A noun is a person, a place, a thing, or an idea.Person: man, Barack Obama, SupermanPlace: city, state, Alabama, ChildersburgThing: dog, car, Monte Carlo Idea: peace, love, humility, happiness

The man went down to his car to get his wallet.

I understand all of the material for the test.

The dog eats his food every single day.

Singular nouns name one person, one place, one thing, or one idea.The car runs well.

Plural nouns name more than one person, place, thing, or idea.The cars run well.

Possessive nouns show ownership.The baby’s bottleThe babies’ bottle

A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by the five senses.Rock, air, book, electricity

An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic.Peace, love, wisdom, bravery, happiness

A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea.

A common noun names a general person, place, thing, or idea.

Common Proper

Person actor Mel Gibson

Place city Childersburg

Thing dog Champ

Idea religion Christianity

A collective noun names a group.FamilyTeamPressPopulationBoardFlockHerd

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun.

Singular Plural

1st Person I, me We, us

2nd Person You You

3rd Person He, him, she, her, it

They, them

A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive form of a noun.

Singular Plural

1st Person My, mine Our, ours

2nd Person Your, yours Your, yours

3rd Person His, her, hers, its

Their, theirs

A reflexive pronoun refers, or reflects back, to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence.

An intensive pronoun adds emphasis to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence.

Singular Plural

1st Person Myself Ourselves

2nd Person Yourself Yourselves

3rd Person Himself, herself,

itself

Themselves

A demonstrative pronoun points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.

Singular This That

Plural These those

An interrogative pronoun is used to form questions. Who? What? Whose? Which? Whom?

A relative pronoun is used to begin a subordinate clause.

Who Whoever Which That

Whom Whomever Whichever What

Whose Whosoever Whatever

An indefinite pronoun refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does.See chart on page 451 for a list of these

pronouns.

A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a statement.

An action verb tells what someone or something does.

A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject.

A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs.

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun by limiting its meaning.An adjective answers the following

questions: What kind? (round table) Which one? (these books) How many? (twelve disciples) How much? (many ideas)

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison:Positive: one thing

The lamp is bright.Comparative: comparing two things

This lamp is brighter than that lamp.Superlative: comparing three or more

things This lamp is the brightest of all.

Articles are the adjectives a, an, and the.A and an are indefinite articles.The is a definite article.

Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns.English, Alabamian, Japanese, American

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making its meaning more specific.Adverbs answer the following questions:

When? I will call tomorrow.

Where?The speaker will stand here.

How?Kim carefully polished the car.

To what extent?We were truly sorry.

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.Prepositions begin phrases that end with a

noun or pronoun that is called the object of a preposition.

See page 473 for a list of prepositions.

A conjunction is a word that joins single words or groups of words.

A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence:And, but, or, so, nor, yet

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.Both…and Just as…soEither…orNeither…norNot only…butWhether…or

A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent on the other.These conjunctions join a dependent

(subordinate) clause to an independent clause.

Look on page 477 for some examples A conjunctive adverb is used to

clarify the relationship between clauses of equal weight in a sentence.

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation.Ouch! That hurts!Wow! That is amazing!