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DIPLOMACY & NEGOTIATION
About diplomacy What do diplomats do? What influences
negotiations? Who’s influences foreign
policy making? What are the different
negotiation settings?
ABOUT DIPLOMACYWhat is diplomacy? Formal relations between countries Need to be sovereign to engage in diplomacy
Recognize with an Embassy
What is the objective of diplomacy? Promote/ preserve state’s national self-
interest
When did the modern era of diplomacy begin?
Marked by Treaty of Versailles, 1919
ABOUT DIPLOMACYWho is the most important diplomat for a
country?-Head of Government
Country
United States, France, Russia, Brazil
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan
China, Czech Republic
Germany
Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar
Titles for the Head of Government
President
Prime Minister
Premier
Chancellor
King
ABOUT DIPLOMACYHead of Government and Head of
StateCountry
United States, China, Germany , Brazil
France, Russia
United Kingdom, Morocco, Thailand, Japan
Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar
Titles for the Head of State
President
Prime Minister
King or Queen
King
ABOUT DIPLOMACYWho’s involved in diplomatic
affairs? Head of government, head of state--
other diplomats?Head representative of a country’s
foreign affairs office
Ambassadors Civil servants
Foreign service officers
Country Title
United States Secretary of State
United Kingdom
Foreign Secretary
France Minister of State
China Minister of Foreign Affairs
WHAT DIPLOMATS DO
Represent state affairs Must be formally appointed
Policy representative Symbolic Substantive
Observer and reporter Negotiator Bureaucratic functions
NEGOTIATIONS
Aspects of National Power Multifaceted Dynamic, not static Hard v. soft
Coercive v. persuasive Tangible v. intangible
Tanks v. good leadership Relative
Regional power Nuclear power Economic power
NEGOTIATIONSNational Power: State Characteristics Sovereignty
Government type, corruption, bureaucratic efficiency, leadership
Population Age, health, education, morale,
diversity, size Territory
Size, climate, terrain, natural resources
Resources Factor endowments, industrialization,
labor supply
NEGOTIATIONSNational Power: National Infrastructure Technical structures
Roads, airways, railroad tracks Electric grids, telephone lines, fiber-
optic cables Waste management, storm drains Hospitals, schools, post offices How many people have access?
Transportation Planes, trains, automobiles
Information & Communications Radios, TVs, computers, telephones, cell
phones, newspapers, addresses
NEGOTIATIONS
2-Level Games Constrained by both domestic
and international factors/ influences
One level Between two or more state’s diplomats
Another level Between the diplomat and the
domestic population Intermestic issues
Let’s build a road in Kentucky Both levels affect decisions
NEGOTIATIONS
II II
I
Negotiations take place on two levels:
Diplomat Diplomat with hat
One level of negotiations: between diplomats
One level of negotiations: between diplomat & people
One level of negotiations: between diplomat & people
NEGOTIATIONS
Example of 2-level game situation: Eurozone crisis
Domestic Level-Greeks
International Level
Domestic Level-Germans
Protesting against changes; government needs to act to save Greek economy
Need to coordinate economic policy
Germans upset their country/ money has to bailout irresponsible members
INFLUENCES
Who’s involved in policy making?
1. Executive branch2. Legislative branch3. Bureaucrats4. Interest groups5. Population6. Media7. Political opposition
NEGOTIATION SETTINGS
Different Negotiation Environments Hostile Diplomacy
Armed/potential armed Adversarial Diplomacy
Little chance of conflict Coalition Diplomacy
Cooperation to solve issue Mediation Diplomacy
Third party to help in stalemate