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© Acorn 2014

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The Daily CorpuscleThe news you want - the way you want it

William Harvey discovered the circulatory system back in 1628. Until then it was thought that blood was made in the liver and that it seeped through the walls of the heart mysteriously. Harvey proved (using fish and small reptiles) that the blood is pumped in a continuous circuit.

Heartbeat HypothesisSome scientists speculate that every living creature has roughly the same number of heartbeats in its life. For example a mouse heartbeat is rapid but its life is short while a turtle's is slow but it lives a long time. Over the course of their lifetime they roughly beat the same number of times.

Dr. Christiaan Barnard transplanted the first human heart in 1967 during a 9 hour surgery. The patient died 18 days later because of complications due to the anti-rejection drugs but the heart functioned normally. By the late 70s patients were routinely living for 5 years after a transplant.

World's First Heart Transplant

Your heart started beating just 21 days after conception. Your heart beats almost 100,000 times a day. That's 36 million times a year and if you live to be eighty, about 2.5 billion heartbeats in your lifetime. It's the muscle that never rests.

Over the course of a day your heart pumps 2000 gallons of blood to every cell in your body (except the corneas).

During exercise it takes about 10 seconds for blood to go to your toes and back. A kid's heart has to push blood though 60,000 miles of blood vessels.

E x p e r t s A g r e e : Laughter is good medicineA good laugh can increase by 20% the amo u n t o f b lo o d flowing through your body. This can help prevent heart attacks. Laughter also triggers endorphins which are your body's natural painkillers. Laughter boosts your immune system and relaxes your body.

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Scientists today announced that red blood cells (RBC) have been transporting massive amounts of oxygen throughout the human body. They estimate that the red blood cells make about 170,000 trips around the body before they die (about one trip/minute).

The red blood cells declined to comment but sources close to the bone marrow confirmed that hemoglobin is fundamental to the transport process. So important is the hemoglobin that the red blood cells don't have a nucleus in order to leave more space to carry the precious cargo. Asked about their unusual shape the source confirmed that it was perfect for transporting oxygen.

Plasma LinkThe red blood cells are thought to transport oxygen in a river of plasma in which they float. Also present in the plasma were white blood cells and platelets.

A number of white blood cells who admit to being members of the Leukocytes are believed responsible for the deaths of arch rivals the Pathogens. Hailed as heroes in the human body the Leukocytes are the body’s main defense against the invaders who cause disease.Eat InvadersSome white blood cells gobble up (ingest) the invaders whilst others make and use antibodies to kill the invading germs. Antibodies and Anti-toxinAntibodies work by binding to the invader just like two pieces of a jigsaw. Others make anti-toxins to counteract the toxins made by the invading pathogen. "It's an ongoing war" said one Leukocyte "and we're not complacent".

Probe as RBC transport massive amounts of oxygen

White Blood Cells link in Invader Death

Boy Stops Bleeding after Platelets rush to the Rescue!

Red Blood Cells seen leaving the bone marrow

Members of the Leukocytes

A boy of 12 who yesterday suffered a paper cut stopped bleeding after these little guys rushed to his rescue. One of the platelets who didn't want to be named downplayed her role and said "It all happened so fast, we saw the blood oozing from the wound and you know we all just rushed in and formed a clot. The last thing we need is an infection". The wound has since formed a scab and hospital sources said the patient is making a full recovery.

Platelet HerosPage: 3

4Write 3 facts for each blood cell one of which is its function.

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1

2

Arteries bring blood

from the heart. The blood is

under huge pressure so the

walls of the arteries must

be thick to withstand the

pressure. The internal

space (lumen) is small.

Veins bring blood the

heart. There isn't a lot of

pressure in veins so they

have thin walls. They have

to have valves to stop blood

flowing backwards due to

the low pressure. They have

a large lumen.

3

Capillaries

the veins and arteries. They

are only one cell thick. This

allows them to exchange

gases like oxygen and

carbon dioxide with the cells

nearby.

thin walls of muscle and elastic fibers

Large Lumen

small lumen

thick walls of

muscle and elastic

fibers

walls are 1 cell

thick

fibersfibersAll arteries bring blood _______from the heart.

Why do arteries have a thick wall of muscle and elastic fibers?

_____________________

_____________________

All veins bring blood _______the heart.

Why do veins have valves?

_____________________

_____________________

Capillaries ________ arteries and veins.

Why do capillaries have walls only 1 cell thick?

_____________________

_____________________

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The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs. These are the only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood.

The top chambers are called atria (atrium) and the ones at the bottom are called ventricles. The left and right chambers are separated by a wall called the septum.

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This is the right atrium.

This is the right

ventricle.

This is the left atrium.

This is the left

ventricle.

This is the

pulmonary artery which

brings blood to the lungs.

and This is the pulmonary vein which

brings blood back from the lungs.

Imagine this is your

heart. The left hand side of your heart is on the

right when you're looking

at it.

1: Pump blood to the lungs to get refreshed with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

2. Pump the refreshed blood around the body.

This is why the heart is often called the double pump.

1

Pulmonary means it's got to do with the

lungs.

The pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs. These are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

The top half of the heart contracts first followed by the bottom half. This makes a lub dub sound.

The heart has

The heart has

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Blood from the body enters the right

atrium of the heart through this vein

called the vena cava.

The top half of the

heart contracts.

The lower half of the

heart contracts and

blood is pumped to

the lungs.

Blood returns from

the lungs. The atria

contract pushing

blood into the

ventricles.

1

42

3

The ventricles contract and

blood is pumped through the

aorta to the body.

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The cells of the body need oxygen in order to get energy from food (respiration).

They also produce carbon dioxide which is toxic to us.

The blood must go to the lungs to replace the oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide (gaseous exchange).

The blood then returns to the heart to be pumped thoughout the body.

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Right Atrium

LeftAtrium

Leftventricle

rightventricle

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

1

42

3

5

6

7

8

vena cava

aorta

What blood vessel brings blood to the lungs?

What is the function of the valves?

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What blood vessel brings blood to the lungs?

What is he function of the valves?

Vena Cava

Right Atrium

Pulmonary Artery

Pulmonary Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Stops blood flowing backwards

Aorta

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Left atrium

What is the function of the valves?

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The aorta is the largest artery in your body. It

brings oxygenated blood all around your

body.

The pulmonary artery

brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The pulm

onary vein brings oxygenated blood back

to the heart.

The septum divides the left and right sides of the heart. The left wall of the heart is much thicker as it has to pump blood all over the

body.

The

vena

cav

a is

the

mai

n ve

in g

oing

into

th

e he

art.

Val

ves

prev

ent b

lood

flo

win

g ba

ckw

ards

.

The heart has

4 chambers

The chambers at the top are called

atria.

The chambers

at the bottom are

called ventricles.

the heart pumps

blood to the lungs

and then to the body.

Wha

t d

oe

s

the

aort

a

do?

Is t

he

blo

od

in the

aorta

ox

yg

ena

ted

?

Where does the

pulmonary artery take

blood?

Where does the pulmonary

vein take blood?

Why

is t

he

left

s

ide

of t

he

he

art

thic

ke

r tha

n t

he

right

sid

e.

Wha

t is

the

wa

ll d

ivid

ing

the

left

and

rig

ht s

ide

s

What is the name of the

main vein coming into the heart?

Why does the heart have

valves?

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1. Cut along the lower dotted line to make a square.

2. Take one corner and fold it to make a diagonal. Repeat with the other corner.

3. Turn the paper so that the printed side is facing down and turn the paper so that it looks like a diamond.

4. Fold along the outermost dotted lines. The tips of each corner should touch the centre point.

5. Turn the paper around and fold along the dotted lines. The tips of the corners should touch the centre point.

6. Finally crease along the centre lines and your foldable is ready to use.

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Nam

e_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

_

DATE_

__

__

__

__

__

__

__

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Only use your fingers and not your thumbs to check for a pulse as your thumbs have a pulse as well.

Count the number of beats per minute.

When your heart beats it puts pressure

on your arteries. This is called the

pulse.

You can feel this pressure where the arteries lie close to the surface of your skin. Good places to check your pulse are on either side of your neck, your temples and your wrists.

Measure your pulse rate for 1 minute when you're

at rest. Repeat this 3 times and get an average.

Now do some vigorous exercise for a minute e.g.

running on the spot.After exercising take

your pulse rate. Record your pulse rate each

minute after exercise for 5 minutes.

1 2

Average rate (resting)= ______beats per

minute

Pulse Rate After Exercise

Minute 1 = _____Minute 2 =_____Minute 3 =_____Minute 4 =_____Minute 5 =_____

3Now graph your results. Use a line graph putting time on the x-axis and

beats per minute on the y-axis.

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Beat

s/min

ute

Time (m)

The effect of exercise on heart rate

Your resting heartbeat is ____ beats per minute. After exercising your heartbeat rose to ____ beats per minute. Over the next 5 minutes your heartbeat gradually _____ to _____ beats per minute.

Why did your heartbeat rise during exercise?_______________

_________________________________________

Why did it gradually fall after exercise?__________________

_________________________________________

5

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17Be

ats/m

inut

e

Time (m)

The effect of exercise on heart rate

Your resting heartbeat is ____ beats per minute. After exercising your heartbeat rose to ____ beats per minute. Over the next 5 minutes your heartbeat gradually _____ to _____ beats per minute.

Why did your heartbeat rise during exercise? Your body is using more energy therefore it needs more oxygen to break down food in respiration.

Why did it gradually fall after exercise? Your body doesn't need the same amount of energy so it needs less oxygen.

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

40

50

60

80

140

100

120

{average during rest}

{stee

p sp

ike d

urin

g

exer

cise}

{slow decline during

rest}

70120

falls 70

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Over 20% of coronary heartdisease and 10% of stroke is

due to physical inactivity.

30 minutes of moderate physical activity per day 5 days/week such as Walking, jogging, dancing and cycling are good aerobic activities that will help strengthen your heart.

being overweight means that your heart has to do more work to pump blood around your body.

This can lead to high blood pressure and diabetes which are risk factors for heart disease and stroke.

Use the food pyramid to eat healthily.

Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke.

One in every two smokers will die of a

tobacco related disease. Smokers are

twice as likely to suffer a heart attack

as non-smokers.

Once you quit smoking,

your health improves

immediately and your risk of

heart and other diseases

begins to fall.

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Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in a liquid called _________________.

Red blood cells are important because they carry _____________ to all the cells in the body. This gas is essential for respiration.

White blood cells play a very important role in protecting us from ________________. They do this by producing ___________ which bind to the surface of the invading cells.

Platelets help prevent infection by helping to ________ blood. They form a scab on cuts.

Veins carry blood ______ the heart. They have very ______ walls and they have _______ which prevent the blood flowing back.

Arteries carry blood ___________ from the heart. They have very thick walls because the blood is under ___________. They do not have valves.

Capillaries have walls only 1 cell thick. This helps gases such as oxygen and __________________ to pass through easily.

B l o o d f r o m t h e b o d y e n t e r s t h e h e a r t t h r o u g h t h e ________________. This blood is very low in _____________ so it must go to the lungs. The blood is pumped to the lungs through the ________________________. This is the only artery that carries blood low in oxygen. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. It is then pumped to the rest of the body through the main artery called the ________.

Heart health is affected by things such as physical inactivity. You should spend at least _____ minutes per day/5 days a week doing moderate exercise. This will help prevent coronary heart disease and stroke.

Diet is also very important for heart health. You should plan your eating using the food ___________.

Smoking is a major factor for heart attack and stroke. Smokers are ______ as likely to suffer a heart attack as non-smokers. Once you quit smoking, your health improves immediately and your risk of heart and other diseases begins to fall.

Name:_____________Date:______________

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Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in a liquid called plasma.

Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen to all the cells in the body. This gas is essential for respiration.

White blood cells play a very important role in protecting us from disease. They do this by producing antibodies which bind to the surface of the invading cells.

Platelets help prevent infection by helping to clot blood. They form a scab on cuts.

Veins carry blood to the heart. They have very thin walls and they have valves which prevent the blood flowing back.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have very thick walls because the blood is under pressure. They do not have valves.

Capillaries have walls only 1 cell thick. This helps gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through easily.

Blood from the body enters the heart through the vena cava. This blood is very low in oxygen so it must go to the lungs. The blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. This is the only artery that carries blood low in oxygen. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. It is then pumped to the rest of the body through the main artery called the aorta.

Heart health is affected by things such as physical inactivity. You should spend at least 30 minutes per day/5 days a week doing moderate exercise. This will help prevent coronary heart disease and stroke.

Diet is also very important for heart health. You should plan your eating using the food pyramid.

Smoking is a major factor for heart attack and stroke. Smokers are twice as likely to suffer a heart attack as non-smokers. Once you quit smoking, your health improves immediately and your risk of heart and other diseases begins to fall.

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Red blood cells transport this gas which is

essential for respiration.

The liquid part of blood in which the cells

float.

__A__A

An important mineral found in red blood cells.

A protein found in red blood cells that is

essential for transporting oxygen.

H___G____N

Another name for

white blood cells.

White blood cells destroy these invaders. Which of these is the correct answer?

(a) Antibodies(b) Antitoxins(c) Pathogens

Here's a clue!

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White blood cells produce these which bind to pathogens to

destroy them.

White blood cells produce these to counteract toxins

produced by pathogens.

These little cells help clot blood.

(a) Red Blood Cells(b) White blood cells(c) Platelets

This is where red blood cells are made.

These cells form a scab and prevent infection.

The cells of the body use oxygen to get energy from

food. Another gas is produced which is toxic to us. This process is called

R_______ion

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Blood entering the heart from the body is low in oxygen and high

in __________.

Blood from the body

enters the heart

through this vein.

All veins except the

_________

vein carry blood that is

low in oxygen.

All arteries except the

__________

artery carry blood that is

high in oxygen.

The _______

separates the left and

right sides of the heart.

Arteries bring blood ____

the heart.

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Why do veins have valves?

Why do arteries

have thick walls?

Capillary walls are only 1 cell thick. This is important so that oxygen

and ______ can pass through.

Veins bring blood

_______

the heart.

Capillaries

_______

veins and arteries.

Congratulations! You're finished!

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Name:__________________

Date:___________________

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oxygen

plasma

iron

hemoglobin

leukocyte

(c)

antibody

anti toxins

platelets

bone marrow

platelets

respiration

vena cava

carbon dioxide

plumonary

plumonary

septum

away from

the blood is under high pressure

to prevent back flow of blood

carbon dioxide

to

connect