à`Vm dmT>br, kmZàH$membmhr ~migo MT>bo. nwT>o H$m±J«ogÀ`m MidirZo

AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Z{e~mMo nmaS>o OS> Ho$bo. g§_Vrd`mÀ`m H$m`Úmdê$Z XoemV AZwHy$b-à{VHy$b

{dMmam§Mo aU _mOVmM Ho$gar-gwYmaH$mH$S>o bmoH$m§Mr Ñï>r A{YH$ OmD$ bmJbr.... g§nmXH$mÀ`m

A§Jr MidirMm nwT>marnUm KoÊ`mMr {h§_V d VmH$X Agob Va nwT>marnUmÀ`m _mJmo_mJ Ë`m§À`m

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm CËH$f© hmoV AgVmo.101 qhXwñWmZmV amOH$maU hm EH$ bmoH$m§À`m {OìhmiçmMm {df`

Agë`mZo amOH$s` {dMmaOmJ¥Vrbm dmhÿZ KoUmè`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m _moR>r {XgVo. amOH$s`

D${O©VmdñWoÀ`m bT>çmVrb g¡{ZH$ `m ZmË`mZo d¥ÎmnÌo Amnbo H$V©ì` H$arV Ambr. XS>nemhrÀ`m

H$mimVhr Ë`m§Zr {Q>H$md Yabm. d¥ÎmnÌo Ambr d Jobr nU Ë`m§Zr Oo H$m © A§JrH$mabo hmoVo Vo

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bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo H$m © dmT>Ë`m Omo_mZo \¡$bmdV OmD$Z XS>nemhrbm hçmÀ`mnwT>o hma ImÊ`mMr nmir

Ambr, Agm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm {dO`r B{Vhmg102 Agë`mMr gmj àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zr {Xbr Amho.

{Q>iH$m§à_mUoM emhÿ _hmamOm§Zrhr d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m gmYZmMm Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m

bT>çmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. emhÿ§Zr ñdV: d¥ÎmnÌmMo CËnmXH$Ëd nËH$abo Zmhr. nU "Yw[aU

nÌH$m[aVo'À`m {déÕ "à{VYw[aU nÌH$m[aVm' emhÿ§Zr C^r Ho$br. AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Am{U d¥ÎmnÌH$mam§Zm

emhÿ§Zr _XV Ho$br. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m "_yH$Zm`H$m'bmhr emhÿ§Zr _XV

Ho$br. ~«m÷UoVa MidirÀ`m Am{U X{bV MidirÀ`m àgmam~amo~aM ~«m÷UoVa, X{bV nÌm§Mm

àgma dmT>bm. "Midi Am{U d¥ÎmnÌo' EdT>çmH$[aVm hm _wÔm oWo CnpñWV Ho$bm Amho. nwT>rb

àH$aUmV Aä`mgH$ ~hþOZbjr gË`emoYH$ d ~«m÷UoVa nÌm§Mr MMm© H$aUma Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb amOH$s` MidirÀ`m AmoKm~amo~a _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr àJVr hmoV Jobr. `m

MiditZm OgOer JVr `oV Jobr VgVgm d¥ÎmnÌ ì`dgm` JwUmZo Am{U g§»`oZo ^aXma

Pmbm.103 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m àgmambm Midir~amo~aM AmUIr EH$m Jmoï>rMr gmW {_imbr Vr åhUOo

_hm`wÕo. _hm`wÕmZo d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rV Agm_mÝ` H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. OJmVrb gd© _wËgÚm§Zm

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo _hÎd g_OyZ Amë`m_wio àË oH$ amï´>mZo Amnë`m ~mOybm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo gm_Ï © didyZ

KoVbo. Amnbo g¡Ý`, Ama_ma Am{U Xmê$Jmoim `m§À`mBVHo$M ZìhoVa Ë`mhÿZ OmñV gm_Ï`©

AmnUmg XoemVrb à_wI d¥ÎmnÌm§_m\©$V {_iUma Amho hr Jmoï> YyV© _wËgÚm§Zr AmoiIbr....

_hm wÕm_wio gd© OJmVrb OZVoV wÕmÀ`m ~mVå`m dmMÊ`mMr AmdS> \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV CËnÞ

Pmbr Am{U Ë`m_wio d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm Inhr dmT>bm.104 bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Zr `m H$mimV g¡Ý`^aVrgmR>r

Xm¡am H$ê$Z "g¡Ý`mV ^aVr ìhm' Ago AmdmhZ ^maVr`m§Zm Ho$bo hmoVo. _hm wÕmV Joboë`m nbQ>UrZm

Zì`m OJmMm n[aM` Ë`mVyZ Pmbm. _hmanbQ>UrVë`m g¡Ý`mbm AmnUhr eya, dra, j{Ì`

Agë`mMm gmjmËH$ma Pmbm Zgob Va ZdbM R>abo AgVo.

2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$ dmT> :2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$ dmT> :2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$ dmT> :2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$ dmT> :2.12 Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`mË_H$ dmT> :

• 1871 -72 À`m ([anm}Q>a Am°Z Zo{Q>ìh àog) AhdmbmV 59 d¥ÎmnÌo Agë`mMr Zm|X

gmnS>Vo. Ë`mn¡H$s 29 _amR>r nÌo hmoVr. _amR>r nÌm§n¡H$s 13 Q>mB©nmda N>mnbr OmV d

~mH$sMr {eim àogdaMr AgV. 9 _amR>r nÌo _amR>r~amo~a B§J«Or _OHy$ahr à{gÕ H$arV.

(40)

• 1876-77 À`m AhdmbmV Xoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m 65 da Joë`mMm C„oI Amho. _amR>r

nÌm§Mr g§»`m 40 hmoVr. EH$ _amR>r nÌ X¡{ZH$ hmoVo. AmR> _amR>r nÌmV B§J«Or _OHy$ahr

Ago. YmadmS>, hþ~ir, H$iKQ>Jr `m H$ÞS> ^mJmVhr _amR>r nÌo hmoVr d Ë`mV WmoS>m H$ÞS>

_OHy$ahr Ago.

• 1880-81 À`m AhdmbmV Xoer ^mfoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr g§»`m 76 n ªV Joë`mMr Zm|X

gmnS>Vo. åhUOo gaH$mar Ahdmbmà_mUo Xhm dfm©V (1871-80), Xa dfm©Mr dQ>KQ>

hmoD$Zhr _amR>r nÌm§Mr g§»`m 29 dê$Z 41 da Jobr.

• 1885 gmbr _amR>r nÌm§Mr g§»`m 59 hmoVr. 105

2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> :2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> :2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> :2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> :2.13 d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$mbI§S> : {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m {dH$mgmMo

H$mbI§S> doJdoJio _mZbo AmhoV. am. Jmo. H$mZS>o `m§Zr _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m B{VhmgmV VrZ

H$mbI§S> H$pënbobo AmhoV.

1. 1770 Vo 1835 A±½bmo B§{S>`Z nÌm§Mm H$mbI§S>

2. 1835 Vo 1885 A±½bmo B§{S>`Z d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m AZwH$aUmVyZ Xoer ^mfoVyZ d¥ÎmnÌo {ZKy

bmJbr. `m H$mbI§S>mVrb d¥ÎmnÌo B§J«Or - _amR>r, B§J«Or-qhXr,

B§J«Or-~§Jmbr Aem OmoS>^mfoV {ZKV.

3. 1885 Vo 1935 amï´>r` g^oÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Zdm _Zw gwê$ Pmbm Am{U amï´>r`

Midirg àma§ Pmbm. `m H$mimV amï´>r` {dMmam§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo gwê$

Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr ^maVdfm©Vrb OZVoV amï´>r`ËdmÀ`m H$ënZm Mm§Jë`m

gO{dë`m. EH$ amï´>r`ËdmMr ^mdZm qhXr amï´>mV H$m`_ H$aÊ`mV

Am{U amï´>r` OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mV amï´>r` d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr A{Ve` _hZr`

H$m_{Jar Ho$br.106

ho H$mbI§S>mMo _mnZ T>>mo~i R>aVo. H$maU 1832 bm ~miemór Om§ oH$am§Zr "Xn©U' nÌ

gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo, Va 1881 bm g§nyU© _amR>rV "Ho$gar' Am{U B§J«OrV "_amRm' hr d¥ÎmnÌo àH$m{eV

hmoD$ bmJbr hmoVr. Ë`m _mZmZo lr. e§. Zdao `m§Zr H$pënbobo d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m AdñWm§VamMo _mnZ

`mo½` dmQ>Vo. Vo åhUVmV, d¥ÎmnÌo hr gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥VrMo H$maU d H$m © AgVmV. åhUOo OmJ¥VrVyZ

Vr Oer {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ver Vr OmJ¥Vrbm ghmæ`hr H$aVmV. bmoH$OmJ¥VrÀ`m n[adV©Zm~amo~a

(41)

d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Ü o YmoaUmVhr n[adV©Zo hmoV OmVmV. àW_ nmaV§Í`mMr OmUrd hmoUo, hr OmUrd

Pmë`mda Vo H$m Ambo d H$go Xya hmoB©b `m~Ôb {dMma gwê$ H$aUo Am{U `m {dMmam§Mo àË`j

AmMmamV ê$nm§Va hmoUo `m OmJ¥VrÀ`m VrZ AdñWm ñWyb_mZmZo g_Oë`m Va B§J«Or Am_XmZrV

1880 n ªV ^maV n{hë`m AdñWoV, 1880 Vo 1920 n ªV ^maV Xwgè`m AdñWoV Am{U

Ë`mZ§Va {Vgè`m AdñWoV hmoVm, Ago gm_mÝ`V: åhUÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. 107 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m

{dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo nwT>rb H$mb_mnZ {dMmamV KoÊ`mg `mo½` dmQ>Vo.

B. g. 1832 Vo 1840-41 hm "Xn©U' Vo "à^mH$a' n ªVMm H$mi _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m

OS>UKS>UrMm H$mi hmoVm. B.g. 1840-41 Vo 1874 åhUOo "à mH$a'nmgyZ Vmo {dîUy H¥$îU (emór)

{MniyUH$am§À`m "{Z~§Y_mbo'n ªVMm H$mi hm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m Ñï>rZo nm`m^aUrMm hmoVm.

B.g. 1874 Vo 1881 åhUOo "{Z~§Y_mbm' Vo "Ho$gar', "_amR>m'Mr ñWmnZm hmoB©n ªVMr

ghm-gmV df} hr _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rVrb {d{dY àH$maMo ~Xb KS>{dUmar R>abr.108

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rMr OS>UKS>U {dgmì`m eVH$mV doJmZo Pmbr. 1917 bm "OmJê$H$',

"OmJ¥Vr', 1919 bm "{dO`r _amR>m' Am[X ~«m÷UoVam§Mr nÌo gwê$ Pmbr. 1920 nmgyZ S>m°.

~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo "_yH$Zm`H$' nÌ gwê$ Pmbo. `m nÌmnmgyZ X{bV nÌH$m[aVoMm àdmh

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rV gwê$ Pmbm. darb _r_m§gH$m§Zr nmS>bobo H$mbI§S> gw{e{jV nm§T>anoem dJm©À`m

d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo {X½Xe©Z H$aUmao AgyZ, ~hþOZH|$Ðr ~«m÷UoVa, X{bV nÌH$m[aVoMm {dH$mg nwT>rb

H$mbI§S>mVM Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo.

2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbm - 2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbm - 2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbm - 2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbm - 2.14 amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr _mbm - "H$miH$miH$miH$miH$mi' Vo Vo Vo Vo Vo "g§Xoeg§Xoeg§Xoeg§Xoeg§Xoe' : : : : :

amOH$s` nÌH$m[aVoÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV har Zmam`U AmnQ>o `m§Zr 25 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1890 bm "H$a_UyH$'

nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ho$gar-gwYmaH$mMm dmX MìhmQ>çmda Ambm AgVmZm dmL²>_`rZ {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m

diUmZo OmUmao, {ZIi dmL²>_`rZ na§nam gwê$ H$aUmao ho gmám{hH$ hmoVo. ""...nwT>ë`m _mS>rnmgyZ

Mwbrn ªV d {XdmUImÝ`mVrb Q>o~bmnmgyZ \$UrH$a§S>çmÀ`m noQ>rn ªV H$moUmÀ`mhr hmVr nS>bo Var

hdo Ë`mZo hdo Ë`mÀ`m XoIV dmMÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr Ago nÌ-''109 Ë`m H$mimVrb nÌmV doJio

R>abo. n{hë`mM A§H$mV har^mD§$Mr "nU bjmV H$moU KoVmo?' `m H$mX§~arMr àH$aUo Úm`bm

gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr. nwT>o ~mam dfm©V "_r', "^`§H$a {Xì`', "åh¡gyaMm dmK', "ê$nZJaMr

amOH$Ý`m' BË`mXr {_iyZ gm_m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmR> H$mX§~è`m "H$a_UyH$' _YyZ à{gÕ Pmë`m.

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H$a_UyH$Zo eoH$S>mo bhmZ _wbm_wbtZm dmMZmMr AJXr ~mbd`mVM JmoS>r bmdbr. àm¡T> {ó`mV

dmMZmMr AmdS> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z dmL²>_`rZ A{^ê$Mr CËnÞ H$aÊ`mMm ~w{Õnwañga "H$a_UwH$s'Zo

à`ËZ Ho$bm. gÎmmdrg dfo© MmbyZ 1917 bm Vo ~§X Pmbo. "H$a_UyH$' nÌ gmßVm{hH$ hmoVo, 1890

Vo 1917 `m H$mbI§S>mV Vo Mmbbo åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m doJionUmgh Ë`mMm BWo {ZX}e Ho$bm Amho.

2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm :2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm :2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm :2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm :2.15 {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌH$m[aVm : Ho$gar Am{U {Q>iH$m§À`m à^mdmÀ`mM H$mbI§S>mV

{edam_ _hmXod nam§On|À`m "H$mi'nÌmMm CX` Pmbm. "H$mi' nÌ ho {Q>iH$ g§àXm`mMr na§nam

nwT>o ZoUmao nÌ R>abo. _hmS>À`m nam§Ono `m§À`mda nwÊ`mV Ý y B§p½be ñHy$b_Ü oM {dÚmWuXeoV

g§ñH$ma Pmbo. Ë`mVyZM gmd©O{ZH$ godoMo ~rO Ë`m§À`m _ZmV ê$Obo. _hm{dÚmb`mV {eH$V

AgVmZmM nmümË` boIH$m§Mo J«§W, {d{dY amÁ`H«$m§Ë`m§À`m J«§Wm§Mo n[aerbZ {edam_n§V nam§Oß`m§Zr

Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ AO©-{dZ§Ë`m§Zr H$mhr {_iV Zmhr, bTy>Z-PJSy>Z ñdmV§Í` {_i{dbo nm{hOo Ago

à{VnmXZ Vo H$ê$ bmJbo. {edam_n§V _hmamï´> H$m°boOmV g§ñH¥$VÀ`m àmÜ`mnH$mMo H$m_ H$arV. nwT>o

Vo _§{XamV OmD$Z "amOH$s` nwamU' gm§Jy bmJbo. JUoe CËgd, {edmOr CËgdmV ^mfUo H$ê$

bmJbo. bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV ñdm{^_mZmMr Á`moV noQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r {edam_n§V nam§Ono d¥ÎmnÌm§H$S>o

dibo. "Ho$gar', "nwUo d¡ d'_Ü o {bhÿ bmJbo.

nmaV§Í`mMr MrS> bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U ìhmdr d ñdmV§Í`mMm Ü`mg Ë`m§Zm bmJmdm Agm

Omo {dMma Ë`m§À`m _ZmV IXIXV hmoVm Vmo bmoH$m§n ªV nmohMdmdm, Aem Bf}Zo "H$mi' nÌmMm

OÝ_ Pmbm.25 _mM© 1898 amoOr "H$mi'nÌ gwê$ Pmbo. ""bmoH$mV ÑT>_yb d ê$T> Pmboë`m

{H$Ë oH$ amOH$s` H$ënZm§Mm CÀN>oX H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mimMm OÝ_ Amho'' Ago C{Ôï> {edam_n§Vm§Zr

Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo.110 "H$mi' nÌ Ë`mdoiÀ`m ~hþVoH$ nÌm§à_mUo _VnÌM hmoVo. n{hë`mM A§H$mV

"H$mi' `m g§koMr AJ«boImV MMm© Ho$bobr hmoVr.... "H$mi' eãXmV "H$mb' hr g‘`mMr gyMZm

Á`mà_mUo AgVo Ë`mà_mUoM Ë`m eãXmZo _¥Ë yXodmMr, ZmemMr ^ §H$a gyMZmhr nwT>o oVo. Amnbo

nÌ B§J«Om§Mm H$mi R>aUma Amho, Agohr H$Xm{MV Ë`m§Zm gy{MV H$amd`mMo Agob... "H$mi' hm

gd©gmjr Amho, Vgm Vmo gd©{dZmerhr Amho. AJ«boImV {edam_n§Vm§Zr "H$mb' VÎdmMo \$ma _moR>o

{dbmo Zr` d ì`mnH$ ê$n C o Ho$bo hmoVo.111 "H$mi' ho {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌ Agbo Var "Ho$gar'Mr

Z¸$b ZìhVo. Ë`m§À`m boIZmV H$mì`_`Vm, H$ënZm{dbmg d dmL²>_`rZ JwU hmoVo. dH«$moº$sMm

AmYma KoD$Zhr Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`mH$m§jm {Z_m©U Ho$br. AÝ`moº$s, ê$nH$m§Mm Aml`, nwamUH$Wm§Mo

(43)

ghmæ`, CnamoY, ì`mOmoº$s, Cnhmg BË`mXr dmL²>_`rZ T>§Jm§Zr {edam_n§Vm§Mo boIZ ZQ>bobo

AgV. "JÚ _hmH$dr' ho {deofU Ë`m§Zm `WmWm©Zo bmJy nS>Vo. "XJS>r H$moigm' Agm {Xgm`bm

{Zê$nÐdr d AJXrM _m_wbr {df` KoD$Z Ë`mda AJ«boI {b{hbm. nU Ë`mbm Ë`m§À`m à{V oMm

ñne© hmoVmM Ë`mMr YJ àIa ~ZVo d àmUKmVH$ {haH$Ê`m ~mhoa nS>VmV.

"H$mi' nÌmbm ~mam dfmªMo Am wî` bm^bo. n{hbr Xhm df} AË §V bmoH${à`VoMr R>abr.

1908 _Ü o H$miMm In 16 hOmamn ªV Jobo. {Q>iH$m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd Am{U "Ho$gar'À`m JO©Zm MT>Ë`m

dmT>Ë`m loUrZo JmOV AgVmZm Am{U Ë`m§À`m nwT>marnUmMm X~X~m gd©Ì ngabobm AgVmZm àg§Jr

"Ho$gar'bmhr _mJo Q>mH$sb, Aer Anyd© bmoH${à`Vm "H$mi' nÌmbm bm^br. 1908 gmbr

"H$mi'nÌmda amOÐmohmMm IQ>bm Pmbm Voìhm Á warg_moa Ho$boë`m B§J«Or ^mfUmV {edam_n§V

åhUmbo, ""ñdXoemda ào_ H$aUo hm Oa JwÝhm Agob Va Vmo _r Ho$bm Amho {Z Ë`mgmR>r Or {ejm _bm

{_iob Vr _r AmZ§XmZo ^moJm`bm V`ma Amho.!Ÿ''112 `m IQ>ë`mV 19 _{hÝ`m§Mr Ë`m§Zm {ejm

Pmbr; nU AmamonrZo ñdXoem{^_mZmZo ào[aV hmoD$Z boIZ Ho$ë`mMo Á warZo ~hþ_VmZo àH$Q> Ho$bo.

"H$mi' {edam_n§V nam§Ono `m§À`m boIZmgmR>r à{gÕ Agbm Var H$mhr H$mi à{gÕ

Pmbobr "b§S>ZMr ~mV_rnÌo' hohr Ë`mMo EH$ d¡{eï>ç åhUVm oB©b. hr ~mV_rnÌo nwT>o ñdmV§Í`dra

åhUyZ à{gÕ nmdbobo {d. Xm. gmdaH$a {bhrV AgV. 1909 n ªV Vr à{gÕ hmoV AgV. AWm©V

~hþVoH$ ~mV_rnÌo Xoe^º$sÀ`m ^mdZm MoV{dUmar Am{U ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m àoaUm§Zm JVr XoUmar AgV.

nÌH$ma gmdaH$am§Mo Xe©Z b§S>ZÀ`m ~mV_rnÌmVyZ KS>Vo. "H$mi'nÌ ~§X Pmë`mda {X. 12 Am°JñQ>

1920 amoOr {edam_n§Vm§Zr "ñdamÁ`' gmßVm{hH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. _Zw nmbQ>bm hmoVm. {Q>iH$ wJmMr

g_már Pmbr hmoVr. Jm§Yr wJmÀ`m ndm©bm àma§ Pmbm hmoVm. nam§Ono `m§Zr _hmË_m Jm§YtMo ZoV¥Ëd

ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. nU "H$mim'Vrb àIaVm "ñdamÁ`m'V ZìhVr. ho nÌ \$ma H$mi Mmbbo Zmhr.

"H$mi' nÌmVrb Ohmb boIm§Zr gaH$maXa~mar d Zo_ñVmXr H$mhr bmoH$mV H$mhÿa _mObo,

nU åhUyZ "H$mim'Mm à^md ì`mnH$ à_mUmV gd©Xya Pmbm hmoVm Ago _mÌ åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

"H$mim'Mo AmH$f©U àm_w»`mZo _Ü`_dJu` nm§T>anoem dJm©nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo. Ë`m~mhoa Vo

nmohMbobo ZìhVo.

"H$mi'nÌ gwê$ Pmë`mda _{hZm^amÀ`m AdYrV åhUOo 15 E{àb 1898 amoOr _hfu

{dÇ>b am_Or qeXo `m§Zr Amnë`m amoO{ZerV nwT>rb Zm|X Ho$bobr AmT>iVo. Zm|XrMm dma ewH«$dma

åhUOo "H$mi'À`m à{gÕrMm {Xdg hmoVm.

(44)

""AmOMm "H$mi'Mm A§H$ dmMbm. _Ðmg bo. H$m¡pÝgbnwT>o AmZ O§~wqbJ _wXbr`aMo

"~mb{ddmh {ZfoYH$ {~b' `mdaMr Q>rH$m dmMyZ "H$mi' H$moUË`m njmMm ho H$ibo. H$mi åhUOo

Ho$garMr Z¸$b {XgVo. nU Ho$garMm ñdm^m{dH$ Ia_arVnUm, OmÁdë` AW©Jm§ r ©, eãXm§Mm

Zo_Ho$nUm d gmYr T>~, ZIao~mO Ab§H$mam{df`r {ZîH$miOrnUm dJ¡ao Mm§Jbo JwU H$mimV

V§VmoV§V CVabobo {XgV ZmhrV. nU Ho$garMm Hw$pËgVnUm d ì`º$sbm d njmbm Q>moMyZ {b{hÊ`mMr

gd` _mÌ ~è`mM {R>H$mUr H$mimV M_H$Vo. 113 H$mimMr _`m©Xm ñnï> H$aUmar hr Zm|X bjUr`

hmo`.

JwamIr : JwamIr : JwamIr : JwamIr : JwamIr : H$mbmZwH«$_o {ZKmbobo X¡{ZH$ d¥ÎmnÌ åhUOo {dZm`H$ Zmam`U ^mQ>ço `m§Mo "JwamIr'nÌ

hmo . "Ho$gar', "H$mi' `m§À`mà_mUoM "JwamIr' nÌmda 1899 À`m _mM© _{hÝ`mÀ`m 26,30,31

_mM©À`m A§H$mV à{gÕ Pmboë`m boIm§dê$Z IQ>bm ^aÊ`mV Ambm. `m IQ>ë`mV amOÐmohmÀ`m

Amamonmnojm EH$ {ZamimM _wÔm _hÎdmMm R>abm. d¥ÎmnÌZrVrMm hm _wÔm hmoVm. Amjonmh© R>abobo

boI ^mQ>ço `m§Zr {b{hbobo ZìhVo. 1899 À`m Owb¡ _{hÝ`mV IQ>bm hm`H$moQ>m©V gwê$ Pmë`mda

g§nmXH$ ^mQ>ço `m§Zr, ho boI AmnU {b{hbobo ZmhrV d Á`mdoir boI {b{hbo Jobo Voìhm AmnU

~mhoaJmdr hmoVmo. VgoM Amnë`m J¡ahOoarV bú_U Zmam`U Omoer `m§Zr ho boI {b{hë`mMo

H$moQ>m©bm gm§{JVbo.114 `m àH$aUr g§nmXH$ ^mQ>ço gwQ>bo ZmhrV. boIH$mbm {ejm PmbrM; nU

g§nmXH$mbmhr H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$mÌrV AS>H$mdo bmJbo. d¥ÎmnÌZrVrbm N>oX XoUmè`m àH$mam§_wio g§nmXH$

^mQ>ço Ü`o`dmXr g§nmXH$m§À`m n§JVrbm ~gy eH$bo Zmhr; _mÌ bIyZmZm§Mm nwT>rb H$mimV

ZdZdrZ d¥ÎmnÌm§er g§~§Y oV am{hbm.

^mbm : ^mbm : ^mbm : ^mbm : ^mbm : nwÊ`mV "Ho$gar' Am{U "H$mi' Omo_mV AgVmZm Ë`mM na§naoer ZmVo gm§JUmao "^mbm'

nÌ H$mT>Ê`mMo YmS>g XmIdyZ Amnë`m ñdV§Ì d¡{eï>çmZo Ë`mbmhr bmoH$m§V ñWmZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo

H$V¥©Ëd ^mñH$a ~id§V ^monQ>H$a `m§Zr XmI{dbo. XrK©H$mi EH$Q>mH$s boIZ H$ê$Z ^m. ~.

^monQ>H$am§Zr nÌ Mmb{dbo, Ë`m_wio "^mbm'H$ma ho {~éX Ë`m§À`m Zmdmbm H$m`_Mo {MH$Q>bo.

"^mbm' nÌmMm n{hbm A§H$ JwT>rnmS>ì`mÀ`m _whyVm©da {X. 5 E{àb 1905 amoOr à{gÕ Pmbm.

àW_V: "^mbm' nÌ _{hÝ`mVyZ VrZ doim åhUOo Xem{hH$ ñdê$nmV à{gÕ hmoV Ago. nwT>o Ë`mMo

gmßVm{hH$, nm{jH$ Ago ~Xb hmoV Jobo.

(45)

Y_m©gmR>r _amdo & _amoZr Ad¿`mg _mamdo

_maVm _maVm ¿`mdo & amÁ` Amnwbo &&

Agm g§V am_Xmg ñdm_tÀ`m dMZmà_mUo ^më`mMm CÔoe hmoVm.

"^mbm' nÌmMo ñdê$n amOH$s` Agbo Var "^mbm'H$mam§À`m OrdZmV qhXyY_m©À`m OmÁdë`

A{^_mZmbm Am{U amOH$maUmnojmhr Y_©H$maUmbm daMo ñWmZ hmoVo, Am{U Ë`mVhr gZmVZd¥Îmr

A{YH$ hmoVr.... Ë`m§Zr ñdV:M gm§{JVbo hmoVo H$s, _r amOH$maUmV ñdamÁ`Ü o r Am{U Y_©H$maUmV

gZmVZr Amho. nwT>o AmnU 25 Q> o$ gwYmaH$ Agë`mMohr Vo gm§JVmV. "^mbm' nÌmV {Q>iH$m§À`m

amOH$maUmMmM nwañH$ma, VgoM na§nam Am{U ê$T>r `m§Zm ñWmZ {_io. {Q>iH$g§àXm`r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo

EH$ d¡{eï>ç Ago hmoVo H$s, amOH$maUmV H«$m§[VH$mar, nU g_mOH$maUmV _mÌ gwYmaUm{damoYr,

gZmVZd¥ÎmrMm à^md Ë`mV A{YH$ Ago. "H$mi'H$V} {edam_n§V nam§Ono hohr "^mbm'H$mam§à_mUo

gZmVZd¥ÎmrMoM hmoVo. 115 d¥ÎmnÌ ho _VnÌM Agmdo Aer "^mbm'H$mam§Mr H$ënZm hmoVr. AmVrb

~mVå`mM \$º$ dmMZr` Agë`m_wio Aem _dminÌm§Zm "d¥ÎmnÌo' ho Zmd emo Vo. nU amï´>r`

d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm d¥ÎmnÌo ho Zmd XoUo H$Yrhr amñV hmoUma Zmhr. amï´>r` nÌm§Mm gd© H$b ñdmdb§~ZmXr

_Vm§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mH$S>o AgVmo. amï´>r` nÌmV ~mVå`m AgVmV, nU Vo Ë`mMo àYmZ A§J Zmhr.

`m H$maUmZo amï´>r` d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm d¥ÎmnÌo (News Papers) åhUÊ`mEodOr _VnÌo (Views Papers)

åhUUo OmñV g§ wpŠVH$ hmo .... H$moUË`mhr amï´>mMr CÞVr hmoÊ`mg Ë`m amï´>mV _VnÌm§Mr g§»`m

dmT>rg bmJbr nm{hOo. amï´>o _aVmV qH$dm VaVmV Vr _VnÌm§À`m H$_rOmñV g§» o_wio hmoV....

dV©_mZnÌm§Mo g§nmXH$ ho Amnë`m dJ©UrXmam§Zr ~Zboë`m amï´>^º$m§À`m Q>moirMo H°$ßQ>Z hmoV.'' Ago

21 _o 1909 À`m "^mbm'nÌmV åhQ>bo Amho. "^mbm' nÌmZo àW_nmgyZ Ohmb amOH$maUmMm

nwañH$ma Ho$bm. 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1905 À`m åhUOo {dgmì`m A§H$mVrb "H¥$îU' `m Q>monU ZmdmZo

{b{hboë`m "ZaH$mMm Xa~ma' `m boImda amOÐmohmMm IQ>bm hmoD$Z ghm _{hÝ`mMr gmYr H¡$X d

EH$ hOma én o X§S>mMr {ejm Pmbr. ^mbmH$ma ^monQ>H$a Vwé§JmV Joë`mda Ë`m§Mo ~§Yy b. ~. VWm

AÊUmgmho~ ^monQ>H$am§Zr nÌ Mmb{dbo. Vwé§JmVyZ gwQ>ë`mda nwÝhm ^mD$gmho~ ^monQ>H$am§Zr nÌmMr

gyÌo KoVbr. AIoa gaH$maÀ`m XS>nemhr_wio nÌ 1910 À`m Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV ~§X H$amdo bmJbo.

nmM df}, gmV _{hZo MmbyZ ^më`mMm àW_mdVma g_má Pmbm. hm nyU©{dam_ ZìhVm. "^mbm'nÌ

1925 ‘Ü o nwÝhm gwê$ Pmbo. Voìhm amOH$s` n[apñWVr ~Xbbr hmoVr. Var {Q>iH$m§MmM amOH$s`

{dMma nwT>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r ^më`mMm hm Xwgam AdVma Pmbm. 1925 À`m ^më`mMo Ü o dmŠ` hmoVo,

(46)

Ohmb {VVwH$m _oidmdm & bmoH$_mÝ` n§W dmT>dmdm

`m{df`r H$[aVm WH$dm & {Q>iH$ hmgVr && 116

nwT>rb H$mimV nwÊ`mV d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr OUy gmIirM {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. Ho$gar, _amR>m,

H$mi, ^mbm Aer {Q>iH$n§Wr` nÌo nwÊ`mVM hmoVr. nwUo Ohmb {Q>iH$m§Zr H$m~rO Ho$bo Agbo Var

_w§~B© ehamV Zo_ñVm§Mo àm~ë` hmoVo. Aem H$mimV _w§~B© ehamVhr {Q>iH$m§Zr bj KmVbo. Ë`mVyZ

The National Publishing Co.Ltd., Bombay H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z "amï´>_V' X¡{ZH$

H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo. Ë`mMo g§nmXH$ grVmam_ Ho$ed Xm_bo hmoVo. "amï´>_V' ho OhmbnjmMo _wInÌ

Agë`mZo amOH$maU hmM Ë`mMm _w»` {df` hmoVm. gaH$maMr dH«$Ñï>r `m nÌmH$S>o dibr.

{Z{_Îm hmoVo AZ§V H$mÝhoao `m§Zr Ho$boë`m Zm{eH$À`m H$boŠQ>a O°ŠgZÀ`m dYmMo. AZ§V H$mÝhoao

`m§À`mgmR>r Omo \§$S> C^mabm. Ë`mV amï´>‘VMm g§nmXH$dJ©hr hmoVm. àog A°ŠQ>Imbr O_mZV

R>odÊ`mMm hþHy$_ nÌmda ~OmdÊ`mV Ambm. `mdoir {Q>iH$ _§S>mboÀ`m Vwê§$JmV hmoVo. VgoM

g§nmXH$m§Vhr gm_§Oñ` am{hbo ZìhVo. grVmam_ Ho$ed Xm_ë`m§Zr g§nmXH$nX gmoS>bo. Z. {M§.

Ho$iH$a `m§Zm g§nmXH$nX ñdrH$maÊ`mMr Ji KmbÊ`mV Ambr. nU "Vw_À`m AmYmam{edm`

Amåhr C^o amhÿ eH$Uma Zmhr' Ago Ho$garMo ì`dñWmnH$ Ym|S>mon§V {dÛm§gm§Zr gm§{JVë`mZo

Ho$iH$am§Zr {dMma ~Xbbm.117 Ë`mZ§Va Xm_ë`m§Mo ghH$mar gaXogmB© g§nmXH$ Pmbo. nwT>o XÎmmon§V

AmnQ>o g§nmXH$ Pmbo. nU O°ŠgZMm dY ho VmËH$m{bH$ H$maU Agbo Var H$moëhmnya Xa~mamMmhr

amï´>_VÀ`m g_márbm hmV^ma bmJyZ amï´>_VMr g_már Pmbr. _w§~B©V Ohmb njmMo gmYZ Cabo

Zmhr.

`mM H$mimV "d§Xo _mVa_²' Am{U "qhXr Ho$gar' hr ^mfm§Va ñdê$nmMr Ho$di AZwdm{XV

_OHy$a XoUmar XmoZ nÌo H$mhr H$mi Mmbbr. "Ho$gar' qhXrà_mUoM JwOamVr ^mfoVhr Mmb{dÊ`mMm

à`ËZ CnH«$_ Pmbm. nU hr nÌo AënOrdr R>abr. AWm©V hr nÌohr {Q>iH$g§àXm`rM hmoVr.

2.16 _Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à_wI nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.16 _Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à_wI nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.16 _Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à_wI nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.16 _Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à_wI nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar :2.16 _Ü`àm§V - dèhmS>mVrb à_wI nÌm§Mr H$m_{Jar : ZmJnyaMo »`mVZm_

gwYmaH$ "har _mYd n§[S>V' `m§Zr 1891 gmbr "XoegodH$' nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. ho nÌ _yi Zo_ñV

àd¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. AÀ wVamd H$moëhQ>H$a d Jmonmiamd AmoJbo ‘m§Zr "XoegodH$' nÌmV nÌH$m[aVoMo YS>o

{Ja{dbo. nwT>o AmoJbo `m§Zr "_hmamï´>' nÌ ZmJnwamVM H$mT>bo.

(47)

"XoegodH$' Zo_ñV d¥ÎmrMo Agbo Var Ë`mMm Iam ~mob~mbm AÀ wVamd H$moëhQ>H$am§À`m

hmVr gyÌo Amë`mda Pmbm. AÀ`wVamdm§Mr _Vo {Q>iH$m§H$S>o PwH$Umar hmoVr. Ë`mVM H$m±J«ogMo

A{YdoeZ ZmJnwamV ^aUma Agë`mZo AÜ`jnX {Q>iH$m§Zm {_imdo, Aer _mJUr S>m°. ~m. {e.

_w§Oo Am[X VéUm§À`m JQ>mH$Sy>Z gwê$ Pmbr. H$moëhQ>H$am§Zr `m _mJUrMm "XoegodH$m'_YyZ nmR>nwamdm

Ho$bm. Zo_ñV "XoegodH$m'Mo Ohmb "XoegodH$mV' ê$nm§Va Pmbo. (ZmJnwamVrb bmoH$ XoegodH$Mo

Y_mªVa Pmbo Ago åhUy bmJbr). _Ü`àm§V dèhmS>mV AÀ wVamdm§gma»`m YS>mS>rÀ`m g§nmXH$m_wio

Ohmbm§Mr ~mOy ^¸$_ Pmbr. [añbo gŠ`w©ba{déÕ ZmJnwamV Ho$boë`m Am§XmobZmV AÀ`wVamd

gh^mJrhr Pmbo. {dÚmÏ`mªnwT>o ^mfUohr Ho$br.

Ohmb-_dmi dmXmV ZmJnyabm ^amd`mMo A{YdoeZ gwaVbm ^abo. A{YdoeZmbm OmVmZm

d oVmZm ~§JmbMo ZoVo ~m~y AaqdX Kmof `m§Zr amï´>r` njmMo Ü o d YmoaU `mda ^mfUo Ho$br.

XoegodH$mV hr ^mfUo N>mnbr åhUyZ emgZmZo AÀ`wVamdm§da IQ>bm ^abm. AÀ`wVamdm§Zm

amOÐmohm~Ôb {ejm Pmbr. XoegodH$mMr O~m~Xmar {>Q>iH$m§À`mM Vmb_rV V`ma Pmboë`m

Jmonmiamd AmoJë`m§da Ambr. Ë`m§À`mdahr bm¡H$aM IQ>bm ^aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va e§ wamd

JmS>Jri "XoegodH$'Mo g§nmXH$ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zmhr "nXì`m§Mm nmoH$inUm' hm boI Amjonmh© R>adyZ

EH$ hOma én o X§S>mMr {ejm Pmbr. Om_rZH$sMo gb gVV Mmby am{hë`mZoM "XoegodH$m'Mr

B{Vlr Pmbr. _mÌ A. ~. H$moëhQ>H$a, Jmonmiamd AmoJbo Aem Zm_d§V g§nmXH$m§Zr nÌH$m[aVoMo

n{hbo YS>o XoegodH$mVM {Ja{dbo.

"Ho$gar' na§naoVrb nU _Ü`n«m§V dèhmS> `m qhXr d _amR>r {Û^mfr àm§VmV JmObobo nÌ

åhUyZ Jmonmi AZ§V D$\©$ XmXmgmho~ AmoJbo `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo {ZKmboë`m "_hmamï´' nÌmMm C„oI

H$amdm bmJob. "Ho$gar' ZmJnya - dèhmS>mV oV hmoVm d Ë`mÀ`mÛmam bmoH${ejUmMo Oo H$mhr H$m ©

ìhm`Mo Vo hmoVhr hmoVo. nU Vo àm_w»`mZo g_mOmÀ`m daÀ`m WamV hmoVo. {edm` "Ho$gar'V ñWm{ZH$

MidirMr _m{hVr d àm§VmVrb gaH$mada Q>rH$m oUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Ho$garMr ^mfmhr gd©gm_mÝ`

bmoH$m§Zm ghO nobUmar ZìhVr. 118 Ë`mVM H«°$S>m°H$ d pŠbìhb°S> `m ZmoH$aehm§À`m XS>nemhrZo

ZmJnwamVrb ñdXoe{Zð> nÌo ~§X nS>br hmoVr. Aem pñWVrV Jmonmiamd AmoJbo `m§Zr _w§~B©hÿZ

ZmJnwamV oD$Z "_hmamï´>' nÌ 1914 gmbr gwê$ Ho$bo.

(48)

"_hmamï´>' nÌmMo YmoaU Ohmb amï´>r` njmÀ`m amOH$maUmMm nwañH$ma H$aUo ho hmoVo. ho nÌ

CKS>CKS> {Q>iH$g§àXm`r hmoVo. {Q>iH$m§À`m øm d nwT>ohr H$mhr df} "Ho$gar' Am{U "_hmamï´>'

`m§À`m {dMmamV d àMmamV {dbjU gmå` Ago. EdT>o Jmonmiamd d Ë`m§Mm "_hmamï´>' {Q>iH$

{dMmagaUrer ZwgVm g_agM Zìho Va EH$Ord Pmbobm hmoVm. 119 _mÌ {Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va ho

YmoaU ~Xbbo. H$moUË`mhr njmMr n¸$s ~m§YrbH$s Z nËH$aVm, àË oH$ àíZmMm ñdV§Ì d¥ÎmrZo,

gmYH$ - ~mYH$ {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mZwgma "_hmamï´>mV' _V _m§S>Ê`mV oB©. nwT>o [añbo gŠ w©ba{déÕ

ZmJnwamVrb {dÚmÏ`mªMm g§n, 1925 gmbr ñdamÁ` njmÀ`m {V[H$Q>mda {ZdSy>Z Ambobo Vm§~o

`m§Mo {XdmUnX, 1937 Mr {ZdS>UyH$ Aemàg§Jr "_hmamï´>' nÌmZo "Ho$gar'er XmoZ hmV Ho$bo.

"_hmamï´>m'À`m ñdV§Ì y{_Ho$_wio H$m±J«ogÀ`m H$mhr H$m ©H«$_mbm Ë`mMm nm[R>§~m Ago, Vgo qhXy

_hmg obmhr m nÌmV ñWmZ {_io. à{gÕ gm{hpË`H$ JOmZZ Í §~H$ _mS>ImobH$a m§Mo "_hmamï>m'Vrb

dmL²>_` narjUmMo d gm{hË`{df`H$ MM}Mo gXa Ë`m§À`m drg dfmªÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV JmObo. `m

gXamZo _hmamï´>mVrb gd© gm{hpË`H$ {dÛmZm§Mo bj doYyZ KoVbo. XmXmgmho~ AmoJbo m§Zr amOH$maUmMm

à^md Agboë`m H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr CnH«$_erbVm XmI{dbr. _hmamï´>mV

JmOboë`m "ImZ-_m{bZr' {ddmhmÀ`m g§X^m©V AmjonH$m§da OiOirV Q>rH$m _mS>ImobH$am§Zr

Xwgè`m EH$m nÌmVyZ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio "_hmamï´>m'À`m g§nmXH$ _§S>imVyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdo,

Agohr gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. _mÌ AmoJbo `m§Mr d¥Îmr {XbXma hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Zr

_mS>ImobH$am§À`m ~m~VrV gm¡OÝ` XmI{dbo. Ho$gar na§naoÀ`m "_hmamï´>' nÌmZo ì`mnH$ d àJ_Zerb

Ñ[ï>H$moZ R>odbm. g§§nmXH$ _§S>imV gmå`dmXr, qhXwg^mdmXr, {dMjU _Vo ~miJUmao Ago gd©

{Zd}YnUo dmdê$ eH$bo. gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUobm nm[R>§~m, ñdXoerMm àMma d bmoH$g§J«mhH$ d¥Îmr ho

XmXmgmho~m§À`m H$ma{H$XuVrb d¡{eï>ç Agbo Var ZmJnya àm§VmVrb ~«m÷UoVa Midirer 120

Ë`m§Mo O_bo Zmhr. "_hmamï´>' nÌ àW_ gVam df} gmám{hH$ hmoVo. nwT>o 1930 nmgyZ {Ûgmám{hH$

Pmbo. 1947 gmbr Ë`mMo g§nmXH$ nw. {X. T>dio `m§Zr X¡{ZH$mV ê$nm§Va Ho$bo. nwT>o X¡{ZH$ _hmamï´>

"{edamO àH$meZ' m ZmdmZo npãbH$ {b{_Q>oS> H§$nZr_m\©$V Mmb{dbm Jobm. Am{W©H$ AS>MUrÀ`m

H$mimV H$_©Mmard§¥XmZo ghH$mar VÎdmda Mmb{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU AIoa 1977 gmbr

nÌmMr B{Vlr Pmbr. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌg¥ï>rVrb _¡bmMm XJS>, IwUoMm ñV§ AgoM Ë`mMo ñWmZ hmoVo.

(49)

2.17 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo 2.17 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo 2.17 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo 2.17 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo 2.17 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo "H$moëhQ>H$arH$moëhQ>H$arH$moëhQ>H$arH$moëhQ>H$arH$moëhQ>H$ar' diU : diU : diU : diU : diU : 1908 gmbr "XoegodH$' nÌmMo

g§nmXH$ åhUyZ Amnë`m d¥ÎmnÌr` H$m_{Jarbm AÀ`wV ~id§V H$moëhQ>H$am§Zr gwédmV Ho$br.

g§nmXH$mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm Z MwH$Vm oUmam Vwê§$Jdmghr ^moJbm, `mMm C„oI "XoegodH$' nÌmMr

H$m_{Jar ñnï> H$aVmZm Aä`mgH$mZo `mAmYr Ho$bm Amho. "XoegodH$' nÌ ZmJnya - dèhmS>

àm§VmVbo Zo_ñV nÌ hmoVo. AÀ wVamdm§À`m g§nmXH$s` H$mimV nÌmMm Zo_ñV AdVma ~Xbbm Am{U

AÀ wVamdm§À`m d[Sbm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Kam~mhoa H$mT>bo. Ë`mZ§Va AÀ wVamdm§Zr ZmJnyabm pñWa Z hmoVm

_w§~B©gmaIo ~hþa§Jr Am{U {d{dYT>§Jr eha H$m ©joÌ åhUyZ {ZdS>bo. gmám{hH$m§Zm d¥ÎmnÌ g_OÊ`mÀ`m

O_mÝ`mV X¡{ZH$ bmoH${à` hmoD$ eH$Vo ho AÀ wVamdm§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbo. {Q>iH$m§Mr na§nam gm§JUmam

hm g§nmXH$ gm_m{OH$ d AÝ` ~m~VrV Ë`m§À`mnwT>o XmoZ nmdbo OmD$Z {dMma H$aUmam Am{U

H$mimMo ZrQ> ^mZ R>odUmam hmoVm.121 g_mOmgmR>r VimÀ`m bmoH$m§n ªV dV©_mZnÌ Am{U Ë`mÛmam

amOH$s` Am{U AÝ` OmJ¥Vr AÀ wVamdm§Zr ZoD$Z nmohM{dbr d _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m H$joV Zdm

dmMH$dJ© Ë`m§Zr AmUyZ gmoS>bm. EImXr Jmoï> H$amd`mMr åhQ>br H$s, VrV ~oYS>H$ gd© eº$s{Zer

ñdV:bm PmoHy$Z Úmd`mMo, Aer Ë`m§Mr d¥Îmr Agë`mZo, AÀ wVamdm§Mr nÌo bmoH${à` hmoD$Zhr

pñWa hmoD$ eH$br ZmhrV. AÀ wVamdm§Zr Amnbo X¡dV Oo bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ Ë`m§À`mdahr Ajå`

Q>rH$m Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m§Mr bmoH${à`Vm Or Kgabr Vr naV Ë`m§Zm H$YrM gmdaVm Ambr Zmhr.

"qhXyn§M'À`m VmË`m \$S>Ho$ `m§À`m àm§VmV Ë`m§Zr OUy àdoe Ho$bm hmoVm.

"g§Xoe'H$ma H$moëhQ>H$am§Zr XoegodH$mZ§Va "lw{V~moY' (1912 Vo 1914), "Cfm' (1913)

hr _m{gH§$ gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. Var AÀ`wVamd H$moëhQ>H$am§Mo Zmd H$mT>VmM "g§Xoe' nÌmMrM

AmR>dU oVo. 1915 nmgyZ 1930 n ªV "g§Xoe' nmM doim ~§X nS>bo. Ë`mn¡H$s VrZ doim X¡{ZH$

åhUyZ; Va EH$Xm gmám{hH$ åhUyZ AÀ wVamdm§Zr Ë`mMo nwZê$ÁOrdZ Ho$bo. `mM H$mimV g§nmXH$,

boIH$ åhUyZhr AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌm§V Vo hm¡goZo H$m_ H$arV am{hbo. {Q>iH$m§À`m amOH$maUmbm nwT>o

Ý`md`mMo Agob Va, Ho$di _Ü`_dJu` nm§T>anoem dJm©da {dg§~yZ Z amhVm, Ë`mnbrH$S>o

H$m_JmamXr dJm©Vhr d¥ÎmnÌmÛmao nmohMbo nm{hOo. gË`emoYH$ Midir_wio J«m_rU ^mJmV gd©Ì

{Q>iH$m§{df`r amJ Zgbm, Var _moR>r AmoT> hmoVr Agohr åhUVm oUma Zmhr. 122 {Q>iH$m§À`m

amOH$maUmVbr Zo_H$s CUrd AmoiIyZ gm_mÝ` dmMH$mbm AmdS>ob, ê$Mob Ago X¡{ZH$nÌ _H$a

(50)

g§H«$m§VrÀ`m {Xder 14 OmZodmar 1915 amoOr à{gÕ Ho$bo. Ë`mMr Om{hamV "Ho$gar'À`m 12

OmZodmar 1915 À`m A§H$mV {Xbr hmoVr. dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur 9 én o hmoVr. 19 OmZodmar 1915 À`m

"Ho$gar'Vrb A{^àm`mV åhQ>bo hmoVo,... CÚmoJr, CËgmhr, H$gboë`m g§nmXH$m§À`mÛmam _amR>r

dmMH$dJm©g àË`hr {_iUmam g§Xoe MQ>H$Xma Agob `m{df`r Amåhmg _wirM g§e` Zmhr...123

AÀ wVamdm§Zr _VnÌmMo diU Oar H$m`_ R>odbo Var gm_mÝ` dmMH$m§gmR>r "~mVå`m'

{_idyZ N>mnë`m. bmb, H$miçm, {haì`m emB©V "g§Xoe' N>mnyZ bmoH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVbo.

nwÊ`m_w§~B©V Xa e{Zdmar-~wYdmar hmoUmè`m ZmQ>çà`moJmÀ`m ~mVå`mhr Amnbo dmVm©ha {Z`{_V

nmR>dyZ à{gÕ H$aÊ`mMr XjVm Vo KoV. AmO XoemVrb gd©M nÌmV {H«$Ho$Q> IoimMo d {H«$Ho$Q>

ñQ>maMo d¥Îm dmMm`bm {_iVo. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmV {H«$Ho$Q>Mr agmidU©Zo XoÊ`mMr àWmhr g§XoeZoM

gwê$ Ho$br. AÀ wVamdm§À`m nwT>o _w§~B©Vrb gai_mJu _Ü`_dJu` nm§T>anoem g_mO Ogm hmoVm,

Vgm {JaUJmdmVrb l_Ordr dJ©hr hmoVm. {edam_n§V nam§Ono, VmË`mgmho~ Ho$iH$a dm H$mH$mgmho~

ImS>rbH$a `m§Zr 1920 n ªV d¥ÎmboIZ nwÊ`mV Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`mnwT>o _Ü`_dJu` dmMH$dJ© àm_w»`mZo

hmoVm.... gË`emoYH$m§À`m, ~«m÷UoVam§À`m Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m MidirMr XIb AÀ`wVamd

AmdOy©Z KoV. {XZH$aamd OdiH$am§gma»`m ~«m÷UoVa nwT>mè`m~amo~a AÀ wVamdm§Mo K{Zð> g§~§Y

hmoVo. _w§~B©À`m H$m_JmadJm©Mo {dñ_aU AÀ wVamdm§Zm hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo.124 {Q>iH$ d AmJaH$a

`m§Mr VwbZm H$aVmZm Amnbr {Q>iH$m§daMr Ana§nma ^º$s AmS> oD$ Z XoVm, AmJaH$am§Zm `mo½`

Vmo Ý`m` Ë`m§Zr {Xbm. `m_wio Jm§YrOtMo ZoV¥Ëd ñdrH$maVmZm Ë`m§Zr CJrM IiIi Ho$br Zmhr.

AÀ`wVamd {Q>iH$^º$ Agbo Var ~«m÷UoVa Midi, Añn¥í`moÕma BË`m[X àým§~m~V Ë`m§Mr

y{_H$m nwamoJm_r hmoVr. åhUyZM OmoVramd \w$bo `m§Mr AZw„oImZo Cnojm hmoV AgVmZmÀ`m H$mimV,

OmoVramd ho {Q>iH$, AmJaH$a, JmoIbo `m§À`m VmoS>rMo ZoVo hmoVo, Ago AÀ wVamdm§Zr AmJ«hmZo

gm§{JVbo.125 OodUmÀ`m n§º$sV, XodimMo XmamV, nmUdR>çmÀ`m OmJoda, EdT>oM H$m`,

_gUdQ>rVXoIrb ~«m÷UoVam§Mr _Zo amoO aº$~§~mi Ho$br OmV AmhoV. hr _Zo nwÝhm gm§Ybr

nm{hOoV. _mOKa, XodKa, nmUrKa qH$dm ÝhmUrKa-øm gd© {R>H$mUr ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoVa EH$ Agm

à`ËZ IwÔ ~«m÷Um§Zr Ho$bm nm{hOo, Ago R>UH$mdyZ gm§JUmao AÀ wVamd "~«m÷UoVa dJm©g XOm©

(Status) àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Mmbbobr Or Midi VrM ~«m÷UoVa Midi hmo '126 Aer

~«m÷UoVa MidirMr ì`m»`m H$aVmV. "~«m÷U-A~«m÷U' `m boImV (28 E{àb 1920) Ë`m§Zr

nwT>rbà_mUo MMm© Ho$br Amho, ""~«m÷U-A~«m÷U `m MidirMm Amåhmg `pËH¨${MVhr {dfmX

(51)

dmQ>V ZgyZ hr Amnë`m XoemV CËnÞ Pmë`m~Ôb Amåhmg A§V:H$aUnyd©H$ AmZ§X hmoV Amho.

~«m÷U-A~«m÷U Midi CX²>^dbr åhUOo Ë`mMm AW©M Agm H$s, {h§XwñWmZmVrb OZVm

IS>~SyZ OmJr Pmbr AgyZ Am_Mo h¸$ Amåhmg nm{hOoV Aer AmH$m§jm {VÀ`m _ZmV CËnÞ

Pmbr Amho.>''127 AÀ wVamdm§Zr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Mmbboë`m X{bV

_wº$sg§J«m_mMrhr XIb KoVbr hmoVr. Zm{eH$À`m H$mimam_ _§{Xa gË`mJ«hm~m~V S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$am§Zm {b{hbobo nÌ "_m¡O' gmám{hH$mÀ`m 22 Owb¡ 1931 À`m A§H$mV à{gÕ Pmbo Amho.

nÌmV AÀ wVamd åhUVmV,

""qhXyY_m©V Añn¥í`Vm CËnÞ hmoD$Z qhXyY_m©À`m EH§$Xa Am¡Xm`m©g {dZmH$maU g§Hw${MVnUm

Ambobm Amho, hr Jmoï> ñnï>, {Z:g§e` Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo qhXyY_m©VM H$m`, nU OJmVrb

H$moUË`mhr Y_m©V AWdm g_mOì`dñWoV H¥${Ì_ CƒZrMVm Am{U A{YH$mamMr H¥${Ì_ dmQ>Ur

Zgmdr hoM Iao Amho.... Añn¥í`Vm Zmhrer H$aÊ`mMo Oo _mJ© gÜ`m Mmby AmhoV, Ë`m_Ü o

Zm{eH$_Ü o Mmbbobm gË`mJ«h _bm nyU©nUo g§_V Amho. Am{U _mPr gd© ñn¥í`dJm©g H$iH$irMr

{dZ§Vr Amho H$s, qhXyY_m©Vrb àË oH$ ì`º$sg Xod_§{XamV Omo OmÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho, Vmo Ë`m§Zr

Vm~S>Vmo~ Añn¥í`dJm©g {Xë`mdmMyZ amhÿ Z o.''128 {Q>iH$m§Mo na_^º$ AÀ wVamd gm_m{OH$

~m~VrV Ë`m§À`mgmaIo hmVMo amIyZ dmJbo ZmhrV. ~«m÷UoVam§À`m d Añn¥í`m§À`m Midir~m~V

Ë`m§Zr Zo_H$s OmU àH$Q> Ho$br. Ë`m MidirVrb J«møm§e AMyH$ hoaÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` XmIdyZ Vmo

bmoH$m§nwT>o CKS> _m§S>Ê`mMo Y¡ © AÀ wVamdm§Zr XmI{dbo.129 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm OZgm_mÝ`mn ªV

nmohM{dÊ`mMo Zdo diU AÀ wVamdm§Zr {Xbo. Ë`mMm VÎdqMVH$ J§ ra ~mO Xya Ho$bm. ZmJnyaÀ`m

H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV H$m_Jma Am{U Q>mB©nmÀ`m noQ>çmgh gd© bdmO_m KoD$Z Vo Jobo Am{U "g§Xoe'

nÌ à{gÕ Ho$bo. ~mV_rXmamMr dmUdm Agë`mÀ`m H$mimV {deofàg§Jr ~mV_rXma nmR>dyZ

g{dñVa d¥Îmm§V XoÊ`mMr nÕV AÀ wVamdm§MrM hmoVr. g§XoeÀ`m Ü o m{df`r Ë`m§ZrM åhQ>bo Amho,

"g§Xoe hm ñdmV§Í`^º$m§Mm nona Amho. AmH$S>o_moS>>çm§Mm d Z\o$ H$_mdUmè`m§Mm Zmhr. H$maU

XoemÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mnwT>o Xwgam H$moUVm Z\$m OmñVr Amho.'129 (AJ«boI- 21 Owb¡ 1922) AWm©V

_Ü`_dJu` nm§T>anoem dJm©H$Sy>Z d¥ÎmnÌmbm añË`mdaÀ`m _mUgmÀ`m hmVr {Xbo Vohr AÀ wVamdm§ZrM.

Amnë`m g§XoeÀ`m 14 gßQ>|~a 1920 À`m A§H$mV Ë`m§ZrM åhQ>bo Amho, g§Xoe hm _Owam§Mm nona

Amho. hm Añn¥í`m§Mm H¡$dmar Amho, hm Y_©ñdmV§Í`mMm A{^_mZr Amho, {ó`m§À`m {ejUmÀ`m

dmXmV hçmZo à~b _V{damoYmbm Z Ow_mZVm [ó`m§MrM ~mOy KoVbr.... amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m

(52)

`moJmZo gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ H$arb.130 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm OZgm_mÝ`m§n ªV

ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ AÀ`wVamdm§ZrM Ho$bo. g§ñH¥$VmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao AÀ`wVamd dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m

^mfo{df`r åhUVmV, ""gw{e{jVm§Mr ^mfm bmoH$g_mOmnmgyZ \$ma bm§~ amhÿ bmJbobr Amho.

gw{e[jVm§Mr ì`m»`mZo, Ë`m§Mr dV©_mZnÌo, Ë`m§Mr H$mì`o d Ë`m§Mo {dMma bmoH$g_mOmÀ`m

A§V:H$aUmV _wirM ZgVmV! Vo H$m` ~mobVmV ho bmoH$g_mOmg _wirM H$iV Zmhr d bmoH$g_mOmÀ`m

A§V:H$aUmV H$m` Mmbbo Amho `mMr Ë`m§Zm XmXhr ZgVo.... Á`m OJmV gw{e{jV dmdaVmV Ë`m

OJmV ~hþOZ g_mO dmdaV ZmhrV d Á`m OJmV ~hþOZ g_mO dmdaV ZmhrV d Á`m OJmV

~hþOZ g_mO dmdaVmo Ë`m OJmV gw{e{jV bmoH$ dmdaV ZmhrV. ømà_mUo gw{e{jV bmoH$ d

~hþOZ g_mO `mV VwQ>H$nUm Ambobm Amho. Vo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ Pmbobo AmhoV.''131

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm Zdo diU XoÊ`mMm, Ë`mÀ`m H$joV Zdm dmMH$dJ© AmUÊ`mMm Am{U

gH$miÀ`m Mhm~amo~a d¥ÎmnÌ dmMÊ`mMr AmdS> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. Vmo

`eñdr Pmbm AgoM AmO {XgyZ oVo.

2.18 _amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg :2.18 _amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg :2.18 _amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg :2.18 _amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg :2.18 _amR>r {Z~§YmMm {dH$mg : _amR>rV "{Z~§Y dmL²>_`m'Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo lo`

d¥ÎmnÌm§ZmM Úmdo bmJVo.... {Z~§Ymgma»`m dmL²>_`àH$mamMm OÝ_M d¥ÎmnÌ Am{U _m{gH$mXr

{Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ Pmbm. kmZXmZmgmR>r {b{hbobo ~moYàX {bImU d gwYmaUobm MmbZm XoÊ`mÀ`m

CÔoemZo {b{hbobo OmJ¥VràYmZ {bImU `m_wio {Z~§Y dmL²>_`mMr dmT> hmoV Jobr. B§J«Or dmL²>_`mV

{Z~§YmMm OÝ_ hmoD$Z Á`màH$mao Vmo {dH${gV Pmbm VgmM H$mhrgm àH$ma oWo Pmbm... ‘amR>r

{Z~§YmMo OÝ_ñWmZhr N>mnImZm AgyZ d¥ÎmnÌo d _m{gHo$ `m§Zr Ë`mbm OÝ_mbm KmbyZ Ë`mMo

Mm§Jbo g§JmonZ Ho$bo... g§nmXH$s` boIZmà_mUo dmMH$m§À`m nÌì`dhmamZohr _hÎdmMo {Z~§Y{df`H$

H$m © gmYbo. "bmoH${hVdmXtMr eVnÌo' ho Ë`mMo CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU hmo . d¥ÎmnÌmVrb boImbm

"{Z~§Y' åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV oD$ bmJbo. nÌboIZmgma»`m àmg§{JH$ d ñ\w$Q>JÚmMm Aml` KoD$Z

bmoH${hVdmXtZr _amR>r {Z~§YmV _mobmMr ^a KmVbr.132 _amR>rV J§ ra {df`mdarb {Z~§Y {bhÿZ

Ë`m§Zr (AmJaH$am§Zr)133 EH$ Zdm dmL²>_`àH$ma ê$T> H$aÊ`mg _XV Ho$br. {dMmam§Mr VH©$ewÕ

_m§S>Ur, gw~moYVm d OrdZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m àíZm§Mr, CX²>~moYH$ nU gm_mÝ` dmMH$mg ghO

g_Oob Aer MMm©, ho AmJaH$am§À`m {Z~§YboIZmMo {deof AmhoV. d¥ÎmnÌmMo g§nmXH$ åhUyZ

bmoH${ejUmMo Oo Ü o AmJaH$am§Zr gVV S>moiçmg_moa R>odbo, `m_YyZM `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMm

(53)

Ë`m§Zr Aml` Ho$bm, 134Ago Amnbo {ZarjU J. à. àYmZm§Zr Zm|X{dbo Amho. VËH$mbrZ

d¥ÎmnÌmVrb boIZ J«§W{Z{dîQ> H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm "{Z~§Y' åhQ>ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. "Ho$gar' nÌmVrb

gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb boIm§Mo g§J«h àH$m{eV Pmbo AgyZ Ë`m§Zm "Ho$garVrb {ZdS>H$ {Z~§Y'

AgoM erf©H$ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. ^Jd§Vamd nmioH$am§Zr "OmJ¥{V'nÌmMm g§gma _m§S>Ê`mnydu

d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ {b{hboë`m boIm§Mo nwñVH$ 1914 gmbr à{gÕ Ho$bo. Ë`mbm "{ZdS>H$ {Z~§Y' AgoM

erf©H$ {Xbo Amho.

_amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmVrb boIZmZo ^m{fH$ {dH$mgmbm nwîH$iM hmV^ma bmdbm. d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr

_amR>r ^mfobm àm¡T>Vm d VoOpñdVm àmá H$ê$Z {Xbr. d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`

KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr XoVmZm d VX²Zwf§JmZo dmX{ddmX H$aVmZm _amR>r ^mfobm Zdo diU {_imbo.

{d{dY {df` _amR>rVyZ àW_ _m§S>Ê`mMr H$gaV H$amdr bmJbr. `m_wio ^mfoMr ì`mnH$Vm

dmT>br. dmXmVyZ Vr Omo_Xma ~ZV Jobr d naH$s H$ënZm Amnë`m ^mfoVyZ _m§S>VmZm ZdZdrZ eãX

Yw§S>miyZ d ~ZdyZ `moOmdo bmJbo. `m_wio Zì`m eãXm§Mm ^aUm Pmbm d gm_m{OH$ dmL²>_`mMr

dmT> Pmbr. `m{df`r àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ åhUVmV, "d¥ÎmnÌ Zdm {df` bmoH$m§À`m S>moŠ`mV

KmbVmV, _J Ë`mMm dmX gwê$ hmoVmo. dmXmZo ^mfm Am{U {dMma `m§Zm g\$mB©XmanUm oVmo, Agm

^mfm{dMmam§À`m gm¡ð>dmMm Am{U d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm g§~§Y Amho.' 135

2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo :2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo :2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo :2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo :2.19 dmMH$m§Mr nÌo : dmMH$m§À`m nÌì`dhmambm n{hë`m d¥ÎmnÌmnmgyZ ñWmZ XoÊ`mV oV

Agë`mMo {XgVo. dmMH$m§À`m nÌm§Zm VËH$mbrZ g§nmXH$ CÎmao XoV AgV d nÌmgmo~V Vrhr à{gÕ

H$arV AgV. Amnbo JmèhmUo doerda Q>m§JÊ`mg qH$dm EImÚm KQ>Zoda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mg ho EH$

ZdrZM gmYZ bmoH$m§À`m hmVr Ambo. Ë`mMm dmna _moR>çm CËgmhmZo Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. nÌboIH$m§Zm

H$moUVmhr {df` dÁ © ZìhVm. nwZ{d©dmhmMm àíZ, qhXy Y_©{df`H$ nÌo, ór`mg {dÚmä`mg, _w§O

_wbrMr H$m Zmhr? Aem AZoH${dY {df`m§da dmMH$m§Mr nÌo AgV. Ë`mMm AmdmH$m H$Yr-H$Yr

{Z~§Yê$n Ago Va H$Yr J«§WnarjUmË_H$ Ago. _mÌ nÌm~m~V EH$ Jmoï> gd©M nÌmVyZ AmT>iVo

Vr hr H$s, gd©M nÌo Q>monUZmdmZo {b{hbobr AmT>iVmV. `mV AZoH$ {d{MÌ Zmdo KoVbobr AgV.

"qhXwMm {_Ì', "_Zwî`mMm {_Ì', "EH$ ñnï>dº$m', "ImoQ>o H$ê$ Z o åhUyZ BpÀN>Umam', "{H$Ë oH$

qhXy Mmbr ~è`m ìhmì`m `m{df`r EH$ CËH§${R>V', "amZdmgr', "_Vm{^_mZr', Aer Zmdo

nÌmImbr AmT>iVmV. H$mhr Zmdo _moR>r M_ËH$m[aH$ d J_VrXma AgV. bmoH$H$ë`mUoÀNw> nÌmV

(54)

"Jmoë`m Kw~S>' `m ghrMr nÌo oV AgV.... kmZàH$me nÌmV "doVmi' d "{nemƒ' `m ghrMr

nÌo `oV AgV. 136 Ho$garVhr "{~Mmam', "EH$ {~Mmam H$Udi', "Z' Aem Q>monUZmdm§Zr

nÌboIZ Ho$bobo AmT>iVo. _mÌ H$mhr {R>H$mUr nÌboIH$m§Mr ñnï> AmoiI {~Mmam-h[a^mD

AmnQ>o, Z - gXm{ed naMwao nwT>rb Aä`mgH$m§Zr {Xbr Amho. 137 gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,

gm{hË`{df`H$ àíZm§Mr MMm© dmMH$m§À`m nÌì`dhmamVyZ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. nwñVH$m§da A{^àm`

XoÊ`mMr, J«§WnarjUo -n[aM` XoÊ`mMr àWmhr _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm_Ü o àW_nmgyZM AmT>iVo.

2.20 Om{hamVr :2.20 Om{hamVr :2.20 Om{hamVr :2.20 Om{hamVr :2.20 Om{hamVr : Om{hamV ho d¥ÎmnÌmMo "_m`nmoQ>' Agë`mMo åhQ>bo OmVo. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmV

àW_nmgyZ Om{hamVr gmnS>VmV. _amR>r nÌo gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydu _w§~B©Vrb B§J«Or nÌmV _amR>r

Om{hamVr gmnS>VmV. _amR>rVrb n{hbr Om{hamV _w§~B©Vrb "Hw$[a`a' nÌmV 17 Owb¡ 1802 amoOr

à{gÕ Pmbr hmoVr d Vr _moS>r {bnrV hmoVr. ~mi~moY {bnrVrb n{hbr _amR>r Om{hamV "Hw$[a`a'

nÌmVM 1823 _Ü o à{gÕ Pmbr hmoVr.138 VËH$mbrZ d¥ÎmnÌmVrb Om{hamVrV "Q>oŠñQ>' (TEXT)

bm _hÎd Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV hiyhiy {MÌm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Om{hamV AmH$f©H$

d H$bmË_H$ H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b gwê$ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. qgJa gmoBªJ H§$nZrMr {edUH$m_mMr §Ìo

àW_ Ambr Voìhm Ë`m{df`r nwÊ`mÀ`m kmZàH$memV EH$ g{MÌ Om{hamV à{gÕ Pmbr hmoVr.

{MÌmVbm qenr nmJmoQ>o, A§JaIm, YmoVa Aem Ë`mdoiÀ`m nmofmImV hmoVm. hmobdoÀ`m Jmoiçm,

VgoM ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Om{hamVrhr à{gÕ hmoV AgV. Om{hamVrVyZ g_mOOrdZmdahr àH$me nS>Vmo.

N>mnÊ`mÀ`m emB©V {Z{fÕ Ma~r dmnarV Agë`mÀ`m g_OwVr_wio N>mnbobo Ym{_©H$ J«§W AewÕ

g_Obo OmV. `m g_OwVr_wio "gmodiçmZo dmMÊ`mH$[aVm' lrJwéM[aÌmMr nmoWr V`ma Ho$ë`mMr

Om{hamV R>mÊ`mÀ`m AéUmoX` nÌmV (14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866) Ambr hmoVr.

lrJwéM[aÌ

gmodiçmZo dmMÊ`mH$[aVm

ho nwñVH$ Mm§Jbo ewÕ H$ê$Z {eimàogmda N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.ho nwñVH$ Mm§Jbo ewÕ H$ê$Z {eimàogmda N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.ho nwñVH$ Mm§Jbo ewÕ H$ê$Z {eimàogmda N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.ho nwñVH$ Mm§Jbo ewÕ H$ê$Z {eimàogmda N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.ho nwñVH$ Mm§Jbo ewÕ H$ê$Z {eimàogmda N>mnÊ`mMo H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.

H$mJX OmS>m, Aja gwdmƒ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 AIoa n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mg qH$_VH$mJX OmS>m, Aja gwdmƒ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 AIoa n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mg qH$_VH$mJX OmS>m, Aja gwdmƒ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 AIoa n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mg qH$_VH$mJX OmS>m, Aja gwdmƒ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 AIoa n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mg qH$_VH$mJX OmS>m, Aja gwdmƒ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1866 AIoa n¡gm nmR>{dUmè`mg qH$_V

444 d ~§JrIM© 412 EHy$U 5 én`mg {_iob. 20 à{V KoUmamg ~§JrIM©444 d ~§JrIM© 412 EHy$U 5 én`mg {_iob. 20 à{V KoUmamg ~§JrIM©444 d ~§JrIM© 412 EHy$U 5 én`mg {_iob. 20 à{V KoUmamg ~§JrIM©444 d ~§JrIM© 412 EHy$U 5 én`mg {_iob. 20 à{V KoUmamg ~§JrIM©444 d ~§JrIM© 412 EHy$U 5 én`mg {_iob. 20 à{V KoUmamg ~§JrIM©

nS>Uma Zmhr. qH$_Vr~Ôb dV©diçmgwÕm {Q>{H$Q>o nwUo kmZàH$meMo å`mZoOa `m§À`mnS>Uma Zmhr. qH$_Vr~Ôb dV©diçmgwÕm {Q>{H$Q>o nwUo kmZàH$meMo å`mZoOa `m§À`mnS>Uma Zmhr. qH$_Vr~Ôb dV©diçmgwÕm {Q>{H$Q>o nwUo kmZàH$meMo å`mZoOa `m§À`mnS>Uma Zmhr. qH$_Vr~Ôb dV©diçmgwÕm {Q>{H$Q>o nwUo kmZàH$meMo å`mZoOa `m§À`mnS>Uma Zmhr. qH$_Vr~Ôb dV©diçmgwÕm {Q>{H$Q>o nwUo kmZàH$meMo å`mZoOa `m§À`m

Zmdo nmR>dmdr, åhUOo nwñVH$ V`ma hmoVmM admZm Ho$bo OmB©b.Zmdo nmR>dmdr, åhUOo nwñVH$ V`ma hmoVmM admZm Ho$bo OmB©b.Zmdo nmR>dmdr, åhUOo nwñVH$ V`ma hmoVmM admZm Ho$bo OmB©b.Zmdo nmR>dmdr, åhUOo nwñVH$ V`ma hmoVmM admZm Ho$bo OmB©b.Zmdo nmR>dmdr, åhUOo nwñVH$ V`ma hmoVmM admZm Ho$bo OmB©b.

(55)

d¥ÎmnÌm§_Ü o "da nm{hOo', "dYy nm{hOo' qH$dm "hadbo', "{dH$Uo' Aem Om{hamVr AmOM

oVmV Ago Zìho. 1840 _Ü o "_w§~B© AI~ma' _Ü o Hw$Ìr hadë`mMr Om{hamV AgyZ Om{hamVH$Ë`m©Zo

hr Hw$Ìr AmUyZ XoUmamg 50 én`mMo ~jrg XoÊ`mMo Om{hamVrV åhQ>bo Amho. VgoM {^dW©S>r

OmVrMm KmoS>m "{dH$md`mMm' Aer Om{hamV "Xn©U' nÌmÀ`m 17 \o$~«wdmar 1832 À`m n{hë`mM

dfm©À`m A§H$mV {XgyZ oVo. Va "EH$ Mm§Jbm' g§ñH¥$V OmUUmam n§{S>V "nm{hOo' Aerhr Om{hamV

àma§ rÀ`m d¥ÎmnÌmVM à{gÕ Pmbr Amho. nwZ{d©dmhmdê$Z gZmVZ Am{U gwYmaH$mV aU Mmbë`mÀ`m

H$mimV R>mÊ`mÀ`m AéUmoX` nÌmV a{ddma Vm. 23 OmZodmar 1870, nwñVH$-5, A§H$-4 _Ü o

EH$ ~mb{dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Agë`mMr Om{hamV Ambr hmoVr. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo -

""EH$ {MÎmnmdZ OmVrMr gw_mao 13 dfm©Mr ~mb{dYdm Amnë`m nmbH$m§À`m""EH$ {MÎmnmdZ OmVrMr gw_mao 13 dfm©Mr ~mb{dYdm Amnë`m nmbH$m§À`m""EH$ {MÎmnmdZ OmVrMr gw_mao 13 dfm©Mr ~mb{dYdm Amnë`m nmbH$m§À`m""EH$ {MÎmnmdZ OmVrMr gw_mao 13 dfm©Mr ~mb{dYdm Amnë`m nmbH$m§À`m""EH$ {MÎmnmdZ OmVrMr gw_mao 13 dfm©Mr ~mb{dYdm Amnë`m nmbH$m§À`m

g§_VrZo nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Amho. BMm nyd©n{V 8 ì`m dfu _¥V Pmbm AgyZ Bbmg§_VrZo nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Amho. BMm nyd©n{V 8 ì`m dfu _¥V Pmbm AgyZ Bbmg§_VrZo nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Amho. BMm nyd©n{V 8 ì`m dfu _¥V Pmbm AgyZ Bbmg§_VrZo nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Amho. BMm nyd©n{V 8 ì`m dfu _¥V Pmbm AgyZ Bbmg§_VrZo nwZ{d©dmhmg V`ma Amho. BMm nyd©n{V 8 ì`m dfu _¥V Pmbm AgyZ Bbm

AÚm{n aOmoXe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. da Hw$brZ, gmYmaU {dÛmZ, Zr{V_mZ Am{U 25AÚm{n aOmoXe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. da Hw$brZ, gmYmaU {dÛmZ, Zr{V_mZ Am{U 25AÚm{n aOmoXe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. da Hw$brZ, gmYmaU {dÛmZ, Zr{V_mZ Am{U 25AÚm{n aOmoXe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. da Hw$brZ, gmYmaU {dÛmZ, Zr{V_mZ Am{U 25AÚm{n aOmoXe©Z Pmbo Zmhr. da Hw$brZ, gmYmaU {dÛmZ, Zr{V_mZ Am{U 25

dfm©nojm H$_r {H§$dm Ë`m gw_mamZo d`mMm Agmdm. dYyÀ`m _mhoaMo JmoÌ em§{S>ë`dfm©nojm H$_r {H§$dm Ë`m gw_mamZo d`mMm Agmdm. dYyÀ`m _mhoaMo JmoÌ em§{S>ë`dfm©nojm H$_r {H§$dm Ë`m gw_mamZo d`mMm Agmdm. dYyÀ`m _mhoaMo JmoÌ em§{S>ë`dfm©nojm H$_r {H§$dm Ë`m gw_mamZo d`mMm Agmdm. dYyÀ`m _mhoaMo JmoÌ em§{S>ë`dfm©nojm H$_r {H§$dm Ë`m gw_mamZo d`mMm Agmdm. dYyÀ`m _mhoaMo JmoÌ em§{S>ë`

Amho. `m{df`r Á`mg nÌo dJ¡ao nmR>{dUo AgVrb Vr R>mUo `oWo AéUmoX`mMo E{S>Q>aAmho. `m{df`r Á`mg nÌo dJ¡ao nmR>{dUo AgVrb Vr R>mUo `oWo AéUmoX`mMo E{S>Q>aAmho. `m{df`r Á`mg nÌo dJ¡ao nmR>{dUo AgVrb Vr R>mUo `oWo AéUmoX`mMo E{S>Q>aAmho. `m{df`r Á`mg nÌo dJ¡ao nmR>{dUo AgVrb Vr R>mUo `oWo AéUmoX`mMo E{S>Q>aAmho. `m{df`r Á`mg nÌo dJ¡ao nmR>{dUo AgVrb Vr R>mUo `oWo AéUmoX`mMo E{S>Q>a

`m§À`m Zmdo nmR>dmdr. {deof _m{hVr Ë`mg g_j ^oQ>bo AgVm Vo H$idVrb.''`m§À`m Zmdo nmR>dmdr. {deof _m{hVr Ë`mg g_j ^oQ>bo AgVm Vo H$idVrb.''`m§À`m Zmdo nmR>dmdr. {deof _m{hVr Ë`mg g_j ^oQ>bo AgVm Vo H$idVrb.''`m§À`m Zmdo nmR>dmdr. {deof _m{hVr Ë`mg g_j ^oQ>bo AgVm Vo H$idVrb.''`m§À`m Zmdo nmR>dmdr. {deof _m{hVr Ë`mg g_j ^oQ>bo AgVm Vo H$idVrb.''139139139139139

gaH$mar AmJJmS>rMm añVm _mb d CVmê$ nmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamgmR>r gwê$ Pmë`mMr

Om{hamV d¥ÎmnÌmV {XgVo. VerM "àdmg H$_r H$am'Am{U YmoŠ`mMm àdmg Va _wirM H$ê$ ZH$m

Aerhr aoëdoMr g{MÌ Om{hamV Z§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb d¥ÎmnÌmV nhm`bm {_iVo.... "Ü`mZmV Agy

Úm H$s, Vw_À`m àdmgmnojm gd© Xoe^a AÞ, dó d OiU BË`m{X dñVy§Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr

_hÎdmMr H$m_{Jar aoëd|Zm ~Odmd`mMr Amho.' Agm aoëdoÀ`m H$m_mMm AJ«H«$_mMm C„oI

Om{hamVrV {Xbm Amho. "Ho$gar' nÌmbm dJ©UrXmam§~amo~aM Om{hamVrMo CËnÞmMm AmYma hmoVm

hohr Ho$garÀ`m D${O©VmdñWoMo H$maU {XgyZ oVo.

2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d _amR>r nÌo :2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d _amR>r nÌo :2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d _amR>r nÌo :2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d _amR>r nÌo :2.21 g§ñWmZo, g§ñWm{ZH$ d _amR>r nÌo : _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m H$m_{JarV _amR>r d

_amR>m g§ñWmZm§À`m ~m~VrV {deof AmñWm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§_Ü o {XgyZ oVo. ~S>moÚmMo XwX£dr _hmamO

_ëhmaamd Jm`H$dmS> `m§Mo àH$aU _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ Mm§JboM JmObo. _ëhmaamd d B§J«O ao{gS>|Q>

`m§Mm ~o~Zmd ~aoM {Xdg Yw_gV hmoVm. eodQ>r _ëhmaamdm§da {dfà`moJmMm Amamon H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm

(56)

nXÀ wV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {XdmU XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr g_PmoVm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm

nU Vmo `eñdr Pmbm Zmhr. nXÀ wV Pmë`mda _ëhmaamdm§Zm AqH$MZ Xem àmá Pmbr. Ë`mMm

\$ma _moR>m ~mo mQ>m hmoD$Z _hmamï´>mV Ii~i CS>mbr. nwÊ`mMo gmd©O{ZH$ H$mH$m JUoe dmgwXod

Omoer `m§Zr XwX£dr amOmbm EH$ bj ê$n`mMo AmœmgZ nmR>dyZ {Xbo. nwÊ`mÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ g oZo

nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z _ëhmaamdm§À`m dVrZo ìhmB©gam° H$S>o EH$ {dZ§VrAO© nmR>{dbm. hm AO© Ý`m. amZS>o

`m§Zr V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm.140 `mMm _hmamï´>mV à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoD$Z _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌmV Q>rH$m oD$

bmJbr hmoVr. _amR>m g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m dmT>rbm _XVM Ho$br Amho. 1892 _Ü o ~S>moÚmV

"lr g`mOr {dO`' ho d¥ÎmnÌ$ B§J«Or-_amR>r-JwOamWr ^mfoV lr. §XoeoQ>OtZr Ooìhm gwê$ Ho$bo

Voìhm Ë`m§À`m d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m _wÐUmb`mMo CX²>KmQ>Z ñdV: lr_§Vm§Zr Ho$bo.... {ejU d gmjaVm

àgma, J«§Wmb`mÀ`m MidirMm g§ñWmZmV ñVwË` CnH«$_, Am{U J«§WmoÎmoOZmg lr_§Vm§Mr g{H«$`

ghmZw yVr dJ¡oao AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m CÎmoOZmZo ~S>moÚmVrb "lr g`mOr wJ' øm Jm¡admñnX H$mbmMm

C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo.141 ~S>moÚmMo doXmoº$ àH$aU Ë`m H$mimV ~aoM JmObo. nU H$moëhmnwamVrb

"doXmoº$ àH$aUm'gmaIo J§ ra d ÁdmbmJ«mhr diU ~S>moÚmÀ`m "doXmoº$ àH$aUmZo' KoVbo Zmhr.

~S>moXmZaoem§Zr ho àH$aU g§ _mZo d Hw$ebVoZo hmVmibo. ~«m÷UoVa MidirMo "~S>moXm ñHy$b' ho

doJio ñHy$b hmoVo. R>mÊ`mÀ`m "AéUmoX`' nÌmZo g_mOgwYmaUoMm nwañH$ma H$Yr Ho$bm Zmhr. nU

~S>>moXm doXmoº$ àH$aUr AéUmoX` nÌmMr y{_H$m nwîH$iM g_Vmob Agë`mMo Ë`mÀ`m 1 Zmoìh|~a

1896 À`m A§H$mdê$Z {XgyZ oVo.

J«m_Ê` : J«m_Ê` : J«m_Ê` : J«m_Ê` : J«m_Ê` : ""Jm`H$dmS>m§Mo doXmoº$ H$_© H$aÊ`mg ~«m÷Um§Zr BVHo$ AmT>odoT>o H$m ¿`mdo? ~«m÷Um§Zr

Amnbo doX ‘bo§ÀN>mg {eH${dbo Am{U Vo N>mnyZ à{gÕ Ho$bo, Ë`m N>mnrb nwñVH$mdê$Z Vo ‘bo§ÀN>

bmoH$ ~«m÷UmÀ`m _wbmg {eH$dy bmJbo Am{U n§{S>V ~Zbo. ~«m÷U Ë`m doXahñ`mÀ`m H$m_mV

A{Z{~goZ (A°Zr ~oP§Q>) gma»`m ‘boÀN> {ó`m§nmgyZ Jwê$nXoehr KoD$ bmJbo. ho n«{gÕ AgVm

{~Mmè`m Jm`H$dmS>mg ~«m÷Um§Zr H$m AmS>dmdo? ~«m÷Um§À`m `m H¥$VrZo gwYmaH$m§à_mUo Vohr

KaÀ`m åhmVmarMo H$mi R>aV ZmhrV H$m? j{Ì`mg Jwê$nXoe H$aÊ`mMo ~«m÷Um§Mo H$m_ Amho...''

(AéUmoX` - 1 Zmoìh|~a 1896).142 Agm KaMm Amhoa `m nÌmZo ~«m÷Um§Zm {Xbm Amho. Ë`m

H$mimVrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mm H$ma^ma hm AmdS>Vm {df` hmoVm. Ho$gar-_amR>m nÌ Va

CKS>CKS> ñdg§ñH¥$VrMm CÕma H$aUmar nÌo hmoVr. 1881 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV {edmOr

(57)

_hmamOm§Mr H$S> KoD$Z AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo (H$moëhmnyaMo H$ma^mar) ~ì`mªda VwQy>Z nS>br. "kmZàH$me',

"_hmamï´> {_Ì' (gmVmam) "{edmOr' (nwUo), "Aê$UmoX`' (R>mUo), "qhXwn§M' (R>mUo), "nwUo d¡ d'

(nwUo) BË`mXr nÌm§~amo~a "Ho$gar-_amR>m' `m nÌm§Zr ~ì`mªÀ`m H$ma^mamMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMr

_mJUr Ho$br. "XrZ~§Yw', "kmZ~moYZ' `m nÌm§Zrhr ~ì`mªZm ~S>V’©$ H$aÊ`mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br.143

H$moëhmnyaÀ`m XwX©¡dr amOmMr H$S> KoVë`m_wio Ho$gar d _amR>m nÌmÀ`m g§nmXH$m§Zm A~«yZwH$gmZrÀ`m

IQ>ë`mbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo d Ë`mVyZ nwT>o Vwê§$Jdmghr ^moJmdm bmJbm.144 _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr

g§ñWmZmÀ`m H$ma^mamV {deof AmñWm XmI{dbr Var H$moëhmnyaÀ`m emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr gm_m{OH$

n[adV©ZmgmR>r Omo nwT>o bT>m {Xbm Ë`mbm d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr gmW {_imbr Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m

"~«m÷Ur' _`m©Xm ñnï> Pmë`m. `mM H$mimV OmJ¥{V, OmJê$H$, {dO`r _amR>m, amï´>dra, h§Q>a Aem

~«m÷UoVa nÌm§Mr gwê$dmV hmoD$Z ~hþOZm§À`m "à{VnÌH$m[aVo'Mm àdmh gj_nUo H$m ©aV Pmbm.

Aä`mgH$ nwT>rb àH$aUmV Ë`mMr MMm© {dñVmamZo H$aUma Amho.

2.22 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n {deof :2.22 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n {deof :2.22 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n {deof :2.22 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n {deof :2.22 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVoMo ñdê$n {deof : ~§JmbnmR>monmR _amR>rV nÌH$m[aVoÀ`m

ndm©bm> àma§ Pmbm. B§J«Om§Mr _hmamï´>mV gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmë`mda OdiOdi XrS> XeH$ (1818

Vo 1832) _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌ gwê$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmJbo. Zdo {ejU, Zdo {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌmMm n[aM`

Pmë`mda, N>mnImZo gwê$ Pmë`mda d¥ÎmnÌ _amR>rV gwê$ Pmbr. 1832 _Ü o ~miemór Om§ oH$am§Zr

"Xn©U' nÌ gwê$ Ho$bo. Zdr {dÚm {_imboë`m {dÛmZm§Zr d¥ÎmnÌo gwê$ Ho$br. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ñdê$n àW_

kmZàgmamMo d nwT>o Vo hiyhiy amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ àíZm§H$S>o dibo. {dYdm{ddmh, ór{ejU,

B§J«Or amOdQ>rMo d {ejUmMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o `m§Mr _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌH$ma Jm§ r`m©Zo d {hararZo MMm©

H$arV AgV.

g§nmXH$m§Zm d boIH$m§Zm _wem{ham XoÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© VoìhmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m

MmbH$mnmer ZìhVo. boIZH$m`m©Zo Ðì` g§nmXmdo Aer AmH$m§jm boIH$dJm©Vhr ZìhVr. Amnbo

kmZ Xwgè`m§Zm {Z:ñdmW© ~w{ÕZo nwadmdo, `m hoVyZo Ë`m H$mimV {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mr godm boIH$dJ©

H$arV hmoVm. d¥ÎmnÌo hm AmV~Q²>Q>çmMm ì`dhma Iam; nU Á`m§Zm XoeH$ë`mUmMr AmñWm Agob

Ë`m§À`m Ñï>rZo Vmo An[ahm © g_Obm Jobm d nXambm Ima bmdyZ KoD$Z gwê$dmVrg d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm

H$ma^ma bmoH$m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bm. d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`mÛmao Ðì`bm^ hmoÊ`mMr Amem Zgbr Var d¥ÎmnÌo

{ZKÊ`mbm Ii nS>bm Zmhr. 145 Ago Amnbo {ZarjU àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ `m§Zr Zm|X{dbo Amho.

(58)

_§w~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m n{hë`m nXdrYam§Zr d¥ÎmnÌ _mÜ`‘mMm OZà~moYZmgmR>r d kmZXmZmgmR>r

Cn`moJ Ho$bm. naewam_emór, Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o, Ý`m. Vob§J, Ý`m. M§XmdaH$a `m§Zr B§XwàH$megh

AÝ` d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ boIZ Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.

AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo d _m{gHo$ ñdY_m©Mr ~mOy {hararZo bT>dÊ`mgmR>r {ZKmbr d àË oH$mZo

Amnmnbr H$m_{Jar _moR>çm {Zð>oZo nma nmS>br. nU hr {Z`VH$m{bHo$ àm_w»`mZo nm§T>anoem d[að>

dJm©À`m d Ë`mVhr ~«m÷Um§À`m hmVr hmoVr. `m nmíd© y_rda {¼ñVr _Vm§Mm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ah_XZJahÿZ A_o[aH$Z {_eZZo "kmZmoX`' nÌ gwê$ H$ê$Z XrK©H$mi Mmb{dbo, ho bjmV ¿`mdo

bmJVo.

OZVoÀ`m åhUOo _yR>^a gw{e{jVm§À`m AmH$m§jm§Mo -{dMmam§Mo à{Vq~~ d¥ÎmnÌmV nS>V

hmoVo. ~Xbboë`m n[apñWVrV gaH$ma d OZVm `m§Mo nañna g§~§Y H$emàH$maMo Agmdo, amOH$maUmV

qhXr OZVobm A{YH$m{YH$ dmd {_imdm, gaH$mar H$ma^ma OZVm{^_wI hmoUo Bï> BË`mXr {dMma

d¥ÎmnÌr` {bImUmV ì`º$ hmoV hmoVo. amOH$maU _yR>^a gw{e{jVm§nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo. ~hþg§»`

OZVm Va amOH$maUm{df`r nyU© CXmgrZM hmoVr. qH$~hþZm amOH$maUmMr OmUrd gm_mÝ` OZVoV

ZìhVr. qhXwñWmZmVrb d¥ÎmnÌo XoemVrb amOH$maUmMmM àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$aVmV. Aer VH«$ma

{H$Ë oH$ nmümË` n§[S>Vhr H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. 146

VËH$mbrZ ~hþg§»` d¥ÎmnÌo hr _VnÌo hmoVr. ~mV_rXma Zo_yZ ~mVå`m {_i{dÊ`mEodOr

d¥Îmgma XoÊ`mH$S>o d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm H$b hmoVm. ~hþVoH$ dV©_mZgma B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ KoVbobo Ago. VgoM

Ho$gar - _amR>mnyduMr nÌo B§J«Or-_amR>r Aer {Û^m{fH$ AgV. ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmV B§J«Or-_amR>r-

JwOamWr; VgoM ~oiJmd-H$madma `m ^mJmV B§J«Or-_amR>r-H$mZS>r Aem {Ì^mfm§VyZhr à{gÕ

hmoV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. ~«m÷U ^moOZo d XjUm hohr Ë`m H$miMo MM}Mo d ~mV_rMo {df`

AmT>iVmV. Vm. 1 {S>g|~a 1862 À`m "kmZàH$mem'V _miì`mVrb ndmam§À`m amOYmZrVyZ

lr_§V {e§Xo gaH$maZo 700 ~«m÷Um§Zm ^moOZ Am{U Xa Amgm_rg 1 én`m XjUm {Xë`mMo d¥Îm

à{gÕ Pmbo Amho. XjUm nmÌmda Z XoVm Vm§ã`mV Q>mH$Ê`mMr wº$s _w{Z_mZo Ho$ë`mZo ~«÷d¥§Xmg

Iwfr Pmbr Agë`mMm ~mV_rV C„oI Amho. 147 ~«m÷Ur na§nam d g§ñH¥$Vr g§dY©ZmgmR>r à`ËZ

hmoV Agë`mMo d¥ÎmnÌmVrb _OHw$amdê$Z {XgyZ oVo. "bmoH$pñWVr, Y_©arVr Am{U Cn`moJr \o$a\$ma

KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r' gwê$ Pmbobr nÌH$m[aVm "à^mH$a' nmgyZ gm_m{OH$ {df`m§Mm D$hmnmoh

H$ê$ bmJbr. [VZo gaH$maÀ`m MwH$m XmIdyZ OZ{hV{damoYr Jmoï>r gS>oVmoS>nUo _m§S>ë`m. nU

_`m©{XV gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$ê$ nmhUmè`m Zd{e{jVm§Zm, gwYmaH$s àdmhmbm Amim KmbÊ`mMo

(59)

H$m © {dîUwemór {MniyUH$am§Zr {Z~§Y_mboVyZ nma nmS>bo. qhXwñWmZr OZVoÀ`m _ZmVrb Ý yZJ§S>

PmSy>Z Q>mHy$Z ñd^mfm, ñdY_©, ñdg§ñH¥$Vr dJ¡ao~Ôb Jdm©{^_mZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo {Z~§Y_mboZo

yVH$mbmMo A{VJm¡adrH$aU OmoaXmanUo Ho$bo. 148 VgoM AVrV Jm¡admÀ`m Amhmar OmD$Z g_H$mbrZ

bm¡[H$H$ KS>m_moS>tMo {ddoMZ Ë`m§Zr ({dîUwemñÍ`m§Zr) H$Q>mjmZo Q>mibo hmoVo.149 _mbmH$mam§Zr

gË`emoYH$ g_mO d OmoVramd \w$bo `m§À`mda Ho$bobr Q>rH$m AdmñVd, A`WmW© hmoVr.

bmoH${hVdmXr, AmJaH$a, Ý`m. amZS>o `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m {dMmaàgmamgmR>r

"d¥ÎmnÌ' hoM _mÜ`_ dmnabo. gwYmaUmdmXmMm AmdmH$m ór{ejU, àm¡T>{ddmh, {dYdm{ddmh,

naXoeJ_Z, [ó`m§Mo h¸$ mnbrH S>o Jobm Zmhr. Iao åhUOo {deofV: ~«m÷UdJm©À`m gwYmaUonbrH$S>o

Ë`m§Mm AmdmH$m H$Yr JobmM Zmhr.... Ë`m {VÝhr gwYmaH$m§À`m AZw m`m§_Ü o na§namdmXr gwYmaH$,

"ì wËnÎmr gwYmaH$', W§S>o gwYmaH$, _§X gwYmaH$, Ja_ gwYmaH$ d dmJVo gwYmaH$ hmoVo. H$V} Ago

gwYmaH$ _mÌ WmoS>oM hmoVo. ~mb{ddmh, {dYdm{ddmh, ór{ejU, gmodioAmodio hçm{df`r

_VàMma H$ê$Z {dYdobm Ho$ednZmnmgyZ dmMdmdo, dgZ {Z ^moOZ `m~m~VrV {Vbm g§Ý`memer

ñnYm© H$amdr bmJy Z o, Aer Vo àmW©Zm H$arV AgV.150 gwYmaUoÀ`m ~mOyZo Am{U {damoYmV gwê$

Agboë`m `m nÌH$m[aVoMo g§nmXH$, boIH$ ~ìh§er dmMH$hr B§J«Or {dÚoZo OmJ¥V Pmbobo ehar,

_Ü`_dJu` órnwé$f hmoVo. ñdm^m{dH$M `mM dJm©À`m àíZm§Mo à{Vq~~ `m gd© dV©_mZnÌm§V

AmT>iVo. 1881 _Ü o ApñVËdmV Amboë`m Ho$gar d _amR>m d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZhr hrM na§nam A{YH$

ÑT>_yb Pmbobr {XgyZ oVo.... OmoVramdm§À`m H$m`m©{df`r `m nÌH$m[aVoZo H$_mbrMo Am¡Xm{gÝ`

qH$dm AmH«$_H$Vm d Hw$Moï>m `m§Mo g§{_lU Agbobo YmoaU R>odbo hmoVo.151 OmoVramd \w$ë`m§gma»`m

Ë`m§À`m g_H$mbrZ ZoË`mZo "ñdamÁ` H$moUmgmR>r d H$emgmR>r' Ago _hÎdmMo àíZ Amnë`m

am§JS>çm d IS>IS>rV e¡brV gVV {dMmabo hmoVo. eVH$mZweVHo$ kmZmbm, gÎmobm d g§nÎmrbm

nmaIo Pmboë`m bmImo nXX{bVm§Zm ñdamÁ`mV gÎmoMm dmQ>m {_iUma Zgob Va ñdamÁ` åhUOo

~«m÷Umgma»`m d[að> OmVrMr Jwbm_{Jar nËH$aUo EdT>mM Ë`mMm AW© hmoB©b, Ago OmoVramd

~OmdV hmoVo d ~hþOZ g_mOmbm dmQ>Umar ^rVr, Ë`m§À`m AmH$m§jm d JmèhmUo `m§Zm dmMm \$moS>rV

hmoVo. nU {_eZè`m§À`m ZmXr bmJyZ ñdamÁ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV {d¿Z AmUUmam EH$ ~«m÷UÛoï>m _mUyg

`mnbrH$S>o Ho$garZo; EdT>oM Zìho Va AmJaH$am§gma»`m gwYmaH$ g_H$mbrZm§Zrhr OmoVramdm§Mo

_yë`_mnZ Ho$bobo {XgV Zmhr.152 Ho$garZo _mJo OmoVramdm§Mm _¥Ë`yboI {b{hbm ZìhVm.153

Ho$garà_mUoM gwYmaH$mZohr OmoVramdm§À`m _¥Ë yMr XIb KoVbobr Zmhr, hr dñVwpñWVr S>m°. `. {X.

\$S>Ho$ `m§Zr _m§S>br Amho.154

(60)

"AmYr gm_m{OH$ H$s amOH$s`' hm dmX AmJaH$a Ho$garVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mda Am{U Ë`m§Zr

15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1888 bm "gwYmaH$' nÌ gwê$ Ho$ë`mda d¥ÎmnÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ioibm Jobm. `m

dmXmMr nmVir Imbmdbr. g§_Vrd`mÀ`m {~bmÀ`m àíZmdbrVrb g§Kfm©V {Q>iH$-AmJaH$am§Zr

nañnam§da ÛofmZo Amamon Ho$bo. n§{S>Vm a_m~mB©Mo emaXm gXZ, Ho$garMr Ý`m. amZS>çm§da Q>rH$m,

{Q>iH$ {¼ñVr _og_ZÀ`m hmVMm ^mV d {~pñH$Q>o ImVmV Aer AmJaH$am§Mr Q>rH$m `mV Q>rHo$Mr

nmVir Imbmdbr Zmhr. nU nwT>o "{Q>iH$m§À`m _|XyV {~KmS> Pmbm Amho' Ago AmJaH$a åhUV

hmoVo, Va "J§Ordabm Hw$Ìm', "_mimdaMm _hmamoJr' Aem eobŠ`m eãXm§Mm {Q>iH$ AmJaH$am§da

dfm©d H$arV hmoVo.155 g§_Vrd`mÀ`m {~bm_wio ""Am_À`m ê$T>rg d emómg Y¸$m ~gVmo'' Ago

gZmVÝ`m§Mo à{V{ZYr {Q>iH$ Ho$garVyZ {bhrV hmoVo. b¾mMo d` dmT>dmdo Aem CÔoemZo Zm_Xma

emór `m§Zr 1915 gmbr nwT>o AmUboë`m {dYo H$mg Ë`m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm. {dÇ>>b^mB© nQ>ob `m§Zr

1918 gmbr Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh H$m`Xoera R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo {dYo H$ AmUbo, Ë`mbmhr Ë`m§Zr

{damoY Ho$bm. _wbtZm gº$sMo àmW{_H$ {ejU Úmdo Agm nwUo ZJanm{bHo$V 1920 gmbr \o$~«wdmar

_{hÝ`m_Ü o R>amd Ambm AgVm Ë`m R>amdmbm {Q>iH$m§Zr EH$m gmd©O{ZH$ g oV {damoY Ho$bm. 19

_mM© 1918 amoOr H$_©dra qeXo øm§Zr ^a{dboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU n[afXoV

Ë`m§Zr ^mfU Ho$bo. ho ^mfU AmQ>monë`mda n[afXog CnpñWV Agboë`m AS>rMeo ZoË`m§Zr EH$

OmhraZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm. Ë`m OmhraZmå`mda ghr H$aUmè`m nwT>mè`mZo d¡ {º$H$ OrdZmV Añn¥í`Vm

nmiUma Zmhr, Aer à{Vkm H$amd`mMr hmoVr. Ë`m OmhraZmå`mda ghr H$aÊ`mg {Q>iH$m§Zr ZH$ma

{Xbm.156 AmnU Ho$garH$ma åhUyZ Ambmo ZgyZ {Q>iH$ åhUyZ gh^mJr Pmë`mMo {Q>iH$m§Mo åhUUo

hmoVo. `m n[afXoMo d¥Îm "Ho$gar'Zo à{gÕ Ho$bo Zmhr. amOH$s` ~m~VrV àJ[Verb Am{U à^mdr

Agbobo {Q>iH$, gm_m{OH$ àíZm§~m~V eodQ>n ªV nwZê$ÁOrdZdmXr Am{U An[adV©Zerb am{hbo.157 {Q>iH$m§À`m `mM ÜdZrMm à{VÜdZr "Ho$gar' nÌmVyZ {ZKV am{hbm. Ho$garÀ`m na§naoV

{edam_n§V nam§Ono `m§Mm "H$mi' d ^monQ>H$am§Mm "^mbm' `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Var {Q>iH$g§àXm`r

d¥ÎmnÌo amOH$maUmV H«$m§[VH$maH$; nU g_mOH$maUmV gwYmaUm{damoYr gZmVZd¥ÎmrMr hmoVr, Ago

Ë`m§Mo d¡{eï>ç {XgyZ oVo. {Q>iH$g§àXm`r nÌm§Zm Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$Ë`mªZm {Q>iH$m§à_mUoM amOÐmohmÀ`m

IQ>ë`mbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo Am{U {ejm ^moJmì`m bmJë`m hohr Ë`m§Mo d¡{eï>ç {XgyZ oVo.

VgoM `m H$mimVrV nÌm§À`m g§nmXH$s` boIZmMo ñdê$n J§ ra diUmÀ`m {Z~§Yà~§YmMo Agë`mMo

AmT>iVo.

(61)

VËH$mbrZ ~«m÷Ur, nm§T>anoem, _Ü`_dJu`, gwYmaUmdmÚm§er g§ñH¥${Vg§dY©H$ Ho$garZo

Oer na§namdmXr, gZmVZr y{_H$m KoVbr VerM y{_H$m OhmbnUo emhÿ _hmamOm§er Pmboë`m

g§Kfm©V KoVbr. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m doXmoº$ àH$aUmV d[hdmQ> d ê$T>r `m§À`m AmYmamda H$moëhmnyaMo

_hmamO d EH§$Xa _amRo `m§À`m doXmoº$ Ym{_©H$ {dYr H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mJUrbm {Q>iH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm.

22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1901À`m "Ho$gar'V {Q>iH$m§Zr Omo AJ«boI {b{hbm Ë`mV åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s,

""gmVmaÀ`m KamÊ`mV Or na§nam Amho Vrdê$Z nmhVm ^mogbo Hw$imVrb J¥hçg§ñH$ma nwamUmoº$ hmoV,

Ago {XgyZ oVo. Ago Oa Amho Va lr. {edmOr _hmamOm§nojm Á`m§Mr OmVHw$ir loð> Zmhr Ë`m§Zr

doXmoº$mMo Iyi _mOdyZ amÁ`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m em§VVoMm {dZmH$maU §J H$amdm ho J¡a{eñV hmo ....

d¡{XH$ _§Ìm§Zr g§ñH$ma Pmbo åhUOo _amR>o d ~«m÷U EH$OmVrMo hmoVrb Aer Oa H$moUmMr H$ënZm

Agob Va Vrhr {Z_y©b Amho. ~«m÷U OmVrVrb {ó`mg doXmoº$ _§Ì åhUÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZgVmhr

Ë`m OmVrZo ~«m÷U AmhoV Am{U _amR>o bmoH$m§Zr doXmoº$ _§Ì åhQ>bo Var Vo _amRoM amhVrb, ho bjmV

R>odbo nm{hOo.'' {Q>iH$m§Zr gZmVÝ`m§Mm ~wagQ> nj KoVë`mZo ~«m÷UoVam§À`m _ZmV Ë`m_wio H$S>dQ>nUm

{Z_m©U hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mMr \$ma _moR>r hmZr Pmbr. 158 Hw$bH$Ur© dVZ Zï> Ho$ë`mda

"Ho$gar'Zo AmH$menmVmi EH$ Ho$bo159 "Ho$gar' Hw$bH$Ê`mªÀ`m ~mOyZo C^m am{hbm. H$mbkmZ

(Time Spirit) ho Ogo eodQ>À`m noeì`m§Zm ZrQ> Pmbo Zmhr Vgo nwÊ`mVrb {MniyUH$ar`

{dMmagaUrÀ`m ZoË`m§Zm Vo H$YrM Pmbo Zmhr. 160 g_mOgwYmaUoÀ`m CÔoemZo Amboë`m gd©

{dYo H$m§Zm {Q>iH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm; nU N>ÌnVtZr gd© {dYo H$m§Zm nmqR>~m {Xbm. _hmamOm§Zr

_mJmgboë`m OmVtZm nÞmg Q> o$ ZmoH$è`m amIyZ R>odÊ`mMm H«$m§[VH$maH$ R>amd Omhra Ho$bm. Voìhm

~«m÷UrnÌm§Zr Ë`m{déÕ e§I \w§$H$bm. H$moëhmnyaMo "g_W©' nÌ Ë`mV AmKmS>rda hmoVo. eoVH$è`mÀ`m

H$O©~mOmarnUmbm Amim KmbÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo O_rZ {dH$Ê`mMm Ë`mMm h¸$M H$mTy>Z KoUmao EH$

{dYo H$ 1901 gmbr H$m`Xo H$m¡pÝgbnwT>o _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMm n{hbm

_gwXm à{gÕ hmoVmM "Ho$gar'Zo 28 _o 1901 amoOr EH$ ñ\w$Q> {bhÿZ Q>rH$m Ho$br d nwT>o

Am°ŠQ>mo~an`ªV gmVË`mZo `m àýmMm nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm.... nU eoVH$è`m§À`m Ñï>rZo gaH$maMr

y{_H$mM amñV hmoVr Ago åhQ>bo nm{hOo. 161 eoVH$è`m§À`m CÞVrg§~§Yr {Q>iH$m§Zr boI {b{hbo.

na§Vw Ë`m§À`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm ìhmdr åhUyZ Ooìhm Ooìhm {~«[Q>e gaH$ma à`ËZ H$ar Voìhm Voìhm

{Q>iH$, JmoIbo, {\$amoOehm _oWm ho lr_§Vm§Mr {Z O_rZXmam§Mr ~mOy KoD$Z gaH$maer ^m§S>V

AgV. {Q>iH$ eoVH$è`m§Mr ~mOy KoV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m boIm§Mm {Z ^mfUmMm gya Agm Ago H$s,

(62)

eoVH$è`m§À`m H$O©~mOmar AdñWobm Ho$di gaH$ma H$maUr yV Amho. gmdH$ma dm O_rZXma ho Ë`m

{dnÞmdñWobm {H$Vr O~m~Xma AmhoV ho Vo H$YrM ñnï>nUo d {Z © nUo gm§JV ZgV. gmdH$ma,

O_rZXma d eoVH$ar øm§Zm {~«[Q>e amOdQ>r{déÕ CR>dUo hoM Ë`m§Mo àm_w»`mZo C{Ôï> Ago.

"eoVH$è`m§Zmo dm gmdH$mam§Zmo gmdY ahm', "gmdH$ma ‘obm Am{U Hw$U~rhr ‘obm', "ImoVrÀ`m

h¸$mda Kmbm' Am{U "Hw$bH$Ê`mªÀ`m hŠH$mda JXm' Aer Vo AmoaS> H$arV... _hmË_m OmoVramd

Am{U Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar bmoI§S>o {Z ^mboH$a øm§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m {dnÞmdñWo{df`r AmoaS> Ho$br

hmoVr, JmèhmUr _m§S>br hmoVr. na§Vw Ë`mH$mir hr JmèhmUr {Q>iH$, JmoIbo Am[X ZoË`m§Zm ZrQ>

g_Obr ZgmdrV, qH$dm Amnbo dVZXma, gmdH$ma {Z O_rZXma AZw m`r ZmIyf hmoVrb `m

^rVrZo åhUm, Ë`m§Zr {b{hboM Va Jwi_wirV {bhÿZ _moH$io hmoV. 162 Ho$gar na§naoVrb nÌm§H$S>o

eoVH$ar àým§{df`r _yb yV Ñï>r ZìhVr. EH$m dmMH$mZo Ë`m H$mimVrb d¥ÎmnÌmg§~§Yr Amnbo _V

_mM© 1872 _Ü o "kmZàH$me'_Ü o Zm|Xdë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ë`mZo åhQ>bo Amho, ""eoVH$ardJmªZm

Cn wº$ Aer _m{hVr gd©ÌM H$_r.''163 g_H$mbrZ nÌH$m[aVm eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZmg§~§Yr CXmgrZ

hmoVr Ago åhQ>ë`mg Vo dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. X{bVm§À`m àíZm~m~V gË`emoYH$ g_mO _hmË_m

OmoVramd \w$ë`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ZdOmJaU H$arV hmoVm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ZoV¥Ëd

1920 _Ü`oM nwT>o `oV hmoVo. hOmamo dfm©À`m _wŠ`m _Zm§Zm {Od§V H$aÊ`mÀ`m JaOonmoQ>r 31

OmZodmar 1920 amoOr "‘yH$Zm`H$' `m nm{jH$mMm OÝ_ Pmbm.164 N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Mr

Am{W©H$ _XV {_imë`mZo "_yH$Zm`H$' nÌmbm _yV©ê$n Ambo; nU bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§À`m h`mVrVM

"_yH$Zm`H$'Mr Om{hamV Ho$gar_Ü o bmdÊ`mg ZH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. 165 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$garÀ`m _Vm§Mm C„oI "dm§PoMr nwÌoÀN>m' Agm Ho$bm Amho. nwUo ehamVrb

gZmVÝ`m§~Ôb Amnbm A{^àm` gm§JVmZm S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, "nwUo åhUOo EH$ ~X_mfm§Mm

AÈ>m Am{U b~mS>m§Mr noR> Amho.' Ho$garÀ`m ^mfog "Y_©b§S>mMr ^mfm' Ago åhQ>bo Amho. 166

Ho$gar na§naoMr nÌH$m[aVm hr Yw[aUËd A{^OZ nÌH$m[aVm hmoVr; nU {VÀ`m _`m©Xm§_wio hr

nÌH$m[aVm nm§T>anoem _Ü`_dJu` ~«m÷Ur Mm¡H$Q>rVM AS>Hy$Z nS>br. {Vbm amï´>dmXr ào[aV

nÌH$m[aVm åhQ>bo Var Vr A{^OZ dJm©H$Sy>Z ~hþOZdJm©n ªV nmohMy eH$br Zmhr. ~hþOZH|$Ðr

~«m÷UoVa nÌH$m[aVoMm g_m§Va; nU OmoaH$g àdmh `mM H$mimV J[V_mZ Pmbm. `m ~«m÷UoVa

nÌH$m[aVoZo Yw[aUËd A{^OZ nÌH$m[aVobm AmìhmZ XoV ~hþOZ X{bV àíZm§Mr, ~hþOZm§À`m

amï´>dmXmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

(63)

- g§X^© Am{U {Q>nm -- g§X^© Am{U {Q>nm -- g§X^© Am{U {Q>nm -- g§X^© Am{U {Q>nm -- g§X^© Am{U {Q>nm -

1. am_M§Ð JmoqdX H$mZS>o _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, H$Zm©Q>H$ npãbqeJ

hmD$g, ‘w§~B© - 2, 1938, n¥.100

2. Z. {M§. Ho$iH$a d¥ÎmnÌ _r_m§gm, ZrbH§$R> àH$meZ, nwUo 1965, n¥. 33

3. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo,

1984, n¥. 112

4. {H$Îmm n¥. 16

5. {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a, ^maVr` à~moYZ, g‘mO à~moYZ g§ñWm, nwUo, à. Am.

^m.e§. ^UJo (g§nmXH$) 1973, n¥. 124

6. nydm}º$, bobo n¥. 06

7. nydm}º$, H$mZS>o n¥. 32

8. {d. H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, wJdmUr àH$meZ, ‘w§~B©, à. Am.

1951, n¥. 15

9. nydm}º , bobo n¥. 40

10. nydm}ŠV, Ho$iH$a àmñVm{dH$, n¥.4

11. {H$Îmm, Ho$iH$a n¥. 18

12. {H$Îmm, Ho$iH$a n¥. 19

13. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo nÌH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, à{V‘m àH$meZ, nwUo

{ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1996, n¥. 14

14. nydm}º , {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥. 335

15. nydm}º$, {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a d ^maVr` à~moYZ, nwUo 1973, n¥.103

^m. e§. ^UJo (g§nmXH$)

16. amOm Xr{jV B{Vhmg, g_mO{dMma Am{U Ho$edgwV, bmoH$dmL²>‘`

J¥h, _w§~B© 1993, n¥. 51

17. {H$Îmm, amOm Xr{jV n¥. 52

18. am. ^r. Omoer ‘hmamï´>mVrb à~moYZ nd© g§nbo Amho H$m` ? g‘m{dï>,

^maVr` à~moYZ, g§nmXH$ ~oS>oH$a, ^UJo, nwUo 1973,

n¥.125

19. nydm©º$, {d.H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg (n¥.170-71)

20. {H$Îmm n¥.171

21. am. lr. OmoJ (g§nmXH$) _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm B{Vhmg, I§S> Mm¡Wm, nwUo -1973

(64)

22. nydm}º$, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥.274

23. {H$Îmm, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥.275

24. Zm. {d. Omoer nwUo ehamMo dU©Z, g§nmXH$ S>m°. em§Vmam_ JOmZZ _hmOZ,

àW_md¥Îmr, 2002, n¥. 6

25. {H$Îmm n¥.07

26. {H$Îmm n¥.37

27. {H$Îmm n¥.52

28. {H$Îmm n¥.102

29. YZ§O` H$sa bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ Am{U amOfu emhÿ (EH$ _yë`_mnZ)

Amd¥Îmr {Vgar, aKwd§er àH$meZ, nwUo- 1994, n¥.1, 2

30. nydm}º$, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥. 344

31. nydm}º$, am. Ho$. booboo n¥. 272

32. nydm}º$, amOm Xr{jV n¥. 37

33. S>m°. ^mbM§Ð ’$S>Ho$, _hmË_m \w$bo EH$mo[Ugmì`m eVH$mVrb n{hbo [dÐmohr

VÎdk hmoVo, Agm C„oI, "gË`emoYH$ nÌH$ma' `m

XrZ{_ÌH$ma _wHw§$Xamd nmQ>rb m nwpñVHo$V H$aVmV. àH$meH$

- Z§{XZr Jdir, H$moëhmnya - _o 1997, n¥.39

34. YZ§O` H$sa 19 ì`m eVH$mAIoaÀ`m _hmamï´>mVrb {dMmaàdmhm§Mo

dJuH$aU H$aVmZm bmoH${hVdmXr, amZS>o d AmJaH$a `m§Mm

EH$ àdmh _mZVmV. ("bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$-amOfu emhÿ :

EH$ _yë`_mnZ'), Amd¥Îmr {Vgar, nwUo-1994, n¥.60

35. nhm A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r {~«[Q>eH$mimV _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm

bT>m. Ý`m. Za|Ð MniJmdH$a, àH$meH$ - `ed§Vamd

MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$, MMm©gÌmVrb

{Z~§Y.

36. nydmo©º$, H$mZS>o {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.34 (`mnwT> o "_amR>r

{Z`VH$m[bH$m §Mm B{Vhmg' `m nwñVH$mMm C„oI

"{Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg' Agm Ho$bm Amho.)

37. Z. a. ’$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 10

38. nydm}º$, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥. 284

39. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.62

(65)

40. {H$Îmm n¥. 56

41. C. {Z. Omoer d¥VnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 319

42. nhm àñVmdZm, Z. a. \$mQ>H$, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg,

n¥.2, 3

43. nydm}º$, bobo n¥. 67

44. {H$Îmm n¥. 38, 39

45. C. {Z. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 320

46. nydm}º$, bobo n¥. 61

47. B§J«Or-_amR>rMr ga{_gi `mbm àm. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ "J§JmO_Zr WmQ>' Agm eãXà`moJ

H$aVmV. VËH$mbrZ _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌo J§JmO_Zr WmQ>mZo MmbV. Ho$gar _amR>mZo B§J«Or _amR>rMo

{_lU H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr _moS>br. na§Vw B§XwàH$me, kmZàH$me, Zo{Q>d Amo{n{Z`Z hr d¥ÎmnÌo

Amnbm àn§M darbà_mUo Mmb{dV hmoVr. {Q>iH$ - AmJaH$am§Mo "_amR>m' nÌ `eñdr

Pmbo Zgë`mMr ~m~ bjmV KoVë`mg gXa VmoS>rMr g§ wº$Vm nQ>Vo.

nhm - Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm - {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.02

48. nydmo©º$, H$mZS>o {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.02

49. nydm}º$, Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.12 (A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r nhm-

Ho$iH$a, d¥ÎmnÌ _r_m§gm, n¥. 48)

50. C. {Z., Z. a. ’$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.1

51. nydm}º$, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥. 302

52. {H$Îmm n¥. 297

53. CX²K¥V d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 300

54. C.{Z., Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.18

55. nydm}º$, {d. H¥$. Omoer n¥. 315

56. nydm}º$, am. Ho$. bobo n¥. 88

57. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 91

58. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 115

59. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 124

60. ^m. n§. {hdmio (g§nmXH$) kmZmoX`mMr n{hbr e§ a df}, n¥.53

61. {H$Îmm n¥.53

62. nydm}º$, nhm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 142

63. C.{Z. {d. H¥$. Omoer, n¥. 365, 66

(66)

64. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 19

65. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B[Vhmg, n¥. 159

66. C.{Z. {d. H¥$. Omoer _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B[Vhmg, n¥. 146

67. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.170-71

68. S>m°. àH$meM§Ð ì`mg _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ à~moYZ, `ed§Vamd

MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$, 2004, n¥.

11

69. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.172, 73

70. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥.181

71. {d. X. KmQ>o {Xdg Ago hmoVo, _w§~B©,1961, n¥.123,24

72. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 234

73. nydm}º$, H$mZS>o {Z`VmH${bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 101

74. d¡embr {XdmH$a,àdrU MìhmU ^maVmVrb amï´>dmX : {gÕm§V Am{U ì`dhma, nwUo, {S>g|~a

2000, n¥.18

75. {H$Îmm n¥. 15

76. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ AmJaH$am§Mm Ho$gar, emoY: ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm, lr{dÚm

àH$meZ, nwUo, 1977, n¥.40

77. nydm}º$, Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 348

78. àm. ^m. b. ^moio `m§Zr `mgmR>r "AVrV Jm¡ad' hr g§km dmnabr Amho, (nÌH$ma- ^m. b.

^moio) g_m{dï> - g§nmXH$ har ZaHo$, _hmË_m \w$bo : emoYmÀ`m Zì`m dmQ>m, ‘. ’w$bo

M[aÌ gmYZo àH$meZ g{‘Vr, ‘w§~B© - 32, 1998. n¥. 131

79. C. {Z. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.275

80. nydm}º$, amOm Xr{jV B{Vhmg, g_mO{dMma Am{U Ho$edgwV, n¥.35

81. C.{Z., bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.271

82. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 276

83. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥.282,83,84

84. nydm}º$, \$S>Ho$ emoY : ~mi- Jmonmim§Mm, n¥.31

85. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.3

86. AmJaH$am§Mm Ho$gar, "Ho$gar' {déÕ "gwYmaH$' `m XmoZ boIm§_YyZ `. {X. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr

`mg§X^m©V g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. (nhm - emoY: ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm - `. {X. \$S>Ho$)

87. nydm}º$, `. {X. \$S>Ho$ n¥. 53

(67)

88. nydm}º$, \$S>Ho$ n¥.334

89. J. à. àYmZ AmJaH$a boIg§J«h, Amd¥Îmr-7, gm{hË` AH$mX‘r, Zdr

{X„r, 2004, n¥. 152

90. nydm}º$, bobo n¥. 319

91. àoV`mÌm gwYmaH$ AmJaH$am§Mr {ZKmbr Agm AmOda Aä`mgH$m§Mm Xmdm hmoVm; _mÌ

AmJaH$am§gh gd© gwYmaH$m§Mr hr àoV`mÌm hmoVr, Ago gà_mU `. {X. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr {gÕ

Ho$bo Amho. (emoY: ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm - \$S>Ho$ `. {X.)

92. nydm}º$, J. à. àYmZ AmJaH$a boIg§J«h, n¥.131,32

93. nydm}º$, J. à. àYmZ AmJaH$a boIg§J«h, àñVmdZm, n¥.17

94. nydm}º$, `. {X. \$S>Ho$ emoY: ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm, n¥.64

95. C. {Z., Ho$iH$a d¥ÎmnÌ _r_m§gm, n¥.102

96. {H$Îmm, Ho$iH$a d¥ÎmnÌ _r_m§gm, n¥.125

97. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.392

98. AmJaH$am§~amo~a Pmboë`m g§Kfm©V H$moëhmnyaÀ`m doXmoº$ àH$aUmV {Q>iH$m§Mr hr d¥Îmr {XgyZ

Ambr. "Ho$gar'Mr gd© gyÌo hmVr Amë`mda gmh{OH$M Ë`m y{_Ho$bm àmYmÝ` {_imbo.

99. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.380

100. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.382,83

101. \$mQ>H$ Z. a. àñVmdZm, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.3

102. {H$Îmm, Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, n¥. 6

103. C. {Z. {d. H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 334

104. {H$Îmm, am. Jmo. H$mZS>o d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.93

105. C. {Z., am. Ho$. bobo n¥. 249,250, 251,268

106. nydm}º$, am. Jmo. H$mZS>o {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.88

107. lr. e§. Zdao _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌo (g_m{dï>) ~oS>oH$a d ^UJo (g§nmXH$)

^maVr` à~moYZ, g_rjU d {M{H$Ëgm, g‘mO à~moYZ

g§ñWm, nwUo 1973, n¥. 360

108. gwIam_ {hdamio bmoH$nÌH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, H$moëhmnya, 1990

{ÛVr`md¥Îmr, n¥.6

109. nydm}º$, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.456

110. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥.462

111. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥.463

(68)

112. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥.481

113. Jmo. _m. ndma g§nmXH$ _hfu {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo `m§Mr amoO{Zer, Am¡a§Jm~mX

1979, n¥.15

114. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 484

115. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 494

116. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 498

117. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 504

118. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 521

119. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 522

120. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 527

121. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 533

122. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 536

123. CX²>K¥V, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 537

124. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 538, 39

125. {H$Îmm, bobo n¥. 546

126. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ {XZH$aamd OdiH$a, g_J« dmL²>_`, lr{dÚm àH$meZ,

nwUo 1984, n¥. 187, 88.

127. g§nm. A. h. JÐo AÀ wVamd H$moëhQ>H$a, ñ_maH$ J«§W, ^mJ-2 am, _w§~B©

1934, n¥.156-57

128. CX²>K¥V, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.576, 77

129. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.548

130. {H$Îmm _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.548

131. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.549,50

132. {H$Îmm, bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 240,41

133. H§$gmVrb eãX ñnï> ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZo {Xbobm Amho.

134. J. à. àYmZ g§nmXH$ àñVmdZm,AmJaH$a boIg§J«h, n¥.16

135. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.21

136. {d. H¥$. Omoer, d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.477

am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 237

137. ^r_amd Hw$bH$Uu gm{hË` MMm© Am{U gm{hË` g_rjm, Ho$gar- 1881 -

g_m{dîQ> g§nm. JmoIbo eaƒ§Ð 1981, Ho$gar eVmãXr J«§W)

(69)

138. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.237

{d. H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.486

139. am. Ho . bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.239

{d. H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.489

140. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.253

141. am. Jmo. H$mZS>o {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.85

142. am. Ho . bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.175-76

143. am. Ho . bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.291-92

144. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ EH$ amOm XmoZ g§nmXH$ g_m{dï>, emoY: ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm,

n¥.82 Vo 100

145. Z. a. \$mQ>H$ àñVmdZm, {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.3

146. nydm}º$, H$mZS>o {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.85

147. {d. H¥$. Omoer d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 476

148. ^m. b. ^moio nÌH$ma, g_m{dï> har ZaHo$ (g§nm.), _hmË_m \w$bo :

emoYmÀ`m Zì`m dmQ>m, n¥. 125

149. ^m. b. ^moio _amR>r JÚe¡brbm OmoVramdm§Mo `moJXmZ, g_m{dï>, ZaHo$

/\$S>Ho$, _hmË_m \w$bo Jm¡ad J«§W, I§S> n{hbm, gwYm[aV

{ÛVr`md¥Îmr, 1991. n¥. 684 (àH$meZ - ‘. ’w$bo

M[aÌ gmYZo g{‘Vr, ‘w§~B© - 32.)

150. YZ§O` H$sa bmoH$_mÝ` Am{U amOfu emhÿ- EH$ _yë`_mnZ, n¥.39,59

"`m nwñVH$mMm C„oI nwT>o {Q>iH$ Am{U emhÿ Agm Ho$bm

Amho.'

151. nydm}º$, ^m. b. ^moio nÌH$ma g_m{dï>, har ZaHo$, _hmË_m \w$bo: emoYmÀ`m

Zì`m dmQ>m, n¥. 126

152. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ emoY : ~mi-Jmonmim§Mm, n¥. 77-78

153. am. Zm. MìhmU OwZr H$mJXnÌo nwamoJm_r gË`emoYH$, df© 17, A§H$ 2,

E{àb-_o-OyZ 1992

154. `. {X. \$S>Ho$ emoY : ~mi Jmonmim§Mm, n¥.78

155. {H$Îmm n¥. 53

156. YZ§O` H$sa {Q>iH$ Am{U emhÿ, n¥. 34,35

157. {H$Îmm n¥. 29

(70)

158. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥.35, 54

159. YZ§O` H$sa {Q>iH$ Am{U emhÿ, n¥.71

160. {H$Îmm n¥. 71

161. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 353

162. YZ§O` H$sa {Q>iH$ Am{U emhÿ, n¥.27

163. am. Ho$. bobo _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg, n¥. 243

164. har ZaHo$ (g§nm.) g§nm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr nÌH$m[aVm 1920

Vo 1928 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a boIZ Am{U ^mfUo,

I§S> 19, àñVmdZm, n¥. 25 - S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ

gmYZo àH$meZ g{‘Vr, à. Am. 2005

165. J§JmYa nmZVmdUo nÌH$ma S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a, n¥.62

166. AéU H$m§~io (g§nm.) OZVm nÌmVrb boI S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, àñVmdZm,

n¥. 4

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